Joy Sun: Should you donate differently?

Prevoditelj: Martina Bertić Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

I suspect that

Pretpostavljam da

every aid worker in Africa

svaka humanitarna radnica u Africi

dođe do trenutka u svojoj karijeri kad

comes to a time in her career

when she wants to take all the money for her project —

poželi pokupiti sav novac za svoj projekt —

maybe it's a school or a training program —

bilo to za školu ili program osposobljavanja —

pack it in a suitcase,

spakirati ga u torbu

get on a plane flying over the poorest villages in the country,

sjesti na avion koji leti iznad najsiromašnijih sela u zemlji

and start throwing that money out the window.

i početi rasipati novac kroz prozor.

Because to a veteran aid worker,

Jer humanitarnom radniku veteranu

the idea of putting cold, hard cash

ideja stavljanja gotovog novca

into the hands of the poorest people on Earth

u ruke najsiromašnijih ljudi na svijetu

doesn't sound crazy,

uopće ne zvuči suludo,

it sounds really satisfying.

zapravo zvuči vrlo zadovoljavajuće.

I had that moment right about the 10-year mark,

Taj sam trenutak doživjela oko desete obljetnice svog rada

and luckily, that's also when I learned

i srećom, u isto vrijeme saznala

that this idea actually exists,

da ova ideja uistinu postoji

and it might be just what the aid system needs.

i da bi ona mogla biti baš ono što sustavu humanitarne pomoći nedostaje.

Economists call it an unconditional cash transfer,

Ekonomisti to zovu bezuvjetnim transferom novca

and it's exactly that: It's cash given

i to je upravo ono što to jest: novac dan

with no strings attached.

bez ikakvih uvjeta.

Governments in developing countries

Vlade država u razvoju

have been doing this for decades,

radile su ovo destljećima,

and it's only now, with more evidence

ali tek je sada, uz više dokaza

and new technology that it's possible

i novu tehnologiju, moguće

to make this a model for delivering aid.

učiniti ju modelom dostavljanja pomoći.

It's a pretty simple idea, right?

Prilično jednostavna ideja, zar ne?

Well, why did I spend a decade doing other stuff

Pa zašto sam onda provela desetljeće radeći druge stvari

for the poor?

za siromašne?

Honestly, I believed that I could do more good

Iskreno, vjerovala sam da mogu učiniti više dobra

with money for the poor

novcem za siromašne

than the poor could do for themselves.

nego što bi to oni mogli učiniti sami za sebe.

I held two assumptions:

Imala sam dvije pretpostavke:

One, that poor people are poor in part

Prva, da su siromašni jednim dijelom

because they're uneducated and

siromašni jer su neobrazovani i

don't make good choices;

jer ne donose dobre odluke;

two is that we then need people like me

i druga, da trebamo ljude poput mene

to figure out what they need and get it to them.

kako bismo shvatili što oni trebaju i kako bismo im to dali.

It turns out, the evidence says otherwise.

Ispada da dokazi kažu drugačije.

In recent years, researchers have been studying

Posljednjih godina istraživači su proučavali

what happens when we give poor people cash.

što se događa kad damo novac siromašnima.

Dozens of studies show across the board

Deseci studija potvrđuju

that people use cash transfers

da ljudi koriste dobiveni novac

to improve their own lives.

kako bi unaprijedili vlastite živote.

Pregnant women in Uruguay buy better food

Trudnice iz Urugvaja kupuju bolju hranu

and give birth to healthier babies.

i rađaju zdravije bebe.

Sri Lankan men invest in their businesses.

Muškarci iz Šri Lanke ulažu u svoja poduzeća.

Researchers who studied our work in Kenya

Istraživači koji su proučavali naš rad u Keniji

found that people invested in a range of assets,

saznali su da ljudi ulažu u različite stvari:

from livestock to equipment to home improvements,

od stoke preko opreme do kućanskih adaptacija,

and they saw increases in income

i vidjeli su rast u prihodima

from business and farming

preko poslova i poljoprivrede

one year after the cash was sent.

samo godinu dana nakon što su primili novac.

