Bonnie Bassler: The secret, social lives of bacteria

Prevoditelj: Tibor Vrancic Recezent: Hrvoje Vinter

Bakterije su najstariji živući organizmi na Zemlji.

Bacteria are the oldest living organisms on the earth.

They've been here for billions of years,

Ovdje su milijardama godina.

and what they are are single-celled microscopic organisms.

i u stvari oni su jednostanični mikroskopski organizmi.

So they're one cell

Dakle, oni su u stvari jedna stanica i imaju posebno svojstvo

and they have this special property that they only have one piece of DNA.

da imaju samo jedan komad DNA.

So they have very few genes and genetic information

Imaju vrlo malo gena,

i gensku informaciju kako bi kodirali sva svojstva koja izvršavaju.

to encode all of the traits that they carry out.

And the way bacteria make a living is that they consume nutrients

A način na koji bakterije preživljavaju

je taj da crpe hranjive tvari iz okoliša,

from the environment,

they grow to twice their size,

narastu do dvostruke svoje veličine, presijeku se napola po sredini,

they cut themselves down in the middle,

i od jedne stanice nastanu dvije, i tako dalje, i tako dalje.

and one cell becomes two, and so on and so on.

They just grow and divide and grow and divide -- so a kind of boring life,

One samo rastu i dijele se, rastu i dijele se -- dakle, poprilično dosadan život,

except that what I would argue is that you have an amazing interaction

no pored toga bih vam željela dokazati, da vi imate

čudesnu interakciju s ovim stvorenjima.

with these critters.

I know you guys think of yourself as humans,

Znam da o sebi mislite kao o ljudskim bićima, a ovo je otprilike što ja mislim o vama.

and this is sort of how I think of you.

Ovaj čovjek bi trebao predstavljati

This man is supposed to represent a generic human being,

općenito ljudsko biće,

and all of the circles in that man are all the cells that make up your body.

i svi krugovi u ovom čovjeku predstavljaju sve stanice koje tvore vaše tijelo.

There's about a trillion human cells that make each one of us who we are

Postoji oko trilijun ljudskih stanica od kojih se sastoji svatko od nas

tko smo i što smo sve u stanju činiti,

and able to do all the things that we do.

međutim, vi posjedujete 10 trilijuna bakterijskih stanica

But you have 10 trillion bacterial cells in you or on you

u vama i na vama u svakom trenutku vašega života.

at any moment in your life.

So, 10 times more bacterial cells than human cells on a human being.

Znači, 10 puta više bakterijskih stanica

nego ljudskih stanica po ljudskom biću.

And, of course, it's the DNA that counts,

I naravno, DNA su te koje se broje,

so here's all the A, T, Gs and Cs that make up your genetic code

dakle, ovdje su svi A, T, G-ovi i C-ovi

koji sačinjavaju vaš genetički kod, i daju vam sve vaše dražesne osobine.

and give you all your charming characteristics.

Imate oko 30.000 gena.

You have about 30,000 genes.

Well, it turns out you have 100 times more bacterial genes

Po tome ispada da imate 100 puta više bakterijskih gena

koje imaju neku ulogu u ili na vama tijekom cijelog vašeg života.

playing a role in you or on you all of your life.

So at the best, you're 10 percent human; more likely, about one percent human,

U najboljem slučaju, vi ste 10 posto čovjek,

no vjerojatnije je da ste jedan posto čovjek,

depending on which of these metrics you like.

ovisno o tome koja vam se metrika više sviđa.

I know you think of yourself as human beings,

Znam da o sebi mislite kao o ljudskim bićima,

no, ja o vama mislim kao o 90 ili 99 postotnim bakterijama.

but I think of you as 90 or 99 percent bacterial.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

And these bacteria are not passive riders.

Ove bakterije nisu pasivni putnici,

These are incredibly important; they keep us alive.

i one su nevjerojatno važne, one nas održavaju živima.

They cover us in an invisible body armor

Prekrivaju nas nevidljivim oklopom

that keeps environmental insults out so that we stay healthy.

koji nas štiti od vanjskih ozljeda

te tako ostajemo zdravi.

They digest our food, they make our vitamins,

Oni probavljaju našu hranu, oni tvore naše vitamine,

they actually educate your immune system to keep bad microbes out.

oni u stvari podučavaju naš imunosni sustav

kako ne dozvoliti lošim mikrobima pristup.

Znači, oni čine sve te čudesne stvari

So they do all these amazing things

koje nam pomažu i koje su neophodne kako bismo bili živi,

that help us and are vital for keeping us alive,

and they never get any press for that.

i zbog toga nikad nisu u bilo kakvoj stisci.

