Bonnie Bassler: The secret, social lives of bacteria

Prevodilac: Branislava Vajagić Lektor: Ivana Korom

Bakterije su najstariji živi organizmi na Zemlji.

Bacteria are the oldest living organisms on the earth.

They've been here for billions of years,

Postoje ovde milijardama godina,

and what they are are single-celled microscopic organisms.

i one su ustvari jednoćelijski mikroskopski organizmi.

So they're one cell

Znači, one su samo jedna ćelija, i imaju jedno posebno svojstvo,

and they have this special property that they only have one piece of DNA.

da imaju samo jedan DNK molekul.

So they have very few genes and genetic information

Imaju veoma malo gena,

i genetskog materijala za ispisivanje svih sposobnosti koje nose.

to encode all of the traits that they carry out.

And the way bacteria make a living is that they consume nutrients

A način na koji bakterije žive,

jeste taj da one uzimaju hranljive sastojke iz sredine,

from the environment,

they grow to twice their size,

porastu duplo u odnosu na svoju veličinu, podele se po sredini,

they cut themselves down in the middle,

i jedna ćelija postaje dve, i tako dalje i tako dalje.

and one cell becomes two, and so on and so on.

They just grow and divide and grow and divide -- so a kind of boring life,

One samo rastu i dele se, rastu i dele se - znači prilično dosadan život,

except that what I would argue is that you have an amazing interaction

osim, što bih htela da vam pokažem, jeste da imate

fantastičnu interakciju sa ovim stvorenjima.

with these critters.

I know you guys think of yourself as humans,

Znam da vi o sebi mislite kao o ljudima, a ovako ja otprilike mislim o vama.

and this is sort of how I think of you.

Ovaj čovek treba da predstavlja

This man is supposed to represent a generic human being,

ljudsko biće, generalno,

and all of the circles in that man are all the cells that make up your body.

i svi krugovi na tom čoveku su sve ćelije koje čine vaše telo.

There's about a trillion human cells that make each one of us who we are

Postoji otprilike trilion ljudskih ćelija, koje čine svakog od nas,

ko smo i šta smo sve sposobni da uradimo,

and able to do all the things that we do.

ali postoji 10 triliona bakterijskih ćelija

But you have 10 trillion bacterial cells in you or on you

u vama i na vama, u bilo kom trenutku vašeg života.

at any moment in your life.

So, 10 times more bacterial cells than human cells on a human being.

Znači, 10 puta više bakterijskih ćelija

nego ljudskih ćelija na jednom ljudskom biću.

And, of course, it's the DNA that counts,

I naravno, DNK je ono što se računa,

so here's all the A, T, Gs and Cs that make up your genetic code

pa su tu svi A, T, G i C,

koji čine vaš genetski kod i daju vam sve vaše očaravajuće karakteristike.

and give you all your charming characteristics.

Vi imate otprilike 30.000 gena.

You have about 30,000 genes.

Well, it turns out you have 100 times more bacterial genes

E pa, kako izgleda, imate 100 puta više bakterijskih gena,

koji igraju neku ulogu u vama ili na vama, tokom čitavog vašeg života.

playing a role in you or on you all of your life.

So at the best, you're 10 percent human; more likely, about one percent human,

U najboljem slučaju, vi ste 10 procenata čovek,

ali verovatnije negde oko jednog procenta čovek,

depending on which of these metrics you like.

u zavisnosti od toga koja vam se od ovih metrika više dopada.

I know you think of yourself as human beings,

Znam da o sebi razmišljate kao o ljudskim bićima,

ali ja o vama razmišljam kao 90 ili 99 procenata bakterija.

but I think of you as 90 or 99 percent bacterial.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And these bacteria are not passive riders.

Ove bakterije nisu samo pasivni putnici,

These are incredibly important; they keep us alive.

one su neverovatno važne, one nas održavaju u životu.

They cover us in an invisible body armor

One nas prekrivaju nevidljivim oklopom

that keeps environmental insults out so that we stay healthy.

koji nas štiti od različitih povreda okoline,

kako bismo ostali zdravi.

They digest our food, they make our vitamins,

One vare našu hranu, prave naše vitamine,

they actually educate your immune system to keep bad microbes out.

one ustvari uče vaš imuni sistem

da loše mikrobe drže napolju.

Znači, one rade sve ove neverovatne stvari,

So they do all these amazing things

koje nam pomažu i koje su neophodne kako bismo živeli,

that help us and are vital for keeping us alive,

and they never get any press for that.

a nikada se ništa o tome ne piše.

But they get a lot of press because they do a lot of terrible things as well.

