Exploring the mind of a killer | Jim Fallon

Translator: Nika Zaponšek Reviewer: Nika Kotnik

I'm a neuroscientist, a professor at the University of California.

Sem nevroznanstvenik in profesor na Univerzi v Kaliforniji.

And over the past 35 years,

V zadnjih 35 letih

I've studied behavior

sem preučeval vedenje

on the basis of everything from genes

na osnovi vsega, od genov

through neurotransmitters, dopamine, things like that,

do živčnih prenašalcev, dopamina in tega,

all the way through circuit analysis.

vse do analize vezja.

So that's what I normally do.

S tem se ponavadi ukvarjam.

But then, for some reason,

Vendar pa sem se, iz nekega razloga,

I got into something else, just recently.

pred kratkim začel ukvarjati z nečim drugim.

And it all grew out of one of my colleagues asking me

Začelo se je z vprašanjem enega od sodelavcev,

to analyze a bunch of brains

ki me je prosil, naj analiziram

of psychopathic killers.

kup možganov psihopatskih morilcev.

And so this would be the typical talk I would give.

Na to temo je torej moj tipični govor.

And the question is, "How do you end up with a psychopathic killer?"

Vprašanje pa se glasi: »Kako prideš do psihopatskega morilca?«

What I mean by psychopathic killer

S »psihopatskim morilcem« mislim

are these people, these types of people.

te ljudi, te tipe ljudi.

And so some of the brains that I've studied

Nekateri možgani, ki sem jih preučeval,

are people you know about.

pripadajo ljudem, ki jih poznate.

When I get the brains I don't know what I'm looking at.

Ko dobim možgane, ne vem, kaj gledam.

It's blind experiments. They also gave me normal people and everything.

Slepa študija, gledal sem tudi normalne ljudi.

So I've looked at about 70 of these.

Ogledal sem si jih približno 70.

And what came up was a number of pieces of data.

Pojavili so se številni podatki.

So we look at these sorts of things theoretically,

Te stvari si tolmačimo teoretično,

on the basis of genetics,

na osnovi genetike,

and brain damage, and interaction with environment,

poškodb možganov in interakcije z okoljem,

and exactly how that machine works.

pa tudi, kako ta »stroj « sploh deluje.

So we're interested in exactly where in the brain,

Zanima nas torej, kje točno v možganih,

and what's the most important part of the brain.

in kateri je najpomembnejši del možganov.

So we've been looking at this:

Preučevali smo sledeče:

the interaction of genes,

medsebojno delovanje genov

what's called epigenetic effects,

– tako imenovane epigenetske učinke,

brain damage, and environment,

poškodbe možganov in okolje

and how these are tied together.

ter kako so ti med seboj povezani.

And how you end up with a psychopath, and a killer,

Kako pridemo do psihopata in morilca,

depends on exactly when the damage occurs.

je odvisno od točnega nastanka poškodbe.

It's really a very precisely timed thing.

To je časovno zelo natančno določeno

You get different kinds of psychopaths.

Tako dobimo različne vrste psihopatov.

So we're going along with this. And here's, just to give you the pattern.

Nadaljujmo, kjer smo ostali. Takole, da vam predstavim vzorec.

The pattern is that those people, every one of them I looked at,

Vzorec je, da so ti ljudje, čisto vsak izmed pregledanih,

who was a murderer, and was a serial killer,

ki je moril in bil serijski morilec,

had damage to their orbital cortex,

imeli poškodovano orbitalno skorjo,

which is right above the eyes, the orbits,

ki se nahaja tik nad očmi, očesno votlino,

and also the interior part of the temporal lobe.

in tudi notranji del temporalnega režnja.

So there is the pattern that every one of them had,

Obstaja vzorec, ki se je pri vseh ponavljal,

but they all were a little different too.

ampak je bil pri vsakem tudi malce drugačen.

They had other sorts of brain damage.

Imeli so tudi druge vrste poškodb možganov.

A key thing is that

Ključnega pomena je gen,

the major violence genes,

ki vpliva na nasilno vedenje

it's called the MAO-A gene.

imenovan MAO-A .

