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譯者: Marssi Draw
審譯者: Adrienne Lin
00:12
I suspect that
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我懷疑
00:14
every aid worker in Africa
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每位在非洲的救援人員
00:16
comes to a time in her career
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職業生涯中都會有段時間
00:17
when she wants to take all
the money for her project —
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想把所有計畫的經費,
00:20
maybe it's a school or a training program —
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也許是支付學校或訓練的費用,
00:24
pack it in a suitcase,
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全都放進皮箱裡,
00:25
get on a plane flying over the
poorest villages in the country,
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搭上飛機,飛到全國最窮的村子裡,
00:29
and start throwing that money out the window.
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然後開始把錢丟出窗外。
00:33
Because to a veteran aid worker,
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因為對經驗豐富的救援人員來說,
00:35
the idea of putting cold, hard cash
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把白花花的現金送到
00:38
into the hands of the poorest people on Earth
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地球上最窮的人手上
00:41
doesn't sound crazy,
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聽起來不怎麼瘋狂,
00:42
it sounds really satisfying.
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反而非常大快人心。
00:46
I had that moment right about the 10-year mark,
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我大概在工作滿十年的時候
有這種感覺,
00:49
and luckily, that's also when I learned
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幸運的是,我正好在那個時候發現
00:52
that this idea actually exists,
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這種想法真的存在現實生活中,
00:55
and it might be just what the aid system needs.
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而那也許符合救援機構的需求。
00:59
Economists call it an unconditional cash transfer,
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經濟學家稱這種方式為現金移轉
(unconditional cash transfer)。
01:02
and it's exactly that: It's cash given
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意思是:沒有任何條件就直接提供現金。
01:04
with no strings attached.
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01:06
Governments in developing countries
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發展中國家的政府
01:08
have been doing this for decades,
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做這件事已經幾十年了,
01:10
and it's only now, with more evidence
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直到現在才有更多證據
01:12
and new technology that it's possible
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和新興科技顯示
01:15
to make this a model for delivering aid.
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這種捐助方式可行。
01:20
It's a pretty simple idea, right?
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這是個很簡單的概念,對吧?
01:23
Well, why did I spend a decade doing other stuff
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那為什麼我還花了十年做其他的事
01:27
for the poor?
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來幫助窮人?
01:29
Honestly, I believed that I could do more good
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老實說,我以前相信
我比窮人更擅於管理錢,
01:32
with money for the poor
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01:34
than the poor could do for themselves.
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比他們自己處理得更好。
01:37
I held two assumptions:
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我假設兩件事:
01:38
One, that poor people are poor in part
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第一,窮人之所以窮,
有一部分是因為他們沒有受教育,
01:41
because they're uneducated and
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而且不懂得做出好選擇;
01:43
don't make good choices;
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01:45
two is that we then need people like me
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第二,我們需要像我這樣的人,
01:47
to figure out what they need and get it to them.
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設想他們需要什麼,並提供他們所需。
01:51
It turns out, the evidence says otherwise.
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結果事實證明完全相反。
01:55
In recent years, researchers have been studying
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最近幾年,調查員一直研究
01:58
what happens when we give poor people cash.
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我們給窮人現金之後的發展。
02:02
Dozens of studies show across the board
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許多研究都顯示
02:04
that people use cash transfers
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大家把現金用在
02:07
to improve their own lives.
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改善自己的生活。
02:09
Pregnant women in Uruguay buy better food
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烏拉圭的孕婦會買好一點的食物,
02:12
and give birth to healthier babies.
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生下的嬰兒就會比較健康。
02:14
Sri Lankan men invest in their businesses.
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斯里蘭卡男性則投資在自己的生意上。
02:17
Researchers who studied our work in Kenya
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調查員研究我們在肯亞做的服務,
02:20
found that people invested in a range of assets,
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發現大家投資在各種財產上,
02:23
from livestock to equipment
to home improvements,
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從家畜、設備到改善家園,
02:27
and they saw increases in income
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而且他們還看見收入的成長,
02:30
from business and farming
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從經商到務農都獲利,
02:32
one year after the cash was sent.