Ali se mnogo piše o njima, jer one isto tako prave

mnoge strašne stvari.

Znači, postoje različite vrste bakterija na Zemlji

So there's all kinds of bacteria on the earth

that have no business being in you or on you at any time,

koje nemaju nikakve potrebe da budu u vama ili na vama, u bilo kom momentu,

a ako jesu, onda vas čine neverovatno bolesnim.

and if they are, they make you incredibly sick.

And so the question for my lab

I tako je pitanje za moju laboratoriju da li želite da mislite o svim

is whether you want to think about all the good things that bacteria do

dobrim stvarima koje bakterije rade, ili svim lošim stvarima.

or all the bad things that bacteria do.

The question we had is: How could they do anything at all?

Naše pitanje je bilo kako one uopšte mogu bilo šta da urade?

Mislim, one su neverovatno male,

I mean, they're incredibly small.

You have to have a microscope to see one.

potreban vam je mikroskop da vidite jednu.

They live this sort of boring life where they grow and divide,

Žive taj neki dosadan život, u kom rastu i dele se,

and they've always been considered to be these asocial, reclusive organisms.

i oduvek se smatralo da su asocijalni, usamljeni organizmi.

And so it seemed to us that they're just too small

I tako nam se činilo da su isuviše mali da bi imali uticaja

to have an impact on the environment

na okolinu

if they simply act as individuals.

ako delaju pojedinačno.

So we wanted to think if there couldn't be a different way that bacteria live.

I hteli smo da razmišljamo o tome da li postoji drugačiji

način na koji bakterija živi.

Ideja je potekla od jedne morske bakterije,

And the clue to this came from another marine bacterium,

and it's a bacterium called "Vibrio fischeri."

bakterije koja se zove Vibrio fischeri.

What you're looking at on this slide is just a person from my lab

Ono što vidite na ovom slajdu je samo jedna osoba iz moje laboratorije

holding a flask of a liquid culture of a bacterium,

kako drži bocu sa tečnom kulturom bakterije,

bezazlene, prelepe bakterije koja dolazi iz okeana,

a harmless, beautiful bacterium that comes from the ocean,

i zove se Vibrio fischeri.

named Vibrio fischeri.

And this bacterium has the special property that it makes light,

Ova bakterija ima posebnu sposobnost da stvara svetlo,

i tako stvara bioluminiscenciju,

so it makes bioluminescence,

like fireflies make light.

kao što svici stvaraju svetlost.

We're not doing anything to the cells here,

Mi ovde ništa ne radimo sa ćelijama.

we just took the picture by turning the lights off in the room,

Jednostavno smo napravili fotografiju kada smo isključili svetla u prostoriji

i ovo je ono što vidimo.

and this is what we see.

And what's actually interesting to us was not that the bacteria made light

Ono što nam je ustvari bilo zanimljivo,

nije to da bakterija stvara svetlost,

but when the bacteria made light.

nego kada bakterija stvara svetlost.

What we noticed is when the bacteria were alone,

Ono što smo primetili jeste da kada su bakterije same,

so when they were in dilute suspension,

kada su bile u razblaženoj suspenziji, one nisu stvarale svetlost.

they made no light.

Ali kada se broj ćelija uvećao, do neke određene vrednosti,

But when they grew to a certain cell number,

sve bakterije su simultano uključile svetlo.

all the bacteria turned on light simultaneously.

So the question that we had is:

Pitanje koje smo imali je kako bakterije, ti primitivni organizmi,

How can bacteria, these primitive organisms,

mogu da uoče razliku između toga kada su same,

tell the difference from times when they're alone

i kada su u zajednici,

and times when they're in a community,

i onda sve zajedno urade nešto.

and then all do something together?

Ono što smo shvatili, jeste da je način na koji to rade ustvari razgovor,

And what we figured out is that the way they do that is they talk to each other,

i da one razgovaraju jezikom hemije.

and they talk with a chemical language.

Ovo sada treba da bude moja bakterijska ćelija.

So this is now supposed to be my bacterial cell.

Kada je sama, ne pravi nikakvo svetlo.

When it's alone, it doesn't make any light.

But what it does do is to make and secrete small molecules

Ali ono što radi je da stvara i luči male molekule,

that you can think of like hormones,

koje možete da zamislite kao hormone,

and these are the red triangles.

i to su ovi crveni trouglovi, i kada je bakterija sama

And when the bacteria are alone, the molecules just float away,

molekuli samo plutaju okolo i nema svetla.

and so, no light.

