Conception to birth -- visualized | Alexander Tsiaras

Translator: Irma Sutlic Reviewer: Tilen Pigac - EFZG

I was offered a position as associate professor of medicine

Ponudili so mi mesto izrednega profesorja medicine

and chief of scientific visualization

in šefa znanstvene vizualizacije

at Yale University

na univerzi Yale

in the department of medicine.

na oddelku za medicino.

And my job was to write many of the algorithms and code

Moje delo je bilo pisanje število algoritmov in programske kode,

for NASA to do virtual surgery

da bi NASA lahko izvajala virtualne operativne posege,

in preparation for the astronauts going into deep-space flight,

v pripravah da bi astronavte pošiljali daleč v vesolje,

so they could be kept in robotic pods.

tako da bi bili lahko nameščeni v robotskih komorah.

One of the fascinating things about what we were working on

Ena izmed fascinantnih stvari glede našega dela je,

da smo s pomočjo novih tehnologij za skeniranje

is that we were seeing, using new scanning technologies,

videli stvari, ki še nikdar niso bile videne --

things that had never been seen before.

mislim, ne samo pri obravnavanju bolezni

Not only in disease management,

but also things that allowed us to see things about the body

ampak tudi stvari, ki so nam dovoljevale videti stvari glede telesa,

that just made you marvel.

ki te preprosto pripravijo k čudenju.

I remember one of the first times we were looking at collagen.

Spomnim se ene od prvih prilik, ko smo opazovali kolagen.

And your entire body, everything --

In celo vaše telo, vse --

your hair, skin, bone, nails --

vaši lasje, koža, kosti, nohti --

everything is made of collagen.

vse je narejeno iz kolagena.

And it's a kind of rope-like structure that twirls and swirls like this.

In to je nekakšna vrvi podobna struktura,

ki se takole ovija in prepleta.

Edino mesto, kjer kolagen menja svojo strukturo,

And the only place that collagen changes its structure

je roženica v očesu.

is in the cornea of your eye.

V očesu

In your eye, it becomes a grid formation,

se razvrsti v obliki mreže

and therefore, it becomes transparent, as opposed to opaque.

in zato postane prozorna namesto neprozorna.

So perfectly organized a structure,

Tako popolno organizirani strukturi

it was hard not to attribute divinity to it.

je težko ne pripisati božanski izvor.

Because we kept on seeing this in different parts of the body.

Zato, ker smo to kar naprej srečevali, vedno znova in znova,

v različnih delih telesa.

One of the opportunities I had

Ena izmed priložnosti je bila,

was one person was working on a really interesting

ko je nekdo delal na resnično zanimivi

micromagnetic resonance imaging machine with the NIH.

napravi za mikromagnetno resonančno slikanje pri raziskovalnem centru NIH.

And what we were going to do

In pripravljali smo se,

was scan a new project

da bi skenirali nov projekt

on the development of the fetus from conception to birth

o razvoju plodu od spočetja do rojstva

in pri tem uporabljali tovrstne nove tehnologije.

using these new technologies.

So I wrote the algorithms and code,

Tako sem napisal algoritme in programsko kodo,

and he built the hardware -- Paul Lauterbur --

on pa je zasnoval strojno opremo -- Paul Lauterbur --

then went onto win the Nobel Prize for inventing the MRI.

je kasneje prejel Nobelovo nagrado za izum tehnologije za MMRI,

I got the data.

jaz pa sem dobil podatke.

And I'm going to show you a sample of the piece,

In sedaj vam bom pokazal vzorec video posnetka

"From Conception to Birth."

"Od spočetja do rojstva."

(Music)

(Glasba)

[From Conception to Birth]

Besedilo video posnetka: "Od spočetja do rojstva"

[Oocyte]

Oocit

[Sperm]

Spermiji

[Egg Inseminated]

Oplojeno jajčece

[24 Hours: Baby's first division]

24 ur: Otrokova prva delitev

[The fertilized ovum divides a few hours after fusion...]

Oplojeno jajčece se deli nekaj ur po združitvi ...

[And divides anew every 12 to 15 hours.]

In se deli vsakih 12 do 15 ur.

Zgodnji zarodek

[Early Embryo]

Rumenjakov mehurček še vedno hrani otroka.

[Yolk sack still feeding baby.]