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成效就出現在他們送出錢的一年後。
02:36
None of these studies found that people
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沒有任何研究顯示
02:38
spend more on drinking or smoking
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大家花更多錢去抽煙、喝酒,
02:41
or that people work less.
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也沒有人因此減少工作。
02:43
In fact, they work more.
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事實上,他們做得更多。
02:47
Now, these are all material needs.
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前面談到的都是物質需求。
02:50
In Vietnam, elderly recipients used
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在越南,年長的受助者
把現金拿來買棺材。
02:54
their cash transfers to pay for coffins.
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02:58
As someone who wonders if Maslow got it wrong,
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就像有人懷疑馬斯洛的理論是否錯了,
03:02
I find this choice to prioritize spiritual needs
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我發現這個優先滿足精神需求的選擇
03:07
deeply humbling.
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著實令人感到謙遜。
03:09
I don't know if I would have chosen to give food
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我不知道我會選擇提供食物、
03:11
or equipment or coffins,
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設備還是棺材,
03:15
which begs the question:
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這就回到最關鍵的問題:
03:17
How good are we at allocating resources
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我們有多擅於分配資源
03:20
on behalf of the poor?
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來為窮人爭取利益?
03:22
Are we worth the cost?
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我們值那些錢嗎?
03:25
Again, we can look at empirical evidence
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同樣的,我們可以檢視過去的經驗,
03:27
on what happens when we give people stuff
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看看給窮人我們選擇的東西之後,
03:30
of our choosing.
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發生了什麼事。
03:32
One very telling study looked at a program in India
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有份很有說服力的研究
檢視印度做的計畫顯示
03:35
that gives livestock to the so-called ultra-poor,
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給所謂的赤貧者牲畜之後,
03:39
and they found that 30 percent of recipients
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他們發現有 30% 的受助者
03:43
had turned around and sold the
livestock they had been given
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情況大幅好轉,並賣出得到的牲畜
03:47
for cash.
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來換取現金。
03:50
The real irony is,
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很諷刺的是,
03:52
for every 100 dollars worth of assets
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價值 100 美元的資產
03:54
this program gave someone,
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透過計畫提供給受助者,
03:56
they spent another 99 dollars to do it.
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他們還要多花 99 美元才能有收穫。
04:01
What if, instead, we use technology to put cash,
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有沒有可能,我們換個方式運用科技捐款,
04:05
whether from aid agencies or from any one of us
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不論是由慈善團體,還是任何捐助人
04:09
directly into a poor person's hands.
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直接捐款到窮人手上。
04:13
Today, three in four Kenyans use mobile money,
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現在有四分之三的肯亞人使用電子錢包,
04:16
which is basically a bank account that can run
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基本上就是能在任何行動電話上
操作的銀行帳戶。
04:19
on any cell phone.
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04:20
A sender can pay a 1.6 percent fee
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捐款人支付 1.6% 的手續費,
04:24
and with the click of a button
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點一下按鈕,
04:26
send money directly to a recipient's account
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就能直接捐款到受助者的帳戶,
04:29
with no intermediaries.
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不需要透過任何人轉手。
04:31
Like the technologies that are disrupting industries
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就像在我們生活中破壞產業的科技一樣,
04:34
in our own lives,
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04:36
payments technology in poor countries
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貧窮國家的付款科技
04:39
could disrupt aid.
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也會瓦解救援。
04:42
It's spreading so quickly that it's possible
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科技傳遞得如此快速,
讓人可以想像用這種方式
04:44
to imagine reaching billions
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幫助世界上的幾十億窮人。
04:47
of the world's poor this way.
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04:49
That's what we've started to do at GiveDirectly.
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那就是我們在「馬上捐」(GiveDirectly)
開始做的事。
04:52
We're the first organization
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我們是第一個決定直接
將現金移轉給窮人的組織。
04:54
dedicated to providing cash transfers to the poor.
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04:57
We've sent cash to 35,000
people across rural Kenya
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我們送了現金給三萬五千名
住在肯亞和烏干達鄉村的人,
05:01
and Uganda
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05:03
in one-time payments of 1,000 dollars
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一次提供一千美元
05:06
per family.