But they get a lot of press because they do a lot of terrible things as well.

Međutim, mnogo se piše o njima, jer čine mnoge

užasne stvari.

Prema tome, postoje mnoge vrste bakterija na Zemlji

So there's all kinds of bacteria on the earth

that have no business being in you or on you at any time,

koje ne bi trebale biti u ili na vama nikada,

a ako jesu, čine vas nevjerojatno bolesnim.

and if they are, they make you incredibly sick.

And so the question for my lab

I tako, pitanje za moj laboratorij je želite li misliti samo

is whether you want to think about all the good things that bacteria do

o dobrim stvarima koje bakterije čine, ili samo o lošim koje one čine.

or all the bad things that bacteria do.

The question we had is: How could they do anything at all?

Pitanje koje se nameće je kako one uopće mogu bilo što raditi?

Mislim, one su nevjerojatno malene,

I mean, they're incredibly small.

You have to have a microscope to see one.

neophodan vam je mikroskop kako biste jednu od njih vidjeli.

They live this sort of boring life where they grow and divide,

Žive taj dosadan život u kojem samo rastu i dijele se,

and they've always been considered to be these asocial, reclusive organisms.

i uvijek ih se smatralo za nedruštvene, samotnjačke organizme.

And so it seemed to us that they're just too small

Tako, izgledalo nam je da su isuviše mali a da bi imali utjecaj

to have an impact on the environment

na okolinu

if they simply act as individuals.

ako jednostavno djeluju kao jedinke.

So we wanted to think if there couldn't be a different way that bacteria live.

I željeli smo razmisliti ne bi li mogao postojati drugačiji

način kako bakterije žive.

Ključ rješenja za ovo nam je pružila jedna druga morska bakterija,

And the clue to this came from another marine bacterium,

and it's a bacterium called "Vibrio fischeri."

a ona se zove Vibrio fischeri.

What you're looking at on this slide is just a person from my lab

Ono što vidite na ovom dijapozitivu je jedna osoba iz moga laboratorija

holding a flask of a liquid culture of a bacterium,

kako drži tikvicu sa tekućom kulturom bakterija,

bezopasnih i prelijepih bakterija koje potječu iz oceana,

a harmless, beautiful bacterium that comes from the ocean,

imena Vibrio fischeri.

named Vibrio fischeri.

And this bacterium has the special property that it makes light,

Ove bakterije imaju naročito svojstvo da stvaraju svijetlost,

i tako stvaraju bioluminiscenciju,

so it makes bioluminescence,

like fireflies make light.

isto kao što krijesnice stvaraju svijetlost.

We're not doing anything to the cells here,

Ovdje nismo ništa radili sa stanicama.

we just took the picture by turning the lights off in the room,

Samo smo snimili fotografiju prethodno ugasivši svjetlost u prostoriji,

i evo što se vidi.

and this is what we see.

And what's actually interesting to us was not that the bacteria made light

Ono što nam je zapravo bilo zanimljivo

nije bilo to što bakterije svijetle,

but when the bacteria made light.

nego kada one to čine.

What we noticed is when the bacteria were alone,

Zamijetili smo da kada su bakterije bile same,

so when they were in dilute suspension,

znači kad su u bile u razrijeđenom rastvoru, nisu stvarale svjetlost.

they made no light.

Međutim, kad su narasle do određenog broja stanica

But when they grew to a certain cell number,

sve bakterije su upalile svjetla istovremeno.

all the bacteria turned on light simultaneously.

So the question that we had is:

Pitanje koje se nametnulo je kako mogu bakterije, ti primitivni organizmi,

How can bacteria, these primitive organisms,

razlikovati vrijeme kad su same,

tell the difference from times when they're alone

od vremena kad su u nekoj zajednici,

and times when they're in a community,

i zatim sve odreda učiniti nešto zajedno.

and then all do something together?

Ono što smo zaključili je da je način kako to one čine putem međusobnog razgovora,

And what we figured out is that the way they do that is they talk to each other,

a razgovaraju jezikom kemije.

and they talk with a chemical language.

Ovo bi trebala biti stanica bakterije.

So this is now supposed to be my bacterial cell.

Kada je sama ona ne stvara svjetlost.

When it's alone, it doesn't make any light.

But what it does do is to make and secrete small molecules

No, ono što čini je da stvara i izlučuje malene molekule

that you can think of like hormones,

koje možete zamisliti kao hormone,

and these are the red triangles.

a to su ovi crveni trokutovi, i kada je bakterija sama

And when the bacteria are alone, the molecules just float away,

molekule jednostavno odplutaju i onda nema svjetlosti.

and so, no light.