[25 Days: Heart chamber developing.]

25 dni: Razvija se srčna cev

[32 Days: Arms & hands are developing]

32 dni: Razvijajo se roke in dlani

[36 Days: Beginning of the primitive vertebrae]

36 dni: Začetki prvotnih vretenc

[These weeks are the period of the most rapid development

Ti tedni so obdobje najhitrejšega razvoja ploda.

of the fetus.]

[If the fetus continues to grow at this speed for the entire 9 months,

Če bi plod še naprej rastel s tako hitrostjo vseh devet mesecev,

it would be 1.5 tons at birth.]

bi ob rojstvu tehtal tono in pol.

[45 Days]

45 dni

Zarodkovo srce bije dvakrat tako hitro kot materino.

[Embryo's heart is beating twice as fast as the mother's.]

[51 Days]

51 dni

[Developing retina, nose and fingers]

52 dni: Razvoj mrežnice, nosu in prstov

Plodovo stalno premikanje v maternici

[The fetus' continual movement in the womb

is necessary for muscular and skeletal growth.]

je potrebno za rast mišic in okostja.

[12 Weeks: Indifferent penis]

12 tednov: Nedoločljiv penis --

[Girl or boy yet to be determined]

ali bo punčka ali fantek se bo še pokazalo.

[8 Months]

8 mesecev

[Delivery: The expulsion stage]

Porod: faza iztisa

[The moment of birth]

Trenutek rojstva

(Aplavz)

(Applause)

Alexander Tsiaras: Hvala.

Alexander Tsiaras: Thank you.

Toda kot lahko vidite,

But as you can see,

when you actually start working on this data,

ko dejansko začneš obdelovati te podatke,

je precej spektakularno.

it's pretty spectacular.

And as we kept on scanning more and more,

In ko smo skenirali naprej in naprej,

working on this project,

in delali na tem projektu,

in opazovali ti dve preprosti celici,

looking at these two simple cells

ki imata takšno neverjetno mašinerijo

that have this unbelievable machinery that will become the magic of you.

ki bo postala čarovnija v podobi tebe.

And as we kept on working on this data,

In ko smo še naprej delali na tem projektu,

looking at small clusters of the body,

in gledali majhne skupke telesa,

these little pieces of tissue

te male koščke tkiva,

that were the trophoblasts coming off of the blastocyst,

ki so bili trofoblast, ki se oddvaja od blastociste,

in se iznenada zarije v steno maternice,

all of a sudden burrowing itself into the side of the uterus,

in pravi: "Tukaj sem da ostanem."

saying, "I'm here to stay."

Having conversation and communications

In ima iznenada pogovor in izmenjavo

with the estrogens, the progesterones,

s pomočjo estrogenov, progesteronov,

saying, "I'm here to stay, plant me,"

in pravi: "Tukaj sem da ostanem, vsadi me,"

in izgrajuje ta neverjetni trilinearni plod

building this incredible trilinear fetus

ki postane, in to v 44-tih dneh,

that becomes, within 44 days, something that you can recognize,

nekaj, kar lahko prepoznaš,

and then at nine weeks is really kind of a little human being.

in je potem pri devetih tednih

pravzaprav nekako malo človeško bitje.

The marvel of this information:

Čudežnost te informacije:

How do we actually have this biological mechanism

Kako dejansko imamo ta biološki mehanizem

v našem telesu,

inside our body

to actually see this information?

da dejansko lahko vidimo to informacijo?

I'm going to show you something pretty unique.

Pokazal vam bom nekaj precej edinstvenega.

Tukaj je človeško srce pri 25 [tednih].

Here's a human heart at 25 days.

V osnovi sta zgolj dve progi.

It's just basically two strands.

And like this magnificent origami,

In kot tak čudovit origami

cells are developing at one million cells per second at four weeks,

se razvijajo celice

s hitrostjo milijon celic na sekundo pri štirih tednih,

as it's just folding on itself.

kot da se samo guba sam nase.

Within five weeks, you start to see the early atrium and the early ventricles.

V petih tednih lahko že vidite zgodnja prekata in zgodnja preddvora.

Šest tednov in te gube začenjajo

Six weeks, these folds are now beginning

s papilami na notranji strani srca

with the papilla on the inside of the heart

in so dejansko sposobni potegniti navzdol

actually being able to pull down each one of those valves in your heart

vsako od zaklopk, ki jih ima srce,

until you get a mature heart --

dokler ne dobite dozorelega srca --

and then basically the development of the entire human body.

in potem razvoja celotnega človeškega telesa.

