Conception to birth -- visualized | Alexander Tsiaras

Prevoditelj: Ivona Papa Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG

I was offered a position as associate professor of medicine

Ponuđeno mi je mjesto izvanrednog profesora medicine

and chief of scientific visualization

i pročelnika znanstvenih vizualizacija

at Yale University

na Yale sveučilištu

in the department of medicine.

na odjelu medicine.

And my job was to write many of the algorithms and code

Moj posao je bio napisati mnoge algoritme i kodove

for NASA to do virtual surgery

da bi NASA mogla izvoditi virtualne operacije

in preparation for the astronauts going into deep-space flight,

u pripremi astronauta za letove u daleki svemir,

so they could be kept in robotic pods.

tako da bi ih se moglo čuvati u robotskim kapsulama.

One of the fascinating things about what we were working on

Jedna od fascinantnih stvari na kojima smo radili je

da smo vidjeli, koristeći nove vrste tehnologija skeniranja,

is that we were seeing, using new scanning technologies,

stvari koje se nikad prije nisu vidjele --

things that had never been seen before.

mislim, ne samo u upravljanju bolestima,

Not only in disease management,

but also things that allowed us to see things about the body

nego i stvari koje su nam omogućile da vidimo stvari izvan tijela

that just made you marvel.

koje vas jednostavno zadive.

I remember one of the first times we were looking at collagen.

Sjećam se kad smo jedan od prvih puta gledali kolagen.

And your entire body, everything --

Vaše cijelo tijelo, sve --

your hair, skin, bone, nails --

vaša kosa, koža, kosti, nokti --

everything is made of collagen.

sve je napravljeno od kolagena.

And it's a kind of rope-like structure that twirls and swirls like this.

Njegova struktura nalikuje užetu

koje se ovako uvija i kovitla.

Jedino mjesto na kojem kolagen mijenja svoju strukturu

And the only place that collagen changes its structure

je u rožnici oka.

is in the cornea of your eye.

U oku,

In your eye, it becomes a grid formation,

postaje mrežasta formacija,

and therefore, it becomes transparent, as opposed to opaque.

i zbog toga postaje proziran, kao suprotnost mutnom.

So perfectly organized a structure,

Tako savršeno organizirana struktura,

it was hard not to attribute divinity to it.

bilo je teško ne pridodati joj božanska svojstva.

Because we kept on seeing this in different parts of the body.

Jer stalno smo to viđali, iznova i iznova

u različitim dijelovima tijela.

One of the opportunities I had

Jedna od mogućnosti koje sam imao

was one person was working on a really interesting

je bila osoba koja je radila sa NIH

micromagnetic resonance imaging machine with the NIH.

na stvarno zanimljivoj opremi za snimanje mikromagnetske rezonance.

And what we were going to do

I ono što smo htjeli napraviti

was scan a new project

je bilo skenirati novi projekt

on the development of the fetus from conception to birth

na razvoju fetusa od začeća do rođenja

koristeći ove vrste novih tehnologija.

using these new technologies.

So I wrote the algorithms and code,

Tako sam pisao kodove algoritama,

and he built the hardware -- Paul Lauterbur --

a on je izgradio hardver -- Paul Lauterbur --

then went onto win the Nobel Prize for inventing the MRI.

i tako osvojio Nobelovu nagradu za izum MRI-ja.

I got the data.

Dobio sam podatke.

And I'm going to show you a sample of the piece,

Pokazat ću vam uzorak djela,

"From Conception to Birth."

"Od začeća do rođenja".

(Music)

(Glazba)

[From Conception to Birth]

"Od začeća do rođenja"

[Oocyte]

Oocit

[Sperm]

Spermiji

[Egg Inseminated]

Oplođivanje jajašca

[24 Hours: Baby's first division]

24 sata: prva dioba djeteta

[The fertilized ovum divides a few hours after fusion...]

Oplođeno jajašce se dijeli nekoliko sati nakon fuzije ...

[And divides anew every 12 to 15 hours.]

I dijeli se iznova svakih 12 do 15 sati.

Rani embrij

[Early Embryo]

Posteljica još uvijek hrani dijete.