But when the bacteria grow and double

Međutim, kada bakterija naraste i umnoži se

and they're all participating in making these molecules,

i kada sve one sudjeluju u stvaranju ovih molekula,

molekula -- izvanstanična količina te molekule

the molecule, the extracellular amount of that molecule,

increases in proportion to cell number.

se povećava proporcionalno broju stanica.

And when the molecule hits a certain amount

A onda kada molekule dosegnu određeni broj

that tells the bacteria how many neighbors there are,

to govori bakteriji koliko susjeda ima,

they recognize that molecule

one prepoznaju tu molekulu

and all of the bacteria turn on light in synchrony.

i sve bakterije sinkronizirano upale svjelost.

And so that's how bioluminescence works --

Tako funkcionira bioluminiscencija --

they're talking with these chemical words.

one ragovaraju pomoću kemijskih riječi.

Razlog zašto Vibrio fischeri to čine potječe iz biologije.

The reason Vibrio fischeri is doing that comes from the biology --

again, another plug for the animals in the ocean.

I opet, još jedna utičnica za životinje u oceanu,

Vibrio fischeri živi u ovoj lignji.

Vibrio fischeri lives in this squid.

What you're looking at is the Hawaiian bobtail squid.

Ono što gledate je Havajska kratkorepa lignja,

i izokrenuta je na leđa,

It's been turned on its back,

and what I hope you can see are these two glowing lobes.

i ono što se nadam da vidite jesu ova dva krilca koja svijetle

These house the Vibrio fischeri cells.

a koja nastanjuju stanice Vibrio fischeri,

They live in there, at high cell number.

one žive tamo, kada je broj stanica velik

That molecule is there, and they're making light.

ta molekula je tamo, i one stvaraju svjetlost.

Razlog zašto je lignja voljna podnositi ovakve smicalice

And the reason the squid is willing to put up with these shenanigans

je što želi svjetlost.

is because it wants that light.

Ovakva simbioza funkcionira

The way that this symbiosis works

jer ova mala lignja živi uza samu obalu Havaja,

is that this little squid lives just off the coast of Hawaii,

just in sort of shallow knee-deep water.

baš u plitkoj vodi koja doseže do koljena.

And the squid is nocturnal,

Lignja je noćna životinja, te je preko dana

so during the day, it buries itself in the sand and sleeps.

zakopana u pijesak i spava,

a onda noću mora izaći van da bi lovila.

But then at night, it has to come out to hunt.

So on bright nights

Za vrijeme vedrih noći kada ima dosta svjetlosti zvijezda ili je mjesečina

when there's lots of starlight or moonlight,

ta svjetlost može prodrijeti kroz dubinu vode

that light can penetrate the depth of the water the squid lives in,

u kojoj lignja živi, zato što je to samo nekoliko stopa vode.

since it's just in those couple feet of water.

Ono što je lignja razvila je neka vrsta preklopnika

What the squid has developed is a shutter that can open and close

kojega otvara i zatvara iznad tog specijaliziranog svjetlosnog organa s bakterijama.

over the specialized light organ housing the bacteria.

Zatim ima detektore na leđima

And then it has detectors on its back

tako da može osjetiti koliko mjesečine ili svjetlosti zvijezda pada na njena leđa.

so it can sense how much starlight or moonlight is hitting its back.

And it opens and closes the shutter

Onda ona otvara ili zatvara preklopnik

so the amount of light coming out of the bottom,

tako da količina svjetlosti koja dolazi sa dna --

which is made by the bacterium,

a koju stvaraju bakterije --

exactly matches how much light hits the squid's back,

točno odgovara količini svjetlosti koja udara o leđa lignje,

so the squid doesn't make a shadow.

na taj način lignja ne stvara sjenu.

So it actually uses the light from the bacteria

U stvari ona koristi svjetlost bakterija

to counter-illuminate itself in an antipredation device,

za kontra-osvjetljenje sebe, kao uređaj za zaštitu od predatora

tako, grabežljivci ne mogu vidjeti njenu sjenu,

so predators can't see its shadow,

procijeniti njenu putanju i pojesti je.

calculate its trajectory and eat it.

Ovo nalikuje na oceanske nevidljive bombardere.

So this is like the stealth bomber of the ocean.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

But then if you think about it, this squid has this terrible problem,

Onda kad bolje razmislite o ovome, lignja ima ovaj strašan problem

zato što ima ovu umiruću, zgusnutu kulturu bakterija

because it's got this dying, thick culture of bacteria,

and it can't sustain that.

i ne može ih održavati.