None of these studies found that people

Nijedno od ovih istraživanja nije utvrdilo

spend more on drinking or smoking

trošenje novca na alkohol ili cigarete

or that people work less.

ili smanjenje količine rada.

In fact, they work more.

Štoviše, radi se i više.

Now, these are all material needs.

Ovdje se radi o materijalnim potrebama.

In Vietnam, elderly recipients used

Stariji primatelji pomoći u Vijetnamu koristili su novac

their cash transfers to pay for coffins.

za svoje lijesove.

As someone who wonders if Maslow got it wrong,

Kao netko tko se pita je li Maslow pogrešno shvatio,

I find this choice to prioritize spiritual needs

smatram da davanje prioriteta duhovnim potrebama

deeply humbling.

uči skromnosti.

I don't know if I would have chosen to give food

Ne znam bih li odabrala davati hranu,

or equipment or coffins,

opremu ili lijesove,

which begs the question:

što nameće pitanje:

How good are we at allocating resources

Koliko nam dobro ide raspoređivanje sredstava

on behalf of the poor?

u ime siromašnih?

Are we worth the cost?

Smijemo li preuzeti takvu odgovornost?

Again, we can look at empirical evidence

Ponavljam, možemo sagledati empirijske dokaze

on what happens when we give people stuff

o tome što ljudi čine s onime što smo im dali

of our choosing.

po našem izboru.

One very telling study looked at a program in India

Jedno vrlo znakovito istraživanje bavi se programom u Indiji

that gives livestock to the so-called ultra-poor,

koji daje stoku takozvanim ultra-siromašnima

and they found that 30 percent of recipients

i utvrđeno je da je 30 posto primatelja pomoći

had turned around and sold the livestock they had been given

prodalo stoku koju su dobili

for cash.

u zamjenu za gotovinu.

The real irony is,

Ironija je u tome

for every 100 dollars worth of assets

što za svakih 100 $ sredstava

this program gave someone,

koje je program dodijelio nekome,

they spent another 99 dollars to do it.

oni potroše još 99 $ kako bi to uradili.

What if, instead, we use technology to put cash,

Što ako bismo umjesto toga koristili tehnologiju kako bismo davali gotovinu

whether from aid agencies or from any one of us

od humanitarnih agencija ili od bilo koga od nas

directly into a poor person's hands.

izravno u ruke siromašnima?

Today, three in four Kenyans use mobile money,

Danas troje od četvero ljudi u Keniji koristi mobilni novac,

which is basically a bank account that can run

što je zapravo bankovni račun koji se može koristiti

on any cell phone.

s bilo kojeg mobilnog telefona.

A sender can pay a 1.6 percent fee

Pošiljatelj može platiti 1.6 posto od iznosa

and with the click of a button

i pritiskom gumba

send money directly to a recipient's account

poslati novac izravno na primateljev račun

with no intermediaries.

bez posrednika.

Like the technologies that are disrupting industries

Poput tehnologije koja mijenja industriju

in our own lives,

u našim životima,

payments technology in poor countries

tehnologija plaćanja u siromašnim zemljama

could disrupt aid.

također može promijeniti način na koji pomoć stiže.

It's spreading so quickly that it's possible

Širi se tolikom brzinom da je moguće

to imagine reaching billions

zamisliti dosezanje milijardi

of the world's poor this way.

siromašnih u svijetu na ovaj način.

That's what we've started to do at GiveDirectly.

To je ono s čime smo započeli u GiveDirectly (DajIzravno).

We're the first organization

Mi smo prva organizacija

dedicated to providing cash transfers to the poor.

posvećena transferu novca u gotovini siromašnima.