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給每個家庭。
05:08
So far, we've looked for the poorest people
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至今,我們仍尋找最窮苦的人,
05:11
in the poorest villages, and in this part of the world,
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那些人住在世界這個地區
最窮的村莊裡,
05:14
they're the ones living in homes
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他們住的房子
05:15
made of mud and thatch,
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用泥巴和茅草搭成,
05:17
not cement and iron.
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而不是鋼筋水泥。
05:19
So let's say that's your family.
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假設那是你家,
05:21
We show up at your door with an Android phone.
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我們帶著安卓手機出現在你家門口。
05:24
We'll get your name, take your photo
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我們問了你的名字,
幫你還有小屋照張相,
05:26
and a photo of your hut
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05:27
and grab the GPS coordinates.
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然後用衛星定位。
05:30
That night, we send all the data to the cloud,
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當天晚上,我們會把所有資料傳上雲端,
05:32
and each piece gets checked
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每一個案件都由獨立團體審查,
05:34
by an independent team
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05:36
using, for one example, satellite images.
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運用衛星影像等方式。
05:40
Then, we'll come back,
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之後我們會再回來,
05:42
we'll sell you a basic cell phone
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我們會賣你一支簡易手機,
05:44
if you don't have one already,
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如果你本來沒有手機。
05:46
and a few weeks later,
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幾週後,
05:49
we send money to it.
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我們會付錢到那上面。
05:51
Something that five years ago
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五年前,
05:52
would have seemed impossible
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這件事看似天方夜譚,
05:54
we can now do efficiently
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現在,我們可以有效率地執行,
05:57
and free of corruption.
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而且免受貪汙之苦。
05:59
The more cash we give to the poor,
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我們給窮人越多錢,
06:01
and the more evidence we have that it works,
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就有越多的證據顯示這個作法成功,
06:05
the more we have to reconsider
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我們也就越需要重新思考
06:07
everything else we give.
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該提供的是什麼。
06:10
Today, the logic behind aid is too often,
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現在救援背後的念頭經常是
06:13
well, we do at least some good.
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「嗯,至少我們做了點好事。」
06:17
When we're complacent
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當我們沾沾自喜
06:18
with that as our bar,
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認為那是我們的成就,
06:20
when we tell ourselves that giving aid
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當我們告訴自己有援助
06:23
is better than no aid at all,
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總比什麼援助都沒有還好的時候,
06:26
we tend to invest inefficiently,
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我們反而會做效益不大的投資,
06:28
in our own ideas that strike us as innovative,
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抱著我們自認為創新的想法,
06:32
on writing reports,
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像是投資在寫報導,
06:34
on plane tickets and SUVs.
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或是機票和休旅車上。
06:38
What if the logic was,
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要是採用當時的邏輯,
06:40
will we do better than cash given directly?
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我們能做得比直接給錢還好嗎?
06:46
Organizations would have to prove
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組織必須證明
06:47
that they're doing more good for the poor
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他們幫窮人做得更好,
06:49
than the poor can do for themselves.
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更勝於窮人自己動手做。
06:52
Of course, giving cash won't create public goods
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當然,給錢無法創造公共利益,
06:55
like eradicating disease or
building strong institutions,
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像是消滅疾病或蓋穩固的建築,
07:00
but it could set a higher bar
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但給錢可以提高目標,
07:03
for how we help individual families
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讓我們幫助每個家庭
07:06
improve their lives.
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改善他們的生活。
07:09
I believe in aid.
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我相信援助。
07:10
I believe most aid is better than just
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我相信大部分的援助都好過於只是
07:13
throwing money out of a plane.
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從飛機上丟錢。
07:15
I am also absolutely certain
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我也確信
07:18
that a lot of aid today
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現在許多援助
07:20
isn't better than giving directly to the poor.
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都不比直接給窮人錢還好。
07:24
I hope that one day, it will be.
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我希望有一天,我們能做得更好。
07:27
Thank you.
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謝謝。
07:29
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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