And so what happens is, every morning when the sun comes up,

I onda što se dešava, svako jutro kada sunce izlazi

lignja odlazi na spavanje, ukopavavajući se u pijesak,

the squid goes back to sleep, it buries itself in the sand,

ona ima pumpu koja je uklopljena u njen svakodnevni ritam,

and it's got a pump that's attached to its circadian rhythm.

i kada sunce izađe ona ispumpava nekih 95 posto bakterija.

And when the sun comes up, it pumps out, like, 95 percent of the bacteria.

So now the bacteria are dilute,

Sada su bakterije razrijeđene, ona mala hormonska molekula je nestala,

that little hormone molecule is gone, so they're not making light.

tako da one ne stvaraju svjetlost --

But, of course, the squid doesn't care, it's asleep in the sand.

no naravno lignja za to ne mari. Ona spava u pijesku.

I kako dan odmiče bakterije se množe,

And as the day goes by, the bacteria double,

oslobađaju molekulu, i svjetlost nastaje

they release the molecule, and then light comes on at night,

noću, točno onda kada lignji treba.

exactly when the squid wants it.

So first, we figured out how this bacterium does this,

Prvo smo shvatili kako ove bakterije to rade,

but then we brought the tools of molecular biology to this

no zatim smo uključili u ovo biološke alate

to figure out, really, what's the mechanism.

kako bismo shvatili stvarni mehanizam.

And what we found -- so this is now supposed to be my bacterial cell --

I što smo otkrili -- znači ovo bi trebala biti, ponovno, moja stanica bakterije --

is that Vibrio fischeri has a protein.

je da Vibrio fischeri posjeduje protein --

That's the red box --

to je ovaj crveni kvadratić -- to je enzim koji stvara

it's an enzyme that makes that little hormone molecule,

onu malu molekulu hormona -- crveni trokut.

the red triangle.

And then as the cells grow,

I onda kako stanice rastu, sve one otpuštaju tu molekulu

they're all releasing that molecule into the environment,

u okolinu, tako da tamo ima mnogo molekula.

so there's lots of molecule there.

Bakterija također ima receptor na svojoj staničnoj površini

And the bacteria also have a receptor on their cell surface

that fits like a lock and key with that molecule.

koji pristaje kao brava i ključ toj molekuli.

These are just like the receptors on the surfaces of your cells.

Ovi su receptori isti kao i na površini vaših stanica.

Kada se broj molekula poveća do određenog iznosa --

So when the molecule increases to a certain amount,

which says something about the number of cells,

što govori ponešto o broju stanica --

it locks down into that receptor

on se zaključava unutar toga receptora

and information comes into the cells

te u stanicu dolazi informacija

koja govori stanici da uključi

that tells the cells to turn on this collective behavior of making light.

kolektivno ponašanje za stvaranje svjetlosti.

Why this is interesting is because in the past decade,

Ovo je zanimljivo jer smo u prošlom desetljeću

we have found that this is not just some anomaly

otkrili da ovo nije samo neka anomalija

of this ridiculous, glow-in-the-dark bacterium that lives in the ocean --

ove smiješne, u mraku svjetleće bakterije koja živi u oceanu --

sve bakterije imaju sustav sličan ovomu.

all bacteria have systems like this.

So now what we understand is that all bacteria can talk to each other.

Dakle, shvatili smo da sve bakterije mogu međusobno govoriti.

They make chemical words, they recognize those words,

Oni stvaraju kemijske riječi, one raspoznaju te riječi,

and they turn on group behaviors

i one uključuju skupna ponašanja

that are only successful when all of the cells participate in unison.

koja su uspješna jedino kada sve stanice sudjeluju zajednički.

So now we have a fancy name for this: we call it "quorum sensing."

Imamo simpatično ime za ovo, zovemo to kvorumska svijest.

They vote with these chemical votes,

Oni glasuju putem ovih kemijskih glasova,

the vote gets counted, and then everybody responds to the vote.

glas se zbroji, i zatim svi odgovaraju na izglasano.

What's important for today's talk is we know there are hundreds of behaviors

Što je važno za današnje izlaganje

je to da mi znamo da postoje stotine vrsta ponašanja

that bacteria carry out in these collective fashions.

koja bakterije izvode na ovakav zajednički način.

But the one that's probably the most important to you is virulence.

No ono što je vjerojatno za vas najznačajnije jest zaraznost.

To nije kao kad par bakterija dospije u vas

It's not like a couple bacteria get in you and start secreting some toxins --

i počinju lučiti neke otrove --

you're enormous; that would have no effect on you, you're huge.

vi ste ogromni, to ne bi imalo učinak na vas. Vi ste golemi.