But when the bacteria grow and double

Ali kada bakterija naraste i umnoži se,

and they're all participating in making these molecules,

i kada svi učestvuju u stvaranju ovih molekula,

molekul -- vanćelijska količina ovog molekula

the molecule, the extracellular amount of that molecule,

increases in proportion to cell number.

povećava se proporcionalno broju ćelija.

And when the molecule hits a certain amount

I kada molekuli dođu do određenog broja

that tells the bacteria how many neighbors there are,

to govori bakteriji koliko suseda ima,

they recognize that molecule

one prepoznaju taj molekul

and all of the bacteria turn on light in synchrony.

i sve bakterije uključe svetlo, sinhronizovano.

And so that's how bioluminescence works --

Tako funkcioniše bioluminiscencija --

they're talking with these chemical words.

one razgovaraju ovim hemijskim rečima.

Razlog zbog kojeg Vibrio fischeri to radi, dolazi iz biologije.

The reason Vibrio fischeri is doing that comes from the biology --

again, another plug for the animals in the ocean.

Opet, još jedan utikač za životinje u okeanu,

Vibrio fischeri živi u ovoj sipi.

Vibrio fischeri lives in this squid.

What you're looking at is the Hawaiian bobtail squid.

Ono što vidite je Hawaiian Bobtail sipa,

koja je okrenuta na leđa,

It's been turned on its back,

and what I hope you can see are these two glowing lobes.

i ono što se nadam da možete da vidite, su ova krila koja sijaju,

These house the Vibrio fischeri cells.

i u kojima su smeštene ćelije Vibrio fischeri,

They live in there, at high cell number.

one tu žive i kada je visok broj ćelija,

That molecule is there, and they're making light.

taj molekul je prisutan i one stvaraju svetlost.

Razlog zbog kojeg sipa prihvata ove podvale

And the reason the squid is willing to put up with these shenanigans

je zato što želi to svetlo.

is because it wants that light.

Ova simbioza funkcioniše jer

The way that this symbiosis works

ove male sipe žive uz samu obalu Havaja,

is that this little squid lives just off the coast of Hawaii,

just in sort of shallow knee-deep water.

u plitkoj vodi, dubine kolena.

And the squid is nocturnal,

Sipa je noćno stvorenje, tako da tokom dana

so during the day, it buries itself in the sand and sleeps.

spava zakopana u pesku,

ali noću, ona mora da izađe kako bi lovila.

But then at night, it has to come out to hunt.

So on bright nights

Tokom vedrih noći, kada ima dosta mesečine i svetlosti zvezda,

when there's lots of starlight or moonlight,

ta svetlost može da se probije kroz vodu

that light can penetrate the depth of the water the squid lives in,

u kojoj sipa živi, pošto se nalazi u plićaku.

since it's just in those couple feet of water.

Ono što je sipa razvila, jeste neka vrsta zatvarača

What the squid has developed is a shutter that can open and close

koji može da se otvori i zatovri, iznad ovog specijalnog organa gde su bakterije.

over the specialized light organ housing the bacteria.

Na leđima ima detektore

And then it has detectors on its back

kako bi mogla da oseti koliko mesečine pada na njena leđa.

so it can sense how much starlight or moonlight is hitting its back.

And it opens and closes the shutter

I zatim otvara i zatvara ovaj zatvarač

so the amount of light coming out of the bottom,

tako da količina svetla koja dolazi sa dna --

which is made by the bacterium,

a koju stvaraju bakterije --

exactly matches how much light hits the squid's back,

bude ista kao količina svetla koja pada sipi na leđa,

so the squid doesn't make a shadow.

kako ne bi napravila senku.

So it actually uses the light from the bacteria

Ona ustvari koristi svetlost bakterija

to counter-illuminate itself in an antipredation device,

kao sredstvo kontra-svetla, kao sistem zaštite

kako predatori ne bi mogli da vide njenu senku,

so predators can't see its shadow,

izračunaju njenu putanju i pojedu je.

calculate its trajectory and eat it.

Ovo je nešto kao stelt bombarder okeana.

So this is like the stealth bomber of the ocean.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But then if you think about it, this squid has this terrible problem,

Ali ako malo bolje razmislite, sipa ima ovaj strašan problem

jer ima ovu umiruću, gustu kulturu bakterija

because it's got this dying, thick culture of bacteria,

and it can't sustain that.

koju ne može da održava.

And so what happens is, every morning when the sun comes up,

I šta se onda dešava, svako jutro kada se pojavi sunce

sipa odlazi da spava, zakopavajući se u pesak,

the squid goes back to sleep, it buries itself in the sand,

i ima pumpu koja je spojena sa njenim svakodnevnim ritmom,

and it's got a pump that's attached to its circadian rhythm.

i kada sunce izađe, ona ispumpa nekih 95 procenata bakterije.