And there is a variant of this gene that is in the normal population.

Različica tega gena obstaja med običajno populacijo.

Some of you have this. And it's sex-linked.

Nekateri izmed vas ga imate. In povezan je s spolom.

It's on the X chromosome. And so in this way

Nahaja se na kromosomu X,

you can only get it from your mother.

tako da ga lahko dobite le preko svoje matere.

And in fact this is probably why mostly men, boys,

Pravzaprav je to verjetno razlog, da so ponavadi moški

are psychopathic killers,

psihopatski morilci

or are very aggressive.

ali pa so zelo agresivni.

Because a daughter can get one X from the father,

Hčerka lahko dobi en kromosom X od očeta

one X from the mother, it's kind of diluted out.

in enega od mame, zato se ta gen malo ublaži

But for a son, he can only get

Kar pa se sina tiče,

the X chromosome from his mother.

lahko ta kromosom dobi samo od svoje matere.

So this is how it's passed from mother to son.

Tako se torej prenese z matere na sina.

And it has to do with too much brain serotonin during development,

In opraviti ima s preveč serotonina v možganih med razvojem,

which is kind of interesting because serotonin

kar je zanimivo, saj naj bi serotonin

is supposed to make you calm and relaxed.

proizvajal občutek umirjenosti in sproščenosti.

But if you have this gene, in utero

Če pa imate ta gen,

your brain is bathed in this,

se v maternici vaši možgani kopajo v serotoninu

so your whole brain becomes insensitive to serotonin,

in tako postanejo nanj neobčutljivi

so it doesn't work later on in life.

ter ta na vas nima vpliva.

And I'd given this one talk in Israel,

Lani sem predstavljal

just this past year.

ta govor v Izraelu.

And it does have some consequences.

Res ima nekaj posledic.

Theoretically what this means

Teoretično gledano to pomeni,

is that in order to express this gene,

da bi moral biti človek

in a violent way,

za izražanje tega gena na nasilen način

very early on, before puberty,

že zgodaj, pred puberteto,

you have to be involved in something that is really traumatic --

vpleten v nekaj resnično travmatičnega

not a little stress, not being spanked or something,

– ne malce stresa, šeškanje ali kaj takega,

but really seeing violence,

ampak biti priča resničnemu nasilju

or being involved in it, in 3D.

ali biti vpleten v to nasilje, v realnosti.

Right? That's how the mirror neuron system works.

Tako namreč deluje zrcalni živčni sistem .

And so, if you have that gene,

Če torej imate ta gen,

and you see a lot of violence

in ste hkrati priča nasilju

in a certain situation,

v določeni situaciji,

this is the recipe for disaster, absolute disaster.

je to recept za katastrofo, popolno katastrofo.

And what I think might happen in these areas of the world,

Na področjih sveta,

where we have constant violence,

kjer smo priča nenehnemu nasilju,

you end up having generations of kids

imamo cele generacije otrok,

that are seeing all this violence.

ki doživljajo vse to nasilje.

And if I was a young girl, somewhere in a violent area,

Če bi bil mlado dekle, obkroženo z nasiljem,

you know, a 14 year old, and I want to find a mate,

staro 14 let, in bi želel najti partnerja

I'd find some tough guy, right, to protect me.

bi si poiskal nasilneža, kajne, da me zaščiti.

Well what the problem is this tends to concentrate these genes.

Problem pri tem je, da takšni pari vodijo k zgoščevanju teh »nasilnih« genov.

And now the boys and the girls get them.

In jih zdaj dobivajo tako fantje kot dekleta.

So I think after several generations,

Mislim, da imamo po nekaj generacijah

and here is the idea, we really have a tinderbox.

možnost za pravo tempirano bombo.

So that was the idea.

To je bila torej moja ideja.

But then my mother said to me, "I hear you've been going around talking

Nato mi je mati rekla: »Sem slišala

about psychopathic killers.

da ljudem razlagaš o serijskih morilcih.

And you're talking as if you come from a normal family."

Govoriš, kot da prihajaš iz normalne družine.«

I said, "What the hell are you talking about?"

