The dangerous evolution of HIV | Edsel Salvaña

108,723 views ・ 2018-02-15

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Translator: Nika Kotnik Reviewer: Matej Divjak
00:12
The Philippines: an idyllic country
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Filipini: idilična država,
00:15
with some of the clearest water and bluest skies on the planet.
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kjer lahko najdemo najbolj čisto vodo in najbolj modro nebo na planetu.
00:19
It is also the epicenter
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Je pa tudi epicenter
00:20
of one of the fastest-growing HIV epidemics in the world.
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ene izmed najhitreje rastočih HIV epidemij na svetu.
00:24
On the surface, it seems as if we are just a late bloomer.
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Na površju se zdi, da smo samo pozno začeli.
00:28
However, the reasons for our current epidemic
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A razlogi za trenutno epidemijo
00:31
are much more complicated
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so veliko bolj zapleteni,
00:33
and may foreshadow a global resurgence of HIV.
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in morda naznanjajo ponovno globalno pojavljanje HIV-a.
00:38
While overall new cases of HIV continue to drop in the world,
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Medtem ko se pojavljanje novih primerov HIV-a po svetu zmanjšuje,
00:42
this trend may be short-lived
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gre morda za kratkoročen trend
00:45
when the next wave of more aggressive and resistant viruses arrive.
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pred prihodom naslednjega vala agresivnih in odpornih virusov.
00:49
HIV has a potential to transform itself into a new and different virus
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HIV se lahko spremeni v nov in drugačen virus,
00:55
every time it infects a cell.
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vsakič ko okuži neko celico.
00:57
Despite the remarkable progress we've made in reversing the epidemic,
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Ne glede na neverjeten napredek, ki smo ga dosegli pri zaviranju epidemije,
01:01
the truth is that we are just a few viral mutations away from disaster.
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smo v resnici le nekaj mutacij stran od katastrofe.
01:07
To appreciate the profound way in which HIV transforms itself
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Da bi lahko cenili, kako temeljito se HIV preobrazi vsakič,
01:11
every time it reproduces,
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ko se podvoji,
01:12
let's make a genetic comparison.
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naredimo genetsko primerjavo.
01:15
If we look at the DNA variation among humans of different races
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Če pogledamo variacijo človeške DNK med različnimi rasami
01:18
from different continents,
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z različnih kontinentov,
01:20
the actual DNA difference is only 0.1 percent.
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je razlika med DNK le 0,1 odstotka.
01:24
If we look at the genetic difference
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Če pogledamo genetsko razliko
01:26
between humans, great apes, and rhesus macaques,
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med ljudmi, velikimi opicami, in rhesus opicami,
01:30
that number is seven percent.
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le ta znaša 7 odstotkov.
01:33
In contrast, the genetic difference between HIV subtypes
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Za primerjavo, genetska razlika med podtipi HIV-a
01:37
from different patients
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različnih pacientov
01:39
may be as much as 35 percent.
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je lahko tudi 35-odstotna.
01:42
Within a person infected with HIV,
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V osebi, okuženi z virusom HIV,
01:44
the genetic difference between an infecting mother virus
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znaša genetska razlika med prvotnim virusom okužbe
01:48
and subsequent daughter viruses
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in hčerinskimi virusi
01:50
has been shown to be as much as five percent.
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tudi do pet odstotkov.
01:53
This is the equivalent of a gorilla giving birth to a chimpanzee,
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To je enako, kot če bi gorila rodila šimpanza,
01:58
then to an orangutan,
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potem orangutana,
01:59
then to a baboon,
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nato pavijana,
02:01
then to any random great ape within its lifetime.
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nato naključno veliko opico, vse to v svojem življenju.
02:04
There are nearly 100 subtypes of HIV,
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Obstaja skoraj 100 podvrst HIV-a,
02:08
with new subtypes being discovered regularly.
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ob tem pa redno odkrivamo nove podtipe.
02:11
HIV in the developed world is almost all of one subtype:
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HIV v razvitem svetu je skoraj ves samo ene podvrste:
02:16
subtype B.
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Podvrste B.