Ono što one rade, a sada smo to shvatili,

But what they do, we now understand,

is they get in you, they wait, they start growing,

uđu u vas, čekaju, počinju se množiti,

they count themselves with these little molecules,

prebrojavaju se pomoću ovih malenih molekula,

and they recognize when they have the right cell number

i prepoznaju kada dosegnu pravi broj stanica

i kada bi sve bakterije započele svoj napad zajednički,

that if all of the bacteria launch their virulence attack together,

they're going to be successful at overcoming an enormous host.

tada bi bile uspješne u svladavanju ogromnog domaćina.

So bacteria always control pathogenicity with quorum sensing.

Bakterije uvijek kontroliraju patogenost pomoću kvorumske svijesti.

Tako to funkcionira.

So that's how it works.

Zatim smo, također željeli provjeriti što su ove molekule --

We also then went to look at what are these molecules.

These were the red triangles on my slides before.

to su bili crveni trokutovi na mom prethodnom dijapozitivu.

This is the Vibrio fischeri molecule.

Ovo je molekula Vibrio fisheri.

This is the word that it talks with.

Ovo je riječ pomoću koje govori.

And then we started to look at other bacteria,

Dakle, zatim smo počeli gledati kod drugih bakterija,

and these are just a smattering of the molecules that we've discovered.

i ovo je samo manji dio molekula koje smo otkrili.

Nadam se da možete vidjeti

What I hope you can see is that the molecules are related.

da su molekule u povezane.

The left-hand part of the molecule is identical

Dio s lijeve strane molekula je jednak

in every single species of bacteria.

kod svake vrste bakterija.

But the right-hand part of the molecule is a little bit different

Međutim, desna strana molekula je malo drugačija kod svake pojedine vrste.

in every single species.

U biti, to je ono što daje

What that does is to confer exquisite species specificities to these languages.

pojedinoj vrsti posebnost njihovih jezika.

So each molecule fits into its partner receptor

Svaka molekula se uklapa s receptorom svoga partnera i nijednog više.

and no other.

Znači, ovo su osobni, tajni razgovori.

So these are private, secret conversations.

These conversations are for intraspecies communication.

Ovi razgovori služe za komunikaciju među vrstama.

Each bacteria uses a particular molecule that's its language

Svaka bakterija koristi posebnu molekulu koja je njen jezik,

that allows it to count its own siblings.

i koja omogućuje prebrojavanje svoje subraće.

Kad smo stigli tako daleko mislili smo

Once we got that far,

we thought we were starting to understand that bacteria have these social behaviors.

da smo počinjali razumijevati da bakterije imaju takva društvena ponašanja.

No ono što smo zaista mislili je da većinu vremena

But what we were really thinking about is that most of the time,

bakterije ne žive same, one žive u nevjerojatnim mješavinama,

bacteria don't live by themselves, they live in incredible mixtures,

sa stotinama i tisućama drugih vrsta bakterija.

with hundreds or thousands of other species of bacteria.

And that's depicted on this slide.

I to je opisano na ovom dijapozitivu. Ovo je vaša koža.

This is your skin.

So this is just a picture -- a micrograph of your skin.

Ovo je samo slika -- mikrograf vaše kože.

Anywhere on your body, it looks pretty much like this.

Posvuda na vašem tijelu, ovo izgleda približno isto,

i nadam se da možete vidjeti da tamo ima svih vrsta bakterija.

What I hope you can see

is that there's all kinds of bacteria there.

And so we started to think, if this really is about communication in bacteria,

I tako, počeli smo razmišljati je li ovo stvarno do komunikacije kod bakterija,

and it's about counting your neighbors,

i da se radi o prebrojavanju susjeda,

it's not enough to be able to only talk within your species.

nije dovoljno moći razgovarati samo unutar svoje vrste.

Mora postojati način kako načiniti popis

There has to be a way to take a census

ostalih bakterija unutar populacije.

of the rest of the bacteria in the population.

Tada smo se vratili molekularnoj biologiji

So we went back to molecular biology

i počeli proučavati različite bakterije,

and started studying different bacteria.

i onda smo otkrili da

And what we've found now is that, in fact, bacteria are multilingual.

su, zapravo, bakterije višejezične.

Sve one imaju sustav poseban za svoju vrstu --

They all have a species-specific system,

imaju molekulu koja govori "ja".

they have a molecule that says "me."

But then running in parallel to that is a second system

No uz taj, postoji paralelni, drugi sustav

that we've discovered, that's generic.

kojega smo otkrili, a on je opći.

So they have a second enzyme that makes a second signal,

Dakle, imaju drugi enzim koji stvara drugi signal

and it has its own receptor,

a on ima svoj vlastiti receptor,

and this molecule is the trade language of bacteria.

i ova molekula je jezik razmjene između bakterija.