We've sent cash to 35,000 people across rural Kenya

Poslali smo novac u gotovini 35,000 ljudi ruralne Kenije

and Uganda

i Ugande

in one-time payments of 1,000 dollars

jednokratnim uplatama od 1,000 $

per family.

po obitelji.

So far, we've looked for the poorest people

Do sada smo tražili najsiromašnije

in the poorest villages, and in this part of the world,

u najsiromašnijim selima, a u ovom su dijelu svijeta

they're the ones living in homes

takvi smješteni u kućama

made of mud and thatch,

od blata i trske,

not cement and iron.

a ne cementa i željeza.

So let's say that's your family.

Pretpostavimo da se radi o vašoj obitelji.

We show up at your door with an Android phone.

Pojavit ćemo se pred vašim vratima s Android telefonom.

We'll get your name, take your photo

Uzet ćemo vaše ime i fotografirati vas

and a photo of your hut

i vašu brvnaru

and grab the GPS coordinates.

te uzeti GPS koordinate.

Iste ćemo noći poslati podatke u oblak,

That night, we send all the data to the cloud,

and each piece gets checked

gdje svaki podatak provjerava

by an independent team

neovisan tim stručnjaka

using, for one example, satellite images.

koristeći, primjerice, satelitske snimke.

Then, we'll come back,

Zatim ćemo se vratiti

we'll sell you a basic cell phone

i prodati vam običan mobilni telefon

if you don't have one already,

ako ga već nemate

and a few weeks later,

i nakon nekoliko tjedana

we send money to it.

uplatiti vam novac.

Something that five years ago

Nešto što bi prije pet godina

would have seemed impossible

bilo nezamislivo

we can now do efficiently

sada možemo obaviti učinkovito

and free of corruption.

i bez korupcije.

The more cash we give to the poor,

Što više novca u gotovini damo siromašnima

and the more evidence we have that it works,

i što više dokaza o tome da to radi imamo,

the more we have to reconsider

više moramo razmisliti

everything else we give.

o svemu ostalome što dajemo.

Today, the logic behind aid is too often,

Danas pod davanjem humanitarne pomoći često

well, we do at least some good.

mislimo nešto kao, pa bar nešto dobroga činimo.

When we're complacent

Ako smo zadovoljni

with that as our bar,

time kao svojim najvećim dosegom,

when we tell ourselves that giving aid

kada se uvjeravamo da je išta

is better than no aid at all,

bolje nego ništa,

we tend to invest inefficiently,

često nerazumno ulažemo

in our own ideas that strike us as innovative,

u vlastite ideje koje nam se čine inovativnima,

on writing reports,

u pisanje izvještaja.

on plane tickets and SUVs.

u avionske karte i terenska vozila.

What if the logic was,

Što ako bismo pošli od pitanja:

will we do better than cash given directly?

Možemo li učiniti nešto bolje od izravnog davanja novca?

Organizations would have to prove

Organizacije bi morale dokazati

that they're doing more good for the poor

da čine više za siromašne

than the poor can do for themselves.

nego što to oni mogu učiniti sami za sebe.

Of course, giving cash won't create public goods

Naravno, davanje novca neće stvoriti javna dobra

like eradicating disease or building strong institutions,

kao iskorjenjivanje zaraza ili gradnju čvrstih institucija,

but it could set a higher bar

ali možemo postaviti ljestvicu više

for how we help individual families

u smislu pomaganja pojedinačnim obiteljima

improve their lives.

u unaprjeđivanju njihovih života.

I believe in aid.

Vjerujem u humanitarnu pomoć.

I believe most aid is better than just

Vjerujem da je većina humanitarne pomoći bolja

throwing money out of a plane.

od samog rasipanja novca iz aviona.

I am also absolutely certain

Također sam apsolutno uvjerena

that a lot of aid today

da veliki dio humanitarne pomoći

isn't better than giving directly to the poor.

nije bolji od izravnog davanja siromašnima.

I hope that one day, it will be.

Nadam se da će jednoga dana ipak biti.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)