02:18
Mostly everything we know and do to treat HIV
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Večina vsega, kar vemo in počnemo, da bi pozdravili HIV,
02:22
is based on studies on subtype B,
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je osnovana na študijah, narejenih na podtipu B,
02:26
even though it only accounts for 12 percent
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čeprav predstavlja le 12 odstotkov
02:28
of the total number of cases of HIV in the world.
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vseh primerov virusa HIV na svetu.
02:33
But because of the profound genetic difference
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Ampak zaradi pomembne genetske razlike
02:35
among different subtypes,
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med različnimi podtipi,
02:38
some subtypes are more likely to become drug-resistant
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je za nekatere podtipe bolj verjetno, da bodo postali odporni na zdravila
02:42
or progress to AIDS faster.
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ali hitreje napredovali v AIDS.
02:44
We discovered that the explosion of HIV cases in the Philippines
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Odkrili smo, da se je eksplozija primerov HIV-a na Filipinih
02:49
is due to a shift from the Western subtype B
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zgodila zaradi premika z zahodnega podtipa B
02:53
to a more aggressive Southeast Asian subtype AE.
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na bolj agresiven podtip AE iz jugovzhodne Azije.
02:58
We are seeing younger and sicker patients
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Videvamo mlajše in bolj bolne paciente
03:01
with high rates of drug resistance.
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s pogostejšo rezistenco na zdravila.
03:04
Initial encroachment of this subtype
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Prvotna širitev tega virusa
03:07
is already occurring in developed countries,
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se že dogaja v razvitih državah,
03:09
including Australia, Canada and the United States.
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vključno z Avstralijo, Kanado in Združenimi državami.
03:13
We may soon see a similar explosion of cases in these countries.
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Morda bomo kmalu videli eksplozijo primerov v teh državah.
03:19
And while we think that HIV is done
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In medtem ko mislimo, da smo s HIV-om opravili
03:22
and that the tide has turned for it,
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in da je val že odšel,
03:24
just like with real tides, it can come right back.
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se lahko kot pravi val spet vrne.
03:27
In the early 1960s, malaria was on the ropes.
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V 60-ih je bilo tako z malarijo.
03:31
As the number of cases dropped,
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Ko se je število primerov zmanjšalo,
03:33
people and governments stopped paying attention.
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ljudje in vlada niso bili več pozorni.
03:36
The result was a deadly resurgence of drug-resistant malaria.
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Rezultat je bila smrtonosna vrnitev malarije, odporne na zdravila.
03:41
We need to think of HIV
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Ne smemo razmišljati o HIV-u,
03:43
not as a single virus that we think we've figured out,
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kot o enem samem virusu, ki ga dobro poznamo,
03:46
but as a collection of rapidly evolving and highly unique viruses,
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ampak kot o skupini hitro spreminjajočih se in unikatnih virusov,
03:53
each of which can set off the next deadly epidemic.
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in vsak od njih lahko zaneti naslednjo smrtonosno epidemijo.
03:56
We are incorporating more powerful and new tools
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Vključujemo močnejša in novejša orodja
04:00
to help us detect the next deadly HIV strain,
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v iskanje naslednjega smrtonosnega seva virusa HIV
04:03
and this needs to go hand in hand with urgent research
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in to mora biti z roko v roki z nujnim raziskovanjem
04:07
on the behavior and proper treatment of non-B subtypes.
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delovanja in zdravljenja ostalih podtipov.
04:12
We need to convince our governments
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Prepričati moramo naše vlade
04:14
and our funding agencies
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in naše agencije za financiranje,
04:15
that HIV is not yet done.
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da s HIV-om še nismo opravili.
04:20
Over 35 million people have died of HIV.
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Več kot 35 milijonov ljudi je umrlo zaradi HIV-a.
04:25
We are on the verge of an AIDS-free generation.
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Smo na robu generacije brez AIDS-a.
04:28
We need to pay attention.
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Moramo biti pozorni.
04:30
We need to remain vigilant
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Moramo ostati oprezni
04:33
and follow through.
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in stvari izpeljati do konca.
04:34
Otherwise, millions more will die.
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Če ne, bo umrlo še na milijone ljudi.
04:37
Thank you.
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Hvala.
04:38
(Applause)
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(Aplavz)
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