Koriste je sve vrste bakterija

It's used by all different bacteria,

i to je jezik komunikacije među vrstama.

and it's the language of interspecies communication.

What happens is that bacteria are able to count

Ono što se događa je da su bakterije u stanju prebrojati

koliko ima "mene", a koliko "tebe".

how many of "me" and how many of "you."

And they take that information inside,

One unose informaciju,

and they decide what tasks to carry out

i onda odlučuju koji zadatak poduzeti

u ovisnosti tko je u manjini, a tko u većini

depending on who's in the minority and who's in the majority

of any given population.

u bilo kojoj populaciji.

Then, again, we turned to chemistry,

Onda, ponovno se okrećemo kemiji,

and we figured out what this generic molecule is --

i shvatamo kakva je ova opća molekula --

that was the pink ovals on my last slide, this is it.

što su bile ružičaste elipse na mom zadnjem dijapozitivu, to je ta.

It's a very small, five-carbon molecule.

To je veoma mala petoerovalentna ugljikova molekula.

Važna stvar koju smo naučili

And what the important thing is that we learned

is that every bacterium has exactly the same enzyme

je da svaka bakterija ima potpuno isti enzim

and makes exactly the same molecule.

i tvori potpuno istu molekulu.

So they're all using this molecule for interspecies communication.

Znači, oni koriste ovu molekulu

za komunikaciju između vrsta.

This is the bacterial Esperanto.

To je bakterijski Esperanto.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

So once we got that far,

Kad smo već tako daleko dogurali, počeli smo shvačati

we started to learn that bacteria can talk to each other

da bakterije mogu međusobno razgovarati putem tog kemijskog jezika.

with this chemical language.

Međutim, počeli smo misliti da možda postoji nešto

But we started to think

that maybe there is something practical that we can do here as well.

praktično što ovdje možemo učiniti.

Već sam vam rekla da bakterije uistinu imaju različita društvena ponašanja,

I've told you that bacteria have all these social behaviors,

one komuniciraju pomoću ovih molekula.

that they communicate with these molecules.

Of course, I've also told you that one of the important things they do

Naravno, isto sam vam već rekla da je jedna od važnijih stvari što one čine

da izazivaju patogeni učinak koristeći kvorumsku svijest.

is to initiate pathogenicity using quorum sensing.

Mislili smo, što ako prisilimo ove bakterije

So we thought:

What if we made these bacteria so they can't talk or they can't hear?

tako da ne mogu govoriti ili ne mogu čuti?

Zar ne bi one mogle postati nove vrste antibiotika?

Couldn't these be new kinds of antibiotics?

And of course, you've just heard and you already know

Svakako, upravo ste čuli i već znate

da nam ponestaje antibiotika.

that we're running out of antibiotics.

Bakterije su trenutno veoma otporne na različite vrste lijekova,

Bacteria are incredibly multi-drug-resistant right now,

and that's because all of the antibiotics that we use kill bacteria.

a to je stoga što svi antibiotici koje koristimo ubijaju bakterije.

They either pop the bacterial membrane,

Oni izazivaju pucanje bakterijske membrane,

they make the bacterium so it can't replicate its DNA.

koje tvore bakteriju tako da ona ne može replicirati svoju DNA.

We kill bacteria with traditional antibiotics,

Ubijamo bakterije tradicionalnim antibioticima

and that selects for resistant mutants.

a to selekcionira otporne mutante.

And so now, of course, we have this global problem

I naravno sada imamo ovaj globalni problem

in infectious diseases.

sa zaraznim bolestima.

So we thought, what if we could sort of do behavior modifications,

Pomislili smo, što kad bismo mogli načiniti neku vrstu promjene ponašanja,

just make these bacteria so they can't talk, they can't count,

jednostavno prisiliti bakterije da ne mogu govoriti, da ne mogu brojati,

i time da ne znaju započeti zarazu.

and they don't know to launch virulence?

So that's exactly what we've done,

E pa točno to smo i učinili, i primijenili dvije strategije.

and we've sort of taken two strategies.

Prva je da smo napali

The first one is, we've targeted the intraspecies communication system.

komunikacijski sustav među vrstama.

So we made molecules that look kind of like the real molecules, which you saw,

Napravili smo molekule koje su nalikovale stvarnim molekulama --

koje ste vidjeli -- no ipak su malo drugačije.

but they're a little bit different.

One se prihvate na ove receptore,

And so they lock into those receptors,

i pobrkaju raspoznavanje stvarnih stvari.

and they jam recognition of the real thing.

