Madeleine Albright: On being a woman and a diplomat

Translator: Janka Pazurikova Reviewer: Roman Studenic

Pat Mitchell: What is the story of this pin?

Pat Mitchell: Aká je to brošňa?

Madeleine Albright: This is "Breaking the Glass Ceiling."

Madeleine Albright: To je rozbitá sklenená stena (metafora pre prekážky kladené ženám na vyšších pozíciách, pozn.prekl.)

PM: Oh.

PM: Oh.

That was well chosen, I would say, for TEDWomen.

Povedala by som, že to je dobrý výber na TEDWomen.

MA: Most of the time I spend when I get up in the morning

MA: Keď ráno vstanem, väčšinu času strávim tým,

is trying to figure out what is going to happen.

že sa snažím prísť na to, čo sa stane.

And none of this pin stuff would have happened

Ale táto tradícia brošní by nikdy nezačala

if it hadn't been for Saddam Hussein.

nebyť Saddáma Husseina.

I'll tell you what happened.

Poviem vám, čo sa stalo.

I went to the United Nations as an ambassador,

Šla som do OSN ako ambasádorka.

and it was after the Gulf War,

Bolo po vojne v Zálive.

and I was an instructed ambassador.

A ja som bola poverená ambasádorka.

And the cease-fire had been translated

Dočasné prímerie vyústilo

into a series of sanctions resolutions,

do série rezolúcií o sankciách

and my instructions

a mojou úlohou bolo neustále hovoriť

were to say perfectly terrible things about Saddam Hussein constantly,

o Saddámovi Husseinovi hrozné veci,

which he deserved -- he had invaded another country.

ktoré si zaslúžil -- zaútočil na ďalšiu krajinu.

And so all of a sudden, a poem appeared in the papers in Baghdad

A z ničoho nič sa v novinách v Bagdade objavila báseň,

comparing me to many things,

ktorá ma prirovnávala k mnohým veciam,

but among them an "unparalleled serpent."

medzi inými k hadovi.

And so I happened to have a snake pin.

A ja som náhodou mala brošňu s hadom.

So I wore it when we talked about Iraq.

A tak som si ju dala, keď sme sa rozprávali o Iraku.

(Laughter)

(Smiech)

And when I went out to meet the press,

Keď som sa potom šla stretnúť s tlačou,

they zeroed in, said, "Why are you wearing that snake pin?"

všimli si ju a spýtali sa, "Prečo máte na sebe brošňu s hadom?"

I said, "Because Saddam Hussein compared me to an unparalleled serpent."

Povedala som, "Pretože ma Saddám Hussein prirovnal k hadovi."

And then I thought, well this is fun.

Pomyslela som si, toto je zábava.

So I went out and I bought a lot of pins

A tak som si kúpila veľa brošní,

that would, in fact, reflect

ktoré odrážali to,

what I thought we were going to do on any given day.

čo som si myslela, že budeme v daný deň robiť.

So that's how it all started.

Takže tak to celé začalo.

PM: So how large is the collection?

PM: Aká veľká je tá zbierka?

MA: Pretty big.

MA: Dosť veľká.

It's now traveling.

Teraz je na cestách.

At the moment it's in Indianapolis,

Práve teraz v Indianopolise,

but it was at the Smithsonian.

ale bola aj v Smithsoniane (vzdelávacia inštitúcia, pozn.prek.).

And it goes with a book that says, "Read My Pins."

Sprevádza ju kniha s názvom "Tajná reč brošní".

(Laughter)

(Smiech)

PM: So is this a good idea.

PM: To je dobrý nápad.

I remember when you were the first woman

Pamätám si, že keď ste sa stali ako prvá žena

as Secretary of State,

ministerkou zahraničných vecí,

and there was a lot of conversation always

vždy boli plné noviny toho,

about what you were wearing,

čo ste mali oblečené,

how you looked --

ako ste vyzerali --

the thing that happens to a lot of women,

čo sa stáva mnohým ženám,

especially if they're the first in a position.

hlavne ak sú prvé v danej pozícii.

So how do you feel about that -- the whole --

Ako ste to vnímali?

MA: Well, it's pretty irritating actually

MA: Nuž, dosť ma to rozčuľovalo,

because nobody ever describes what a man is wearing.

pretože nikto neopisuje, čo má oblečené muž.

But people did pay attention to what clothes I had.

Ale ľudia si všímali, čo mám na sebe ja.