And when the sun comes up, it pumps out, like, 95 percent of the bacteria.

So now the bacteria are dilute,

Sada su bakterije razređene, onaj mali hormonski molekul je nestao,

that little hormone molecule is gone, so they're not making light.

pa one ne stvaraju svetlost --

But, of course, the squid doesn't care, it's asleep in the sand.

ali sipu naravno nije ni briga. Ona spava u pesku.

I kako dan odmiče, bakterije se umnožavaju,

And as the day goes by, the bacteria double,

ispuštaju molekul i svetlo se pojavljuje

they release the molecule, and then light comes on at night,

uveče, baš onda kada je sipi potrebno.

exactly when the squid wants it.

So first, we figured out how this bacterium does this,

Prvo smo shvatili kako to ova bakterija radi,

but then we brought the tools of molecular biology to this

a onda smo uzeli alate molekularne biologije

to figure out, really, what's the mechanism.

da zaista shvatimo kakav je to mehanizam.

And what we found -- so this is now supposed to be my bacterial cell --

I ono što smo pronašli -- ovo je ponovo moja bakterijska ćelija --

is that Vibrio fischeri has a protein.

je to da Vibrio fischeri ima protein --

That's the red box --

to je ova crvena kutijica -- to je enzim koji čini

it's an enzyme that makes that little hormone molecule,

ovaj mali hormonski molekul -- crveni trougao.

the red triangle.

And then as the cells grow,

A zatim, kako broj ćelija raste, sve one ispuštaju taj molekul

they're all releasing that molecule into the environment,

u svoju sredinu, pa tako ima mnogo molekula.

so there's lots of molecule there.

A bakterija takođe ima receptor na površini ćelije

And the bacteria also have a receptor on their cell surface

that fits like a lock and key with that molecule.

koji se uklapa kao brava s ključem, sa tim molekulom.

These are just like the receptors on the surfaces of your cells.

Ovi receptori su isti kao i oni na površini vaših ćelija.

Kada se broj molekula poveća do određenog broja --

So when the molecule increases to a certain amount,

which says something about the number of cells,

što govori o broju ćelija --

it locks down into that receptor

on se zaključava u taj receptor

and information comes into the cells

i informacija dolazi u ćelije

i govori ćelijama da uključe

that tells the cells to turn on this collective behavior of making light.

to kolektivno ponašanje da prave svetlost.

Why this is interesting is because in the past decade,

Ovo je interesantno zbog toga što smo u prošloj deceniji

we have found that this is not just some anomaly

otkrili da ovo nije samo neka anomalija

of this ridiculous, glow-in-the-dark bacterium that lives in the ocean --

ove smešne sija-u-mraku bakterije, koja živi u okeanu --

sve bakterije imaju ovakve sisteme.

all bacteria have systems like this.

So now what we understand is that all bacteria can talk to each other.

Ono što sada shvatamo jeste da sve bakterije mogu da razgovaraju međusobno.

They make chemical words, they recognize those words,

One prave hemijske reči, prepoznaju te reči,

and they turn on group behaviors

i uključuju grupno ponašanje,

that are only successful when all of the cells participate in unison.

koje uspešno funkcioniše kada sve ćelije učestvuju zajedno.

So now we have a fancy name for this: we call it "quorum sensing."

Imamo fensi ime za ovo, zovemo to kvorumska percepcija.

They vote with these chemical votes,

Oni glasaju ovim hemijskim glasovima,

the vote gets counted, and then everybody responds to the vote.

glasovi se prebroje i onda svi odgovore na ono što je izglasano.

What's important for today's talk is we know there are hundreds of behaviors

Ono što je važno za današnji govor,

jeste to da znamo da postoji stotine ponašanja

that bacteria carry out in these collective fashions.

koje bakterije sprovode na ovaj zajednički način.

But the one that's probably the most important to you is virulence.

Ali ono koje je vama verovatno najvažnije jeste zaraza.

Nije to kao da nekoliko bakterija uđe u vaš organizam

It's not like a couple bacteria get in you and start secreting some toxins --

i počne da proizvodi neke toksine --

you're enormous; that would have no effect on you, you're huge.

vi ste ogromni, to ne bi imalo nikakvog efekta na vas. Vi ste ogromni.

Ono što one rade, a to sada razumemo,

But what they do, we now understand,

is they get in you, they wait, they start growing,

jeste da uđu u vaš organizam, čekaju, počnu da rastu,

they count themselves with these little molecules,

prebrojavaju se uz pomoć ovih malih molekula,

and they recognize when they have the right cell number

i prepoznaju kada imaju odgovarajući broj ćelija

da ako sve bakterije zajedno otpočnu svoj napad zaraze,

that if all of the bacteria launch their virulence attack together,

they're going to be successful at overcoming an enormous host.

onda uspešno mogu da savladaju ogromnog domaćina.

