Conception to birth -- visualized | Alexander Tsiaras

Translator: Eulalia Baroja Reviewer: Xosé María Moreno

I was offered a position as associate professor of medicine

Ofrecéronme un posto de profesor asociado de medicina

and chief of scientific visualization

e xefe de visualización científica

at Yale University

no departamento de medicina

in the department of medicine.

da Universidade de Yale.

And my job was to write many of the algorithms and code

O meu traballo consistía en escribir algoritmos e código

for NASA to do virtual surgery

para que a NASA realizase cirurxía virtual

in preparation for the astronauts going into deep-space flight,

para preparar os astronautas para se adentraren no espazo profundo,

so they could be kept in robotic pods.

para que puidesen ser conservados en vaíñas robóticas.

One of the fascinating things about what we were working on

Unha das cousas máis fascinante de traballar niso foi que

ao usarmos nova tecnoloxía de imaxe, conseguiamos ver

is that we were seeing, using new scanning technologies,

cousas que nunca se viran antes.

things that had never been seen before.

Refírome non só ao tratamento de enfermidades

Not only in disease management,

but also things that allowed us to see things about the body

senón outras cousas que puidemos ver sobre o corpo

that just made you marvel.

que vos abraiarían.

I remember one of the first times we were looking at collagen.

Lembro unha das primeiras veces que vimos o coláxeno.

And your entire body, everything --

Todo o corpo, todo:

your hair, skin, bone, nails --

cabelos, pel, ósos, unllas...

everything is made of collagen.

todo está feito de coláxeno.

And it's a kind of rope-like structure that twirls and swirls like this.

É coma unha estrutura con forma de corda

que xira e enguedella desta xeito.

O único lugar onde o coláxeno cambia de estrutura

And the only place that collagen changes its structure

é na córnea do ollo.

is in the cornea of your eye.

No ollo,

In your eye, it becomes a grid formation,

é mais coma unha reixa,

and therefore, it becomes transparent, as opposed to opaque.

de forma que se volve transparente, e non opaco.

So perfectly organized a structure,

Cunha estrutura tan perfecta,

it was hard not to attribute divinity to it.

era difícil non atribuirlle orixe divina.

Because we kept on seeing this in different parts of the body.

Porque seguíamola a ver unha e outra vez en

distintas partes do corpo.

One of the opportunities I had

Tiven a oportunidade de unirme a

was one person was working on a really interesting

unha persoa que traballaba cunha máquina de

micromagnetic resonance imaging machine with the NIH.

resonancias micromagnéticas no Instituto Nacional de Saúde.

And what we were going to do

Comezamos un proxecto

was scan a new project

de escaneado do desenvolvemento

on the development of the fetus from conception to birth

do feto dende a concepción ata o nacemento

usando estas novas tecnoloxías.

using these new technologies.

So I wrote the algorithms and code,

Así que escribin o código de algoritmos,

and he built the hardware -- Paul Lauterbur --

el construiu o aparello, Paul Lauterbur,

then went onto win the Nobel Prize for inventing the MRI.

logo gañou o premio Nobel polo invento da Imaxe por Resonancia Magnética.

I got the data.

Conseguín os datos.

And I'm going to show you a sample of the piece,

E vouvos mostrar un cachiño dese traballo:

"From Conception to Birth."

"Dende a concepción ata o nacemento."

(Music)

(música)

[From Conception to Birth]

Texto do vídeo: "Dende a concepción ata o nacemento."

[Oocyte]

Oocito

[Sperm]

Esperma

[Egg Inseminated]

Óvulo inseminado

[24 Hours: Baby's first division]

24 horas: primeira división do bebé

[The fertilized ovum divides a few hours after fusion...]

O óvulo fertilizado divídese unhas horas despois da fusión...

[And divides anew every 12 to 15 hours.]

e faino de novo cada 12-15 horas.

Embrión temperán

[Early Embryo]

O saquiño vitelino alimenta o bebé

[Yolk sack still feeding baby.]