What was interesting was that,

Zaujímavé bolo,

before I went up to New York as U.N. ambassador,

že predtým, ako som šla do New Yorku ako ambasádorka OSN,

I talked to Jeane Kirkpatrick, who'd been ambassador before me,

rozprávala som sa s Jeane Kirkpatrickovou, ktorá bola ambasádorkou predo mnou,

and she said, "You've got to get rid of your professor clothes.

a ona povedala, "Musíš sa zbaviť toho profesorského oblečenia.

Go out and look like a diplomat."

Musíš vyzerať ako diplomat."

So that did give me a lot of opportunities to go shopping.

To mi prinieslo množstvo príležitostí na nákupy.

But still, there were all kinds of questions

Ale aj tak, stále tam boli rôzne otázky typu

about -- "did you wear a hat?" "How short was your skirt?"

mali ste klobúk? A aká dlhá bola vaša sukňa?

And one of the things --

Jedna z vecí --

if you remember Condoleezza Rice was at some event and she wore boots,

možno si pamätáte, že Condoleezza Riceová mala raz obuté čižmy

and she got criticized over that.

a veľmi ju za to kritizovali.

And no guy ever gets criticized. But that's the least of it.

Žiadneho muža takto nekritizujú. Ale to je najmenší problém.

PM: It is, for all of us, men and women,

PM: My všetci, muži aj ženy,

finding our ways of defining our roles,

hľadáme spôsoby, ako nájsť svoju úlohu,

and doing them in ways that make a difference in the world

a potom ju plniť tak, aby sme zmenili svet

and shape the future.

a ovplyvnili budúcnosť.

How did you handle that balance

Ako ste udržiavali rovnováhu

between being the tough diplomatic

medzi tvrdou diplomatkou

and strong voice of this country

a silným hlasom tejto krajiny

to the rest of the world

pre zvyšok sveta

and also how you felt about yourself

a ako ste vnímali svoju rolu

as a mother, a grandmother, nurturing ...

starostlivej matky, starej mamy.

and so how did you handle that?

Ako ste to zvládali?

MA: Well the interesting part was I was asked

MA: Bolo zaujímavé, keď sa ma spýtali,

what it was like to be the first woman Secretary of State

aké to je byť prvou ženou v pozícii ministra zahraničných vecí

a few minutes after I'd been named.

pár minút po tom, ako ma vymenovali.

And I said, "Well I've been a woman for 60 years,

Povedala som, "Ženou som už 60 rokov,

but I've only been Secretary of State for a few minutes."

ale ministerkou som len pár minút."

So it evolved.

Takže sa to vyvíjalo.

(Laughter)

(Smiech)

But basically I love being a woman.

Ale milovala som byť ženou.

And so what happened --

Čo sa stalo --

and I think there will probably be some people in the audience

a myslím, že niektorí ľudia z publika

that will identify with this --

sa s tým stotožnia --

I went to my first meeting, first at the U.N.,

šla som na svoju prvú schôdzu v OSN.

and that's when this all started,

A tam to všetko začalo,

because that is a very male organization.

pretože to je veľmi mužská organizácia.

And I'm sitting there -- there are 15 members of the Security Council --

Sedím tam -- v Bezpečnostnej rade OSN je 15 členov --

so 14 men sat there staring at me,

takže 14 mužov tam sedí a pozerá na mňa,

and I thought -- well you know how we all are.

a ja som si pomyslela -- veď viete, aké sme.

You want to get the feeling of the room,

Chcela som zachytiť ovzdušie v miestnosti,

and "do people like me?"

zistiť, či sa ľuďom páčim,

and "will I really say something intelligent?"

rozmýšľala som, či sa mi podarí povedať niečo inteligentné.

And all of a sudden I thought, "Well, wait a minute.

A zrazu mi napadlo, počkaj chvíľu.

I am sitting behind a sign that says 'The United States,'

Pred sebou mám značku "Spojené štáty".

and if I don't speak today

A ak dnes nič nepoviem,

then the voice of the United States will not be heard,"

potom nebude vypočutý hlas Spojených štátov.

and it was the first time that I had that feeling

To bolo prvýkrát, keď som mala ten pocit,

that I had to step out of myself

že sa musím odosobniť

in my normal, reluctant female mode

od svojho normálneho, hanblivého ženského režimu

and decide that I had to speak on behalf of our country.

a rozhodla som sa, že musím hovoriť v mene svojej krajiny.

And so that happened more at various times,

A to sa stalo viackrát pri rôznych príležitostiach,

but I really think that there was a great advantage in many ways

ale naozaj si myslím, že byť ženou bola obrovská výhoda

to being a woman.

v mnohých ohľadoch.