So bacteria always control pathogenicity with quorum sensing.

Bakterije uvek kontrolišu oboljevanje ovom kvorumskom percepcijom.

Tako to funkcioniše.

So that's how it works.

Zatim smo želeli da pogledamo šta su ustvari ovi molekuli --

We also then went to look at what are these molecules.

These were the red triangles on my slides before.

to su bili oni crveni trouglovi na prošlom slajdu.

This is the Vibrio fischeri molecule.

Ovo je molekul Vibrio fischeri.

This is the word that it talks with.

Ovo je reč uz pomoć koje govori.

And then we started to look at other bacteria,

Onda smo počeli da posmatramo druge bakterije,

and these are just a smattering of the molecules that we've discovered.

i ovo je samo deo molekula koje smo otkrili.

Ono što se nadam da možete da vidite

What I hope you can see is that the molecules are related.

jeste da su molekuli povezani.

The left-hand part of the molecule is identical

Deo molekula s leve strane je identičan

in every single species of bacteria.

kod svih vrsta bakterija.

But the right-hand part of the molecule is a little bit different

Ali desni deo molekula je pomalo drugačiji kod svake pojedinačne vrste.

in every single species.

To je ono što ustvari daje

What that does is to confer exquisite species specificities to these languages.

odabranoj vrsti specifičnosti njihovih jezika.

So each molecule fits into its partner receptor

Svaki molekul uklapa se sa svojim partnerskim receptorom i ni jednim drugim.

and no other.

Tako da su ovo privatni, tajni razgovori.

So these are private, secret conversations.

These conversations are for intraspecies communication.

Ovi razgovori su samo za komunikaciju u okviru vrste.

Each bacteria uses a particular molecule that's its language

Svaka bakterija koristi poseban molekul, koji je njen jezik,

that allows it to count its own siblings.

koji omogućava prebrojavanje svojih rođaka.

Kada smo dotle došli, mislili smo

Once we got that far,

we thought we were starting to understand that bacteria have these social behaviors.

da smo na početku shvatanja da bakterije imaju društveno ponašanje.

Ali ono o čemu smo zaista razmišljali jeste da većinu vremena

But what we were really thinking about is that most of the time,

bakterije ne žive same, već žive u neverovatnim mešavinama

bacteria don't live by themselves, they live in incredible mixtures,

sa stotinama ili hiljadama drugih vrsta bakterija.

with hundreds or thousands of other species of bacteria.

And that's depicted on this slide.

I to je prikazano na ovom slajdu. Ovo je vaša koža.

This is your skin.

So this is just a picture -- a micrograph of your skin.

Ovo je znači samo slika -- mikrograf vaše kože.

Anywhere on your body, it looks pretty much like this.

Bilo gde na vašem telu, to izgleda manje više ovako,

i ono što se nadam da možete da vidite, jeste da tu ima raznih vrsta bakterija.

What I hope you can see

is that there's all kinds of bacteria there.

And so we started to think, if this really is about communication in bacteria,

Počeli smo da razmišljamo da li je ovo zaista vezano za komunikaciju među bakterijama

and it's about counting your neighbors,

i o brojanju svojih suseda,

it's not enough to be able to only talk within your species.

i kako nije dovoljno da samo možete da razgovarate u okviru svoje vrste.

Mora da postoji način da se napravi popis

There has to be a way to take a census

ostalih bakterija u okviru populacije.

of the rest of the bacteria in the population.

Zato smo se vratili molekularnoj biologiji

So we went back to molecular biology

i počeli da proučavamo različite bakterije,

and started studying different bacteria.

i ono što smo otkrili jeste da su

And what we've found now is that, in fact, bacteria are multilingual.

bakterije ustvari multilingvalne

Sve one imaju sistem koji je specifičan za vrstu --

They all have a species-specific system,

one imaju molekul koji kaže "ja".

they have a molecule that says "me."

But then running in parallel to that is a second system

Ali pored tog, one imaju drugi, paralelan, sistem,

that we've discovered, that's generic.

koji smo otrkili, koji je opšti.

So they have a second enzyme that makes a second signal,

Znači, imaju drugi enzim koji daje drugi signal

and it has its own receptor,

i koji ima svoj sopstveni receptor,

and this molecule is the trade language of bacteria.

i taj molekul je bakterijski jezik razmene.