Čudežnost mehanizmov,

The magic of the mechanisms inside each genetic structure

ki znotraj vsake genetske strukture

saying exactly where that nerve cell should go --

povedo, kam točno mora iti ta živčna celica --

the complexity of these,

kompleksnost teh matematičnih modelov

the mathematical models of how these things are indeed done

in tega, kako se te stvari dovršijo,

presegajo človeško dojemljivost.

are beyond human comprehension.

Čeprav sem matematik,

Even though I am a mathematician,

strmim v to s čudenjem

I look at this with marvel

of how do these instruction sets not make these mistakes

nad tem, kako ti svežnji navodil

ne delajo napak

as they build what is us?

medtem ko gradijo to, kar smo mi?

It's a mystery, it's magic, it's divinity.

To je misterij, to je magija, to je božanskost.

Then you start to take a look at adult life.

Potem začneš opazovati odraslo življenje.

Take a look at this little tuft of capillaries.

Poglejte tale mali šop kapilar.

It's just a tiny sub-substructure, microscopic.

To je samo majcena pod-podstruktura, mikroskopska.

But basically by the time you're nine months and you're given birth,

Vendar imate do takrat, ko dopolnite devet mesecev in ste rojeni,

you have almost 60,000 miles of vessels inside your body.

v osnovi skoraj 96.000 kilometrov žil

po svojem telesu.

And only one mile is visible.

Mislim, pri čemer je vidno le kilometer in pol.

59,999 miles

95.999 kilometrov,

that are basically bringing nutrients and taking waste away.

ki v osnovi dovajajo hranilne in odvajajo odpadne snovi.

The complexity of building that within a single system

Kompleksnost izgradnje tega znotraj enega samega sistema

is, again, beyond any comprehension or any existing mathematics today.

je, ponovno, onstran kakršnegakoli razumevanja

oziroma matematike, ki v tem trenutku obstaja.

And then instructions set,

In ta sveženj navodil

from the brain to every other part of the body --

od možganov do vsakega drugega dela telesa --

poglejte kompleksnost gubanja.

look at the complexity of the folding.

Where does this intelligence

Od kod ta inteligenca

of knowing that a fold can actually hold more information,

vedeti, da lahko guba dejansko vsebuje več informacije,

tako da ko dejansko gledaš rast otrokovih možganov --

so as you actually watch the baby's brain grow.

And this is one of the things we're doing.

in to je ena od stvari, ki jih počnemo ravno zdaj.

We're launching two new studies

Dejansko začenjamo dve raziskavi

of scanning babies' brains from the moment they're born.

in sicer da bomo skenirali možgane otroka od trenutka ko se rodi

Every six months until they're six years old,

vsakih šest mesecev, dokler ne dopolnijo šest let --

we're going to be doing about 250 children,

to bomo dejansko počeli s približno 250 otroci --

watching exactly how the gyri and the sulci of the brains fold

opazovali bomo, kako to točno se gubajo vijuge (girusi) in žlebovi (sulkusi),

to see how this magnificent development

da bi ugotovili, kako se ta čudoviti razvoj

spremeni v spomine in v čudež v podobi nas.

actually turns into memories and the marvel that is us.

And it's not just our own existence,

In ne gre samo za lastni obstoj,

but how does the woman's body understand

ampak kako telo ženske razume,

da ima genetsko strukturo, ki ne samo, da izgrajuje njeno,

to have genetic structure that not only builds her own,

ampak ima tudi razumevanje,

but then has the understanding

that allows her to become

ki ji omogoča, da postane

a walking immunological, cardiovascular system

hodeč imunološki, srčnožilni sistem

that basically is a mobile system

ki je v osnovi mobilni sistem,

that can actually nurture,

ki je sposoben dejansko hraniti, skrbeti za tega otroka z nekakšnim čudenjem

treat this child with a kind of marvel

that is beyond, again, our comprehension --

ki, ponovno, presega naše dojemanje --

čudež, ki je to, da obstajamo, to, kar smo.

the magic that is existence, that is us?

Hvala.

Thank you.

(Applause)

(Aplavz)