I think we are a lot better

Myslím si, že sme omnoho lepšie

at personal relationships,

v osobných vzťahoch

and then have the capability obviously

a máme schopnosť

of telling it like it is when it's necessary.

povedať to, ako to je, keď je to potrebné.

But I have to tell you, I have my youngest granddaughter,

Ale musím vám povedať, moja najmladšia vnučka,

when she turned seven last year,

keď mala sedem rokov minulý rok,

said to her mother, my daughter,

povedala svojej mame, mojej dcére,

"So what's the big deal about Grandma Maddie being Secretary of State?

"Čo je také skvelé na tom, že stará mama Maddie bola ministerkou zahraničných vecí?

Only girls are Secretary of State."

Len dievčatá sú ministerkami zahraničných vecí."

(Laughter)

(Smiech)

(Applause)

(Potlesk)

PM: Because in her lifetime -- MA: That would be so.

PM: Pretože za jej života -- (MA: To tak bolo.)

PM: What a change that is.

PM: Aká zmena to je.

As you travel now all over the world,

Počas svojich ciest po celom svete,

which you do frequently,

a cestujete často,

how do you assess

ako pristupujete

this global narrative around the story of women and girls?

k tomuto globálnemu rozprávaniu o príbehoch žien a dievčat?

Where are we?

Ako na tom sme?

MA: I think we're slowly changing,

MA: Myslím, že sa to pomaly mení,

but obviously there are whole pockets

ale je jasné, že v mnohých krajinách

in countries where nothing is different.

sa ešte nič nezmenilo.

And therefore it means that we have to remember

A preto musíme mať na mysli,

that, while many of us have had huge opportunities --

že hoci mnohé z nás mali obrovské príležitosti --

and Pat, you have been a real leader in your field --

Pat, ty si jedna z najlepších vo svojom odbore --

is that there are a lot of women

na svete je mnoho žien,

that are not capable

ktoré nie sú schopné

of worrying and taking care of themselves

postarať sa sami o seba

and understanding that women have to help other women.

a pochopiť, že ženy musia pomáhať ženám.

And so what I have felt --

A tak som sa rozhodla --

and I have looked at this

a pozrela som sa na to

from a national security issue --

z pohľadu národnej bezpečnosti --

when I was Secretary of State, I decided

keď som bola ministerkou, rozhodla som sa,

that women's issues had to be central to American foreign policy,

že problémy žien budú ústredným problémom v americkej zahraničnej politike,

not just because I'm a feminist,

a nielen preto, že som feministka,

but because I believe that societies are better off

ale preto, že verím, že spoločnosti sú na tom lepšie,

when women are politically and economically empowered,

keď sú ženy politicky a ekonomicky silné,

that values are passed down,

že správne hodnoty sa posúvajú ďalej,

the health situation is better,

že úroveň zdravia je lepšia,

education is better,

vzdelávanie je na tom lepšie,

there is greater economic prosperity.

a ekonomická prosperita sa zvyšuje.

So I think that it behooves us --

Myslím, že to stojí za to --

those of us that live in various countries

tie, ktoré žijeme v krajinách,

where we do have economic and political voice --

kde máme ekonomický a politický hlas --

that we need to help other women.

že potrebujeme pomáhať iným ženám.

And I really dedicated myself to that,

A naozaj som sa tomu oddala,

both at the U.N. and then as Secretary of State.

aj v OSN aj ako ministerka zahraničných vecí.

PM: And did you get pushback

PM: Aké boli reakcie na to,

from making that a central tenant of foreign policy?

že si z toho spravila ústredný problém zahraničnej politiky?

MA: From some people.

MA: Niektorí ľudia

I think that they thought that it was a soft issue.

si mysleli, že je to nedôležitý a ľahký problém.

The bottom line that I decided

Ja si myslím,

was actually women's issues are the hardest issues,

že problémy žien sú tie najťažšie,

because they are the ones that have to do with life and death

pretože tie sa zaoberajú životom a smrťou

in so many aspects,

v rôznych ohľadoch --

and because, as I said,

a pretože, ako som povedala,

it is really central to the way that we think about things.

je to základom toho, ako nad vecami uvažujeme.

Now for instance,

Napríklad,

some of the wars that took place

niektoré z vojen, ktoré prebiehali,

when I was in office,

keď som bola v úrade,

a lot of them, the women were the main victims of it.

v mnohých z nich boli ženy hlavnými obeťami.

For instance, when I started,

Napríklad, keď som začala,

there were wars in the Balkans.

boli vojny na Balkáne.

The women in Bosnia were being raped.

Ženy v Bosne boli znásilňované.