Koriste ga sve različite bakterije,

It's used by all different bacteria,

i to je jezik komunikacije među vrstama.

and it's the language of interspecies communication.

What happens is that bacteria are able to count

Ono što se događa, jeste da bakterije mogu da prebroje

koliko ima "mene" i koliko ima "tebe".

how many of "me" and how many of "you."

And they take that information inside,

One prihvataju tu informaciju,

and they decide what tasks to carry out

i odlučuju koji će zadatak da obave,

u zavisnosti od toga ko je u manjini, a ko u većini

depending on who's in the minority and who's in the majority

of any given population.

u okviru date populacije.

Then, again, we turned to chemistry,

Onda smo se ponovo okrenuli hemiji,

and we figured out what this generic molecule is --

i shvatili smo šta je ovaj opšti molekul --

that was the pink ovals on my last slide, this is it.

to su bili roze ovalni oblici na poslednjem slajdu, to je to.

It's a very small, five-carbon molecule.

To je veoma mali molekul C5.

Ono što je važno jeste da smo naučili,

And what the important thing is that we learned

is that every bacterium has exactly the same enzyme

da svaka bakterija ima isti enzim

and makes exactly the same molecule.

i pravi potpuno isti molekul.

So they're all using this molecule for interspecies communication.

Znači sve one koriste ovaj molekul

za komunikaciju među vrstama.

This is the bacterial Esperanto.

To je bakterijski Esperanto.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So once we got that far,

Kada smo dotle stigli, počeli smo da učimo

we started to learn that bacteria can talk to each other

da bakterije razgovaraju međusobno uz pomoć ovog hemijskog jezika.

with this chemical language.

Ali počeli smo da mislimo da možda postoji nešto

But we started to think

that maybe there is something practical that we can do here as well.

praktično, što ovde možemo da uradimo.

Rekla sam vam da bakterije imaju razna društvena ponašanja,

I've told you that bacteria have all these social behaviors,

da komuniciraju uz pomoć ovih molekula.

that they communicate with these molecules.

Of course, I've also told you that one of the important things they do

Takođe sam vam rekla da jedna od važnih stvari koju rade

jeste izazivanje bolesti uz pomoć kvorumske percepcije.

is to initiate pathogenicity using quorum sensing.

Mislili smo, šta ako napravimo da bakterije

So we thought:

What if we made these bacteria so they can't talk or they can't hear?

ne mogu da pričaju ili ne mogu da čuju?

Zar to ne bi bila nova vrsta antibiotika?

Couldn't these be new kinds of antibiotics?

And of course, you've just heard and you already know

Naravno, upravo ste čuli i već znate

da nam ponestaje antibiotika.

that we're running out of antibiotics.

Bakterije su trenutno veoma otporne na razne vrste lekova,

Bacteria are incredibly multi-drug-resistant right now,

and that's because all of the antibiotics that we use kill bacteria.

a to je zato što svi antibiotici koje koristimo ubijaju bakterije.

They either pop the bacterial membrane,

Oni razbijaju membranu bakterije,

they make the bacterium so it can't replicate its DNA.

i bakterija ne može ponovo da napravi svoj DNK.

We kill bacteria with traditional antibiotics,

Mi ubijamo bakterije sa tradicionalnim antibioticima

and that selects for resistant mutants.

a to stvara otporne mutante.

And so now, of course, we have this global problem

I zato sada imamo ovaj globalni problem

in infectious diseases.

kada su infektivne bolesti u pitanju.

So we thought, what if we could sort of do behavior modifications,

Mislili smo, šta ako bismo mogli da napravimo promene u ponašanju,

just make these bacteria so they can't talk, they can't count,

da onemogućimo bakterije da razgovaraju, da ne mogu da se prebroje,

i tako ne znaju da lansiraju svoj otrov.

and they don't know to launch virulence?

So that's exactly what we've done,

I to je upravo ono što smo uradili i napravili smo dve strategije.

and we've sort of taken two strategies.

Prva je da smo ciljali

The first one is, we've targeted the intraspecies communication system.

na sistem komunikacije između vrsta.

So we made molecules that look kind of like the real molecules, which you saw,

Napravili smo molekule koji izgledaju kao pravi molekuli --

koje ste videli -- ali su malo drugačiji.

but they're a little bit different.

I tako se oni uklope sa receptorima,

And so they lock into those receptors,

i blokiraju prepoznavanje prave stvari.

and they jam recognition of the real thing.

So by targeting the red system,

Ciljajući crveni sistem,

what we are able to do is make species-specific, or disease-specific,

možemo da napravimo

određenu vrstu, ili anti-kvorumske molekule za određenu bolest.

anti-quorum-sensing molecules.