[Yolk sack still feeding baby.]

[25 Days: Heart chamber developing.]

25 dana: razvija se srčana komora

[32 Days: Arms & hands are developing]

32 dana: razvijaju se ruke i šake

[36 Days: Beginning of the primitive vertebrae]

36 dana: početak primitivnih kralježaka

[These weeks are the period of the most rapid development

Ovi tjedni su period najbržeg razvoja fetusa.

of the fetus.]

[If the fetus continues to grow at this speed for the entire 9 months,

Ako bi fetus nastavio rasti ovom brzinom svih devet mjeseci,

it would be 1.5 tons at birth.]

težio bi 1,5 tonu pri rođenju.

[45 Days]

45 dana

Srce embrija kuca dvaput brže od majčinog.

[Embryo's heart is beating twice as fast as the mother's.]

[51 Days]

51 dan

[Developing retina, nose and fingers]

52 dana: Razvijaju se mrežnica, nos i prsti

Stalni pokreti fetusa u maternici

[The fetus' continual movement in the womb

is necessary for muscular and skeletal growth.]

su potrebni za rast mišića i kostiju.

[12 Weeks: Indifferent penis]

12 tjedana: Nediferencirani penis --

[Girl or boy yet to be determined]

još nije odlučeno je li djevojčica ili dječak

[8 Months]

8 mjeseci

[Delivery: The expulsion stage]

Porod: stadij istiskivanja

[The moment of birth]

Trenutak rođenja

(Pljesak)

(Applause)

Hvala vam.

Alexander Tsiaras: Thank you.

Ali, kao što možete vidjeti,

But as you can see,

when you actually start working on this data,

kad zbilja započnete raditi na ovim podacima,

poprilično su spektakularni.

it's pretty spectacular.

And as we kept on scanning more and more,

I kako smo sve dalje i dalje skenirali,

working on this project,

radeći na ovom projektu,

promatrajući ove dvije jednostavne stanice

looking at these two simple cells

koje imaju nevjerojatan pogon

that have this unbelievable machinery that will become the magic of you.

koji će postati čarolija vas.

And as we kept on working on this data,

I kako smo radili na ovim podacima,

looking at small clusters of the body,

gledajući malene grozdove što čine tijelo,

these little pieces of tissue

ove male komadiće tkiva

that were the trophoblasts coming off of the blastocyst,

kako se trofoblast razvija od blastociste,

odjednom se ugrađujući u stijenku maternice,

all of a sudden burrowing itself into the side of the uterus,

govoreći: "Tu sam i ostat ću."

saying, "I'm here to stay."

Having conversation and communications

Odjednom vodeći razgovor i komunikaciju

with the estrogens, the progesterones,

s estrogenom, progesteronom,

saying, "I'm here to stay, plant me,"

govoreći, "Tu sam da ostanem, usadite me,"

gradeći nevjerojatan prostoran fetus

building this incredible trilinear fetus

koji kroz 44 dana postaje

that becomes, within 44 days, something that you can recognize,

nešto što možete prepoznati,

and then at nine weeks is really kind of a little human being.

i kroz devet tjedana stvarno

postaje maleno ljudsko biće.

The marvel of this information:

Čarolija ove informacije:

How do we actually have this biological mechanism

Kako zapravo imamo ovaj biološki mehanizam

unutar našeg tijela

inside our body

to actually see this information?

da možemo vidjeti ove informacije?

I'm going to show you something pretty unique.

Pokazat ću vam nešto poprilično jedinstveno.

Ovo je ljudsko srce u 25. [tjednu].

Here's a human heart at 25 days.

U osnovi su to dvije niti.

It's just basically two strands.

And like this magnificent origami,

I kao veličanstveni origami,

cells are developing at one million cells per second at four weeks,

stanice se razvijaju

u prosjeku milijun stanica u sekundi u četvrtom tjednu,

as it's just folding on itself.

dok se omotava samo oko sebe.

Within five weeks, you start to see the early atrium and the early ventricles.

Kroz pet tjedana, možete vidjeti ranu pretklijetku i rane klijetke.