[25 Days: Heart chamber developing.]

Día 25, desenvolvemento da cámara cardíaca

[32 Days: Arms & hands are developing]

Día 32, desenvolvemento de brazos e mans

[36 Days: Beginning of the primitive vertebrae]

Día 36, aparecen as vértebras primarias

[These weeks are the period of the most rapid development

Durante estas semanas sucede o periodo de desenvolvemento mais rápido do feto.

of the fetus.]

[If the fetus continues to grow at this speed for the entire 9 months,

Se o feto continua crecendo a esta velocidade durante os 9 meses,

it would be 1.5 tons at birth.]

pesaría 1,5 tonelada ao nacer.

[45 Days]

Día 45,

o corazón do embrión latexa o dobre de rápido do da nai.

[Embryo's heart is beating twice as fast as the mother's.]

[51 Days]

Día 51-52,

[Developing retina, nose and fingers]

desenvolvemento da retina, do nariz e dos dedos.

O movemento continuo do feto no útero

[The fetus' continual movement in the womb

is necessary for muscular and skeletal growth.]

permite o desenvolvemento muscular e esquelético.

[12 Weeks: Indifferent penis]

Semana 12, xenitais non definidos,

[Girl or boy yet to be determined]

non se pode determinar o sexo aínda.

[8 Months]

8º mes

[Delivery: The expulsion stage]

Parto: etapa da expulsión.

[The moment of birth]

Momento do nacemento.

(Aplausos)

(Applause)

Alexander: Grazas.

Alexander Tsiaras: Thank you.

Como podedes ver,

But as you can see,

when you actually start working on this data,

cando se empeza a traballar con estes datos,

resultan espectaculares.

it's pretty spectacular.

And as we kept on scanning more and more,

Seguimos a escanear máis e máis,

working on this project,

traballando no proxecto,

con estas dúas células tan simples

looking at these two simple cells

que teñen ese mecanismo tan incrible

that have this unbelievable machinery that will become the magic of you.

que as convertirá na maxia de nós.

And as we kept on working on this data,

Seguimos a traballar con estes datos,

looking at small clusters of the body,

observando pequenas zonas do corpo,

these little pieces of tissue

estes pequenos tecidos,

that were the trophoblasts coming off of the blastocyst,

un trofoblasto dun blastocisto,

que escarva e se prende na parede do útero,

all of a sudden burrowing itself into the side of the uterus,

coma dicindo, "quédome aquí."

saying, "I'm here to stay."

Having conversation and communications

De repente parece que fala e se comunica

with the estrogens, the progesterones,

cos estróxenos e a proxesterona,

saying, "I'm here to stay, plant me,"

dicíndolles, "estou aquí, plantádeme,",

construindo eses fetos incríbles

building this incredible trilinear fetus

que, en 44 días, son xa

that becomes, within 44 days, something that you can recognize,

estruturas recoñecibles.

and then at nine weeks is really kind of a little human being.

E en nove semanas

xa case parecen un ser humano.

The marvel of this information:

Unha marabilla desta información:

How do we actually have this biological mechanism

cómo temos este mecanismo biolóxico

dentro do corpo

inside our body

to actually see this information?

para ver esta información?

I'm going to show you something pretty unique.

Ensinareivos algo realmente excepcional.

Isto é un corazón humano ás 25 semanas.

Here's a human heart at 25 days.

Non é mais ca dous fíos.

It's just basically two strands.

And like this magnificent origami,

E coma un origami fantástico,

cells are developing at one million cells per second at four weeks,

as células reprodúcense

durante 4 semanas, a un millón de células por segundo,

as it's just folding on itself.

mentras se prega sobre si mesmo.

Within five weeks, you start to see the early atrium and the early ventricles.

En cinco semanas, pódense albiscar as aurículas e ventrículos primarios.