We've also done the same thing with the pink system.

Isto smo uradili i sa rozim sistemom.

We've taken that universal molecule and turned it around a little bit

Uzeli smo univerzalni molekul i malo ga promenili,

so that we've made antagonists of the interspecies communication system.

tako što smo napravili protivnike

komunikacionom sistemu između vrsta.

Nadamo se da će ovo biti upotrebljeno za različite vrste antibiotika

The hope is that these will be used as broad-spectrum antibiotics

that work against all bacteria.

koji rade protiv bakterija.

And so to finish, I'll show you the strategy.

Za kraj ću vam samo pokazati strategiju.

In this one, I'm just using the interspecies molecule,

U ovoj koristim samo molekule različitih vrsta

but the logic is exactly the same.

ali je princip potpuno isti.

So what you know is that when that bacterium gets into the animal --

Ono što znate je da kada bakterija uđe u životinju,

u ovom slučaju u miša.

in this case, a mouse --

it doesn't initiate virulence right away.

ona ne pušta otrov odmah.

It gets in, it starts growing,

Ona uđe unutra, počne da raste, počne da emituje

it starts secreting its quorum-sensing molecules.

svoje molekule za kvorumsku percepciju.

It recognizes when it has enough bacteria

Prepoznaje kada ima dovoljno bakterija

that now they're going to launch their attack,

da može da lansira svoj napad,

i životinja umire.

and the animal dies.

And so what we've been able to do is to give these virulent infections,

Ono što smo uspeli da uradimo jeste da damo ove otrovne infekcije,

but we give them in conjunction with our anti-quorum-sensing molecules.

ali smo ih dali zajedno sa anti-kvorumskim molekulima percepcije --

So these are molecules that look kind of like the real thing,

to su molekuli koji izgledaju kao prava stvar,

ali su malo drugačiji, što sam predstavila na ovom slajdu.

but they're a little different, which I've depicted on this slide.

Ono što sada znamo, jeste da ako lečimo životinju

What we now know is that if we treat the animal with a pathogenic bacterium --

sa patogenom bakterijom -- patogena bakterija otporna na spektar lekova --

a multi-drug-resistant pathogenic bacterium --

in the same time we give our anti-quorum-sensing molecule,

a u isto vreme joj dajemo naš anti-kvorumski molekul percepcije,

in fact, the animal lives.

životinja će, ipak, preživeti.

And so we think that this is the next generation of antibiotics,

Mislimo da je ovo nova generacija antibiotika,

and it's going to get us around, at least initially,

i bar u početku ćemo uspeti da zaobiđemo

this big problem of resistance.

ovaj veliki problem otpora.

What I hope you think is that bacteria can talk to each other,

Nadam se da mislite da bakterije mogu da razgovaraju međusobno,

da koriste hemikalije kao reči,

they use chemicals as their words,

they have an incredibly complicated chemical lexicon

da imaju neverovatno komplikovan hemijski leksikon,

that we're just now starting to learn about.

koji tek sada počinjemo da učimo.

Naravno, to omogućava bakterijama

Of course, what that allows bacteria to do is to be multicellular.

da budu višećelijske.

So in the spirit of TED,

I u duhu TED-a one zajedno rade stvari

they're doing things together because it makes a difference.

jer to je ono što menja stvari.

Ono što se dešava jeste da bakterije imaju ova kolektivna ponašanja,

What happens is that bacteria have these collective behaviors,

and they can carry out tasks

i mogu da izvršavaju zadatke

that they could never accomplish if they simply acted as individuals.

koje nikada ne bi mogle da urade

kada bi delovale pojedinačno.

What I would hope that I could further argue to you

Ono, što se nadam, da mogu dalje da vas uverim,

jeste da je ovo višećelijski izum.

is that this is the invention of multicellularity.

Bacteria have been on the earth for billions of years;

Bakterije su na Zemlji milijardama godina.

humans, couple hundred thousand.

Ljudi -- nekoliko stotina hiljada.

So we think bacteria made the rules for how multicellular organization works.

Mi mislimo da su bakterije napravile pravila

za funkcionisanje višećelijske organizacije.

Mi mislimo, da ćemo proučavajući bakterije,

And we think by studying bacteria,

we're going to be able to have insight about multicellularity in the human body.

moći da steknemo uvid u to kako višećelijsko funkcioniše u ljudskom telu.

So we know that the principles and the rules,

Znamo da principi i pravila,

if we can figure them out in these sort of primitive organisms,

ukoliko ih shvatimo kod ovih primitivnih organizama,

moći će, nadamo se, da se primene i

the hope is that they will be applied

na druge bolesti čoveka, kao i na ponašanje čoveka.

to other human diseases and human behaviors as well.