Rekel sem ji: »O čem za vraga govoriš?«.

She then told me about our own family tree.

Nato mi je povedala o našem družinskem drevesu.

Now she blamed this on my father's side, of course.

Krivdo je zvalila na očetovo stran družine,

This was one of these cases, because she has no violence in her background,

saj njena nima ozadja nasilja,

but my father did.

medtem ko ga očetova ima.

Well she said, "There is good news and bad news.

Rekla je: »Imam dobro in slabo novico.

One of your cousins is Ezra Cornell, founder of Cornell university.

Eden izmed sorodnikov je Ezra Cornell, ustanovitelj Univerze Cornell.

But the bad news is that your cousin is also Lizzie Borden.

Slaba pa je ta, da je tvoja sorodnica tudi Lizzie Borden.«

Now I said, "Okay, so what? We have Lizzie."

Odgovoril sem ji: »Dobro, pač imamo Lizzie v družini, pa kaj potem.«

She goes, "No it gets worse, read this book."

Rekla je: » Še slabše je. Preberi to knjigo.«

And here is this "Killed Strangely," and it's this historical book.

»Ubita na nenavaden način«, zgodovinska knjiga.

And the first murder

Prvi primer mame,

of a mother by a son

umorjene s strani lastnega sina,

was my great-great-great-great-great-great-grandfather.

ki je bil moj pra-pra-pra-pra-pra-praded.

Okay, so that's the first case of matricide.

Dobro, to je pač prvi primer matricida.

And that book is very interesting. Because it's about witch trials,

Knjiga je zelo zanimiva, ker govori o sojenju čarovnicam

and how people thought back then.

in takratnem načinu razmišljanja.

But it doesn't stop there.

Ampak to še ni vse.

There were seven more men, on my father's side,

Po očetovi strani je bilo, od takrat naprej,

starting then, Cornells, that were all murderers.

še 7 mož, Cornellov, ki so bili vsi morilci.

Okay, now this gives one a little pause.

Okej, mislim, da nas lahko kaj takega spravi v zadrego.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Because my father himself,

Namreč, moj oče in trije moji strici

and my three uncles, in World War II,

so bili v 2. svetovni vojni

were all conscientious objectors, all pussycats.

podali ugovor vesti, vsi strahopetci.

But every once in a while, like Lizzie Borden, like three times a century,

A vsake toliko, recimo trikrat v stoletju,

and we're kind of due.

se zgodi Lizzie Borden, in smo si bot.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So the moral of the story is:

Torej nauk te zgodbe je:

people in glass houses shouldn't throw stones.

Ljudje v steklenih hišah naj ne mečejo kamnov.

But more likely is this.

Ampak bolj verjetno je tole.

(Laughter)

(smeh)

And we had to take action. Now our kids found out about it.

Morali smo ukrepati. Zdaj so za to izvedeli naši otroci.

And they all seemed to be OK.

Vsi so bili videti v redu.

But our grandkids are going to be kind of concerned here.

Toda naši vnuki bodo tisti, ki jih bo to posebej zadevalo.

So what we've done is I've started to do PET scans

Kar smo ukrenili je bilo to, da sem začel izvajati

of everybody in the family.

PET preiskave vseh v družini.

(Laughter)

(smeh)

We started to do PET scans, EEGs and genetic analysis

Začeli smo s PET in EEG preiskavami ter genetsko analizo,

to see where the bad news is.

da bi videli, kje se nahaja slaba novica.

Now the only person -- it turns out

Zdaj se edina oseba –

one son and one daughter, siblings,

Izkazalo se je, da se en sin in ena hčerka, sorojenca,

didn't get along and their patterns are exactly the same.

nista razumela, čeprav sta njuna vzorca enaka.

They have the same brain, and the same EEG.

Imata enake možgane in enak EEG.

And now they are close as can be.

Zdaj sta si izjemno blizu.

But there's gonna be bad news somewhere.

Ampak od nekje bo udarila slaba novica,

And we don't know where it's going to pop up.

le da ne vemo, od kod.

So that's my talk.

To bi bilo od mene vse.

(Laughter)

(smeh)