So by targeting the red system,

Napadom na crveni sustav,

what we are able to do is make species-specific, or disease-specific,

u stanju smo učiniti

posebnu vrstu, ili molekule anti-kvorumske svijesti posebnih bolesti.

anti-quorum-sensing molecules.

We've also done the same thing with the pink system.

Isto to smo uradili i sa ružičastim sustavom.

We've taken that universal molecule and turned it around a little bit

Uzeli smo tu univerzalnu molekulu te je malo promijenili

so that we've made antagonists of the interspecies communication system.

i time smo načinili suparnike

komunikacijskom sustavu među vrstama.

Nadati se da će ovo biti primijenjeno na različite vrste antibiotika

The hope is that these will be used as broad-spectrum antibiotics

that work against all bacteria.

koji djeluju protiv bakterija.

And so to finish, I'll show you the strategy.

Na kraju samo ću vam pokazati strategiju.

In this one, I'm just using the interspecies molecule,

U ovoj prvoj, koristim samo molekulu među vrstama,

but the logic is exactly the same.

no logika je potpuno ista.

So what you know is that when that bacterium gets into the animal --

Ono što znate je da kada bakterija uđe u životinju,

u ovom slučaju, u miša,

in this case, a mouse --

it doesn't initiate virulence right away.

ne uzrokuje zarazu odmah.

It gets in, it starts growing,

Ona uđe, počinje rasti, i počinje lučiti

it starts secreting its quorum-sensing molecules.

svoje molekule kvorumske svijesti.

It recognizes when it has enough bacteria

Prepozna kada ima dovoljno bakterija

that now they're going to launch their attack,

i tada one započinju svoj napad,

i životinja umire.

and the animal dies.

And so what we've been able to do is to give these virulent infections,

Ono što smo u mogučnsti učiniti je dati ove infekcije,

but we give them in conjunction with our anti-quorum-sensing molecules.

ali zajedno sa našim molekulama anti-kvorumske svijesti --

So these are molecules that look kind of like the real thing,

znači ove molekule nalikuju na prave,

osim što su malo drugačije, kao što sam opisala na ovom dijapozitivu.

but they're a little different, which I've depicted on this slide.

Sada znamo da kada tretiramo životinju

What we now know is that if we treat the animal with a pathogenic bacterium --

patogenim bakterijama -- otpornima na različite lijekove --

a multi-drug-resistant pathogenic bacterium --

in the same time we give our anti-quorum-sensing molecule,

istovremeno im dajući i naše molekule anti-kvorumske svijesti,

in fact, the animal lives.

životinja preživljava.

And so we think that this is the next generation of antibiotics,

Smatramo da je ovo sljedeća generacija antibiotika

and it's going to get us around, at least initially,

i da će barem u početku uspjeti zaobići

this big problem of resistance.

taj veliki problem otpornosti.

What I hope you think is that bacteria can talk to each other,

Nadam se da razumijete, da bakterije mogu govoriti međusobno,

koristeći pri tom kemijske spojeve kao riječi

they use chemicals as their words,

they have an incredibly complicated chemical lexicon

da imaju nevjerojatno složen kemijski rječnik,

that we're just now starting to learn about.

i da tek sada počinjemo to spoznavati.

Naravno, ono što omogućuje bakteriji da to čini

Of course, what that allows bacteria to do is to be multicellular.

je višestaničnost.

So in the spirit of TED,

Dakle, u duhu TED-a oni ovo čine zajednički

they're doing things together because it makes a difference.

jer to omogućuje razliku.

Ono što se događa, je da bakterije imaju ta kolektivna ponašanja,

What happens is that bacteria have these collective behaviors,

and they can carry out tasks

i one mogu izvršiti zadatke

that they could never accomplish if they simply acted as individuals.

koje nikada ne bi mogle izvršiti

kad bi djelovale pojedinačno.

What I would hope that I could further argue to you

Nadam se nadalje da vas mogu uvjeriti

da je ovo izum višestaničnosti.

is that this is the invention of multicellularity.

Bacteria have been on the earth for billions of years;

Bakterije su na Zemlji već milijardama godina.

humans, couple hundred thousand.

Ljudi -- tek nekoliko stotina tisuća.

So we think bacteria made the rules for how multicellular organization works.

Smatramo da su bakterije stvorile pravila

kako da višestanični organizmi funkcioniraju.

Proučavajući bakterije, mislimo

And we think by studying bacteria,

we're going to be able to have insight about multicellularity in the human body.

da ćemo steći uvid u to kako funkcionira višestaničnost u ljudskom tijelu.

So we know that the principles and the rules,

Znamo da će se načela i pravila,

if we can figure them out in these sort of primitive organisms,

ako ih shvatimo u ovim primitivnim organizmima,

moći primijeniti

the hope is that they will be applied

pri ljudskim oboljenjima i kod ljudskog ponašanja, također.

to other human diseases and human behaviors as well.