Nadam se da je ono što ste naučili

I hope that what you've learned

is that bacteria can distinguish self from other.

to da bakterija može da razlikuje sebe od drugih.

So by using these two molecules,

Koristeći ova dva molekula, one mogu da kažu "ja" i mogu da kažu "ti".

they can say "me" and they can say "you."

Opet, naravno, to je ono što i mi radimo

And again, of course, that's what we do,

i na molekularnom nivou,

both in a molecular way, and also in an outward way,

kao i na onom spoljašnjem, vidljivom nivou,

but I think about the molecular stuff.

ali ja razmišljam o molekularnim stvarima.

This is exactly what happens in your body.

Ovo je upravo ono što se dešava u vašem telu.

It's not like your heart cells and kidney cells get all mixed up every day,

Nije kao da se ćelije vašeg srca i bubrega pomešaju svakog dana,

a to je sve zbog ove hemije,

and that's because there's all of this chemistry going on,

these molecules that say who each of these groups of cells is

ovih molekula koji govore koja je tačno koja grupa ćelija,

i koji je njihov zadatak.

and what their tasks should be.

So again, we think bacteria invented that,

Opet, mi mislimo da su bakterije to izmislile,

a vi ste samo evoluirali dalje,

and you've just evolved a few more bells and whistles,

but all of the ideas are in these simple systems that we can study.

ali sve ideje su u ovim jednostavnim sistemima koje možemo da proučavamo.

And the final thing is, just to reiterate that there's this practical part,

Poslednja stvar je, da ponovim da postoji taj praktični deo,

and so we've made these anti-quorum-sensing molecules

da smo napravili ove anti-kvorumske molekule percepcije

that are being developed as new kinds of therapeutics.

koji se razvijaju kao nova vrsta lekova.

But then, to finish with a plug for all the good and miraculous bacteria

Ali, da završim sa priključkom za sve dobre i čudesne bakterije

that live on the earth,

koje žive na Zemlji,

we've also made pro-quorum-sensing molecules.

takođe smo napravili i pro-kvorumske molekule percepcije.

So we've targeted those systems to make the molecules work better.

Ciljali smo na one sisteme zbog kojih će molekuli raditi bolje.

Setite se da imate 10 puta ili više bakterijskih ćelija

So remember, you have these 10 times or more bacterial cells

in you or on you, keeping you healthy.

u sebi ili na sebi, koje vas održavaju zdravima.

What we're also trying to do is to beef up the conversation

Ono što takođe pokušavamo da uradimo, jeste da pojačamo razgovore

bakterija koje žive u zajednici sa vama,

of the bacteria that live as mutualists with you,

in the hopes of making you more healthy,

kako bismo vas učinili zdravijim,

poboljšavajući te razgovore,

making those conversations better,

so bacteria can do things that we want them to do

kako bi bakterije radile ono što mi hoćemo

better than they would be on their own.

bolje nego što bi to one same uradile.

Finally, I wanted to show you --

Na kraju, htela sam da vam pokažem

this is my gang at Princeton, New Jersey.

ovo je moje društvo na Prinstonu, Nju Džerzi.

Sve što sam vam ispirčala otkrio je neko ko se nalazi na toj slici.

Everything I told you about was discovered by someone in that picture.

Nadam se da kada učite stvari,

And I hope when you learn things, like about how the natural world works --

kao na primer o tome kako funkcioniše svet prirode --

I just want to say that whenever you read something in the newspaper

hoću samo da kažem da kad god pročitate nešto u novinama

or you hear some talk about something ridiculous in the natural world,

ili čujete nekog da priča o nečem smešnom u svetu prirode,

to je uradilo dete.

it was done by a child.

So science is done by that demographic.

Nauku stvara taj deo populacije.

Svi ti ljudi su između 20 i 30 godina starosti,

All of those people are between 20 and 30 years old,

and they are the engine that drives scientific discovery in this country.

i oni su motor koji pokreće naučna otkrića u ovoj zemlji.

To je veoma srećna populacija s kojom može da se radi.

And it's a really lucky demographic to work with.

(Applause)

Ja stalno starim i starim, a oni su uvek istih godina,

I keep getting older and older, and they're always the same age.

i to je jedan ludo izvrstan posao.

And it's just a crazy, delightful job.

And I want to thank you for inviting me here,

Želim da vam se zahvalim što ste me pozvali ovde.

it's a big treat for me to get to come to this conference.

Velika je poslastica za mene da budem na ovoj konferenciji.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Thanks.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)