Šest tjedana, i ovi navoji počinju

Six weeks, these folds are now beginning

s papilarnim mišićem unutar srca

with the papilla on the inside of the heart

koji stvarno može povući

actually being able to pull down each one of those valves in your heart

bilo koji od zalistaka u srce

until you get a mature heart --

dok ne dobijete razvijeno srce --

and then basically the development of the entire human body.

i odatle razvoj cijelog ljudskog tijela.

Čarolija mehanizama

The magic of the mechanisms inside each genetic structure

unutar svake genetičke strukture

saying exactly where that nerve cell should go --

koja govori gdje točno svaka živčana stanica treba ići --

the complexity of these,

kompleksnost matematičkih modela

the mathematical models of how these things are indeed done

onoga kako se ove stvari čine

je iznad ljudske spoznaje.

are beyond human comprehension.

Iako sam i sam matematičar,

Even though I am a mathematician,

gledam sa čuđenjem

I look at this with marvel

of how do these instruction sets not make these mistakes

kako ovaj skup uputa

ne čine pogreške

as they build what is us?

dok grade ono što smo mi?

It's a mystery, it's magic, it's divinity.

To je misterija, čarolija, božanstvo.

Then you start to take a look at adult life.

Onda počnete gledati život odrasloga.

Take a look at this little tuft of capillaries.

Pogledajte ovaj maleni pramen kapilara.

It's just a tiny sub-substructure, microscopic.

Samo je malena pod-podstruktura, mikroskopske veličine.

But basically by the time you're nine months and you're given birth,

Ali dok budete u devetom mjesecu i rađate se,

you have almost 60,000 miles of vessels inside your body.

imate gotovo 95.000 kilometara žila

u tijelu.

And only one mile is visible.

I samo je jedan kilometar vidljiv.

59,999 miles

94.999 kilometara

that are basically bringing nutrients and taking waste away.

koji donose hranjive tvari i odnose otpad.

The complexity of building that within a single system

Složenost građe koja je unutar jednog sustava,

is, again, beyond any comprehension or any existing mathematics today.

ponavljam, izvan bilo kakve spoznaje,

i izvan bilo koje postojeće matematike.

And then instructions set,

I ovaj skup uputa,

from the brain to every other part of the body --

od mozga do svakog drugog dijela tijela --

pogledajte složenost nabora.

look at the complexity of the folding.

Where does this intelligence

Odakle razumijevanje

of knowing that a fold can actually hold more information,

spoznaje kako nabor zapravo može sadržavati više informacija,

tako da dok gledate kako mozak djeteta raste --

so as you actually watch the baby's brain grow.

And this is one of the things we're doing.

i ovo je jedna od stvari koje upravo radimo.

We're launching two new studies

Pokrećemo dva nova istraživanja

of scanning babies' brains from the moment they're born.

skeniranja mozga djeteta od trenutka kad se rodi.

Every six months until they're six years old,

Svakih šest mjeseci do šeste godine --

we're going to be doing about 250 children,

ovo ćemo raditi s oko 250 djece --

watching exactly how the gyri and the sulci of the brains fold

gledamo kako se točno nabori i zavoji mozga svijaju

to see how this magnificent development

da bismo vidjeli kako se ovaj veličanstven razvoj

pretvara u uspomene i čaroliju koja smo mi.

actually turns into memories and the marvel that is us.

And it's not just our own existence,

I nije u pitanju samo naše postojanje,

but how does the woman's body understand

nego i kako tijelo žene razumije

genetičku strukturu koja ne gradi samo njeno tijelo,

to have genetic structure that not only builds her own,

nego kako joj dopušta

but then has the understanding

that allows her to become

da postane

a walking immunological, cardiovascular system

hodajući imunološki kardiovaskularni sustav

that basically is a mobile system

koji je u osnovi mobilni sustav

that can actually nurture,

koji može njegovati, i voditi brigu o djetetu sa čarolijom

treat this child with a kind of marvel

that is beyond, again, our comprehension --

koja je, ponavljam, izvan naše spoznaje --

čarolijom koja je postojanje, koja smo mi?

the magic that is existence, that is us?

Hvala vam.

Thank you.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)