Nadam se da ste naučili

I hope that what you've learned

is that bacteria can distinguish self from other.

da bakterija može razlikovati sebe od ostalih.

So by using these two molecules,

Koristeći ove dvije molekule one mogu reći "ja" i mogu reći "ti".

they can say "me" and they can say "you."

Opet, dakako, to je ono što mi činimo,

And again, of course, that's what we do,

kako na molekularnoj razini,

both in a molecular way, and also in an outward way,

tako i na spoljašnjoj,

but I think about the molecular stuff.

no, ja ipak razmišljam o molekularnim stvarima.

This is exactly what happens in your body.

Ovo je točno ono što se događa u vašem tijelu.

It's not like your heart cells and kidney cells get all mixed up every day,

Nije kao kad se stanice vašega srca ili bubrega pomiješaju svakodnevno,

a to je zato što se sva ta kemija odvija,

and that's because there's all of this chemistry going on,

these molecules that say who each of these groups of cells is

ove molekule govore koja je koja od ovih skupina stanica,

i koja bi im trebala biti zadaća.

and what their tasks should be.

So again, we think bacteria invented that,

Ponovno, mislimo da su bakterije to izumile,

a vi ste se samo razvili dalje,

and you've just evolved a few more bells and whistles,

but all of the ideas are in these simple systems that we can study.

no, sve ideje se nalaze u ovim jednostavnim sustavima koje možemo proučavati.

And the final thing is, just to reiterate that there's this practical part,

Zadnja stvar je, da još jednom ponovim da postoji i ovaj praktični dio,

and so we've made these anti-quorum-sensing molecules

znači načinili smo ove molekule sa anti-kvorum sviješću

that are being developed as new kinds of therapeutics.

koje se razvijaju kao nova vrsta lijekova.

But then, to finish with a plug for all the good and miraculous bacteria

No onda, da završim i da se ponovno uključim na sve dobre i čudesne bakterije

that live on the earth,

koje žive na Zemlji,

we've also made pro-quorum-sensing molecules.

također smo napravili i molekule za kvorum svijest.

So we've targeted those systems to make the molecules work better.

Znači, napadali smo te sustave kako bi primorali molekule da rade bolje.

Sjetite se da imate ovih 10 puta više bakterijskih stanica

So remember, you have these 10 times or more bacterial cells

in you or on you, keeping you healthy.

u vama i na vama, i koje vas održavaju zdravima.

What we're also trying to do is to beef up the conversation

Ono što još pokušavamo napraviti je da pojačamo razgovor

bakterija koje žive zajedno s vama,

of the bacteria that live as mutualists with you,

in the hopes of making you more healthy,

u nadi da vas načinimo još zdravijima,

čineći te razgovore boljima,

making those conversations better,

so bacteria can do things that we want them to do

znači bekterije mogu činiti stvari koje mi želimo da rade

better than they would be on their own.

bolje nego bi to same činile.

Finally, I wanted to show you --

Konačno, želim vam pokazati

this is my gang at Princeton, New Jersey.

ovo je moje društvo na Princeton-u, New Jersey.

Sve o čemu sam vam govorila je otkrio netko s ove slike.

Everything I told you about was discovered by someone in that picture.

Nadam se da kada naučite neke stvari,

And I hope when you learn things, like about how the natural world works --

kao na primjer kako prirodan svijet funkcionira --

I just want to say that whenever you read something in the newspaper

želim samo kazati da kadgod pročitate nešto u novinama

or you hear some talk about something ridiculous in the natural world,

ili čujete neko izlaganje o nečem smiješnom u prirodnom svijetu

to je napravilo neko dijete.

it was done by a child.

So science is done by that demographic.

Nauka se stvara od takve populacije.

Svi ovi ljudi su između 20 i 30 godina starosti,

All of those people are between 20 and 30 years old,

and they are the engine that drives scientific discovery in this country.

i oni su stroj koji pokreće znanstvena otkrića u ovoj zemlji.

Stvarno je to zahvalna populacija za rad.

And it's a really lucky demographic to work with.

(Applause)

Ja postajem sve starija i starija, a oni ostaju uvijek istih godina,

I keep getting older and older, and they're always the same age.

i ovo je jednostavno ludo ugodan posao.

And it's just a crazy, delightful job.

And I want to thank you for inviting me here,

Željela bih vam se zahvaliti što ste me pozvali ovdje.

it's a big treat for me to get to come to this conference.

Za mene je izuzetno uživanje bio dolazak na ovu konferenciju.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Thanks.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)