En seis, os pregos empezan a formar

Six weeks, these folds are now beginning

as papilas dentro do corazón

with the papilla on the inside of the heart

que permiten pechar

actually being able to pull down each one of those valves in your heart

cada unha das súas válvulas

until you get a mature heart --

ata conseguir un corazón maduro...

and then basically the development of the entire human body.

E despois o desenvolvemento do resto do corpo humano.

Hai mecanismos case máxicos

The magic of the mechanisms inside each genetic structure

dentro de cada estrutura xenética

saying exactly where that nerve cell should go --

que din exactamente onde debe ir cada neurona...

the complexity of these,

Teñen uns modelos matemáticos moi complexos

the mathematical models of how these things are indeed done

de como se fai todo exactamente,

que van mais alá da comprensión humana.

are beyond human comprehension.

Aínda que eu son matemático,

Even though I am a mathematician,

observo todo isto marabillado.

I look at this with marvel

of how do these instruction sets not make these mistakes

de como é que todas estas instrucións

non comenten erros

as they build what is us?

mentres nos constrúen?

It's a mystery, it's magic, it's divinity.

É un misterio, é maxia, é divino.

Then you start to take a look at adult life.

Logo comezas a observar a vida adulta.

Take a look at this little tuft of capillaries.

Observade esta pequena mata de capilares.

It's just a tiny sub-substructure, microscopic.

É unha subestrutura microscópica, minúscula.

But basically by the time you're nine months and you're given birth,

Pero para cando nacemos, aos nove meses,

you have almost 60,000 miles of vessels inside your body.

temos case 100.000 km de vasos sanguíneos

dentro do corpo.

And only one mile is visible.

E só 1 ou 2 km deles son visibles

59,999 miles

uns 100 km

that are basically bringing nutrients and taking waste away.

que aportan nutrintes e se desfán dos refugallos.

The complexity of building that within a single system

A complexidade de construír iso dentro dun só sistema

is, again, beyond any comprehension or any existing mathematics today.

é, de novo, superior ao noso entendemento

ou a calquera fórmula que teñamos hoxe.

And then instructions set,

E esas instrucións

from the brain to every other part of the body --

saen do cerebro e van cara ao resto do corpo.

Mirade qué plegamentos tan complexos.

look at the complexity of the folding.

Where does this intelligence

De onde sae o coñecemento

of knowing that a fold can actually hold more information,

para saber que un plegamento pode conter máis información...

Podemos ver como crece o cerebro dun bebé,

so as you actually watch the baby's brain grow.

And this is one of the things we're doing.

é algo que estamos a facer agora.

We're launching two new studies

Vamos comezar dous novos estudos

of scanning babies' brains from the moment they're born.

onde escanearemos o cerebro dos bebés no momento que nacen,

Every six months until they're six years old,

e cada seis meses ata os seis anos.

we're going to be doing about 250 children,

Vamos traballar cuns 250 nenos,

watching exactly how the gyri and the sulci of the brains fold

observando cómo se pregan as circunvolucións e os sucos

to see how this magnificent development

do cerebro, para ver como o desenvolvemento

se convirte en recordos e a marabilla somos nós.

actually turns into memories and the marvel that is us.

And it's not just our own existence,

Pero non é só a nosa propia existencia.

but how does the woman's body understand

Cómo aprende o corpo dunha muller

a ter a estrutura xenética para non só formarse a si mesma

to have genetic structure that not only builds her own,

senón que tamén ten o entendemento

but then has the understanding

that allows her to become

para se converter

a walking immunological, cardiovascular system

nun sistema inmunolóxico e cardiovascular andante,

that basically is a mobile system

un sistema móbil

that can actually nurture,

que pode nutrir e coidar o bebé; unha marabilla,

treat this child with a kind of marvel

that is beyond, again, our comprehension --

de novo, mais alá da nosa comprensión

A maxia da existencia que somos nós.

the magic that is existence, that is us?

Grazas.

Thank you.

(Applause)

(Aplausos)