We then managed to set up a war crimes tribunal

Potom sa nám podarilo vytvoriť tribunál pre vojnové zločiny,

to deal specifically with those kinds of issues.

ktorý sa zaoberal len týmito prípadmi.

And by the way, one of the things that I did at that stage

A mimochodom, jednou z vecí, ktorú som urobila,

was, I had just arrived at the U.N.,

hneď ako som prišla do OSN,

and when I was there, there were 183 countries in the U.N.

keď som tam bola, bolo v OSN 183 krajín.

Now there are 192.

Dnes ich je 192.

But it was one of the first times that I didn't have to cook lunch myself.

Bolo to asi prvýkrát, čo som si nemusela variť obed.

So I said to my assistant,

Povedala som svojmu asistentovi,

"Invite the other women permanent representatives."

"Pozvite všetky ženy, ktoré dlhodobo reprezentujú svoje krajiny."

And I thought when I'd get to my apartment

A myslela som si, že keď vojdem do svojho apartmánu,

that there'd be a lot of women there.

bude tam kopa žien.

I get there, and there are six other women, out of 183.

Prišla som tam a bolo tam šesť žien, šesť zo 183.

So the countries that had women representatives

Krajiny, ktoré reprezentovali ženy, boli

were Canada, Kazakhstan, Philippines,

Kanada, Kazachstan, Filipíny,

Trinidad Tobago, Jamaica,

Trinidad Tobago, Jamajka,

Lichtenstein and me.

Lichtenštajnsko a ja.

So being an American, I decided to set up a caucus.

A keďže som Američanka, rozhodla som sa založiť klub.

(Laughter)

(Smiech)

And so we set it up,

Založili sme ho,

and we called ourselves the G7.

nazvali sme sa G7.

(Laughter)

(Smiech)

PM: Is that "Girl 7?" MA: Girl 7.

PM: G7 ako girl seven? (MA: Ako sedem dievčat.)

And we lobbied

MA: A lobovali sme

on behalf of women's issues.

v mene práv žien.

So we managed to get two women judges

Podarilo sa nám dostať na tribunál vojnových zločinov

on this war crimes tribunal.

dve sudkyne.

And then what happened

A ony boli schopné

was that they were able to declare that rape was a weapon of war,

vyhlásiť znásilnenie ako vojnovú zbraň,

that it was against humanity.

ako zbraň proti ľudskosti.

(Applause)

(Potlesk)

PM: So when you look around the world

PM: Keď sa pozrieme na svet

and you see that, in many cases --

a vidíme, v mnohých prípadoch --

certainly in the Western world --

určite v západnom svete --

women are evolving into more leadership positions,

sa ženy prebíjajú na vedúce pozície,

and even other places

a aj v iných oblastiach

some barriers are being brought down,

sa rúcajú bariéry,

but there's still so much violence,

ale stále je tu tak veľa násilia,

still so many problems,

tak veľa problémov,

and yet we hear there are more women

ale je počuť čoraz viac žien

at the negotiating tables.

pri vyjednávacích stretnutiach.

Now you were at those negotiating tables

Vy ste sa zúčastňovali na vyjednávaniach,

when they weren't, when there was maybe you --

keď tam nebolo veľa žien, keď ste tam boli vy --

one voice, maybe one or two others.

možno ešte jedna, dve ženy.

Do you believe, and can you tell us why,

Veríte tomu a môžete nám povedať prečo

there is going to be a significant shift

to môže znamenať významný posun

in things like violence

vo veciach ako násilie,

and peace and conflict and resolution

mier a konflikty a mierové dohody

on a sustainable basis?

na udržateľnej úrovni?

MA: Well I do think, when there are more women,

MA: No myslím si, že keď je tam viac žien,

that the tone of the conversation changes,

tak sa zmení tón rozhovoru,

and also the goals of the conversation change.

a tiež cieľ konverzácie.

But it doesn't mean that the whole world

Ale to neznamená, že celý svet

would be a lot better

by na tom bol oveľa lepšie,

if it were totally run by women.

ak by ho viedli len ženy.

If you think that, you've forgotten high school.

Ak si to myslíte, tak ste zabudli, ako to bolo na strednej.

(Laughter)

(Smiech)

But the bottom line

Ale podstatné je,

is that there is a way,

že určitým spôsobom,

when there are more women at the table,

keď je pri vyjednávaní viac žien,

that there's an attempt

je tam snaha

to develop some understanding.

pochopiť druhú stranu.

So for instance, what I did when I went to Burundi,

Napríklad, keď som šla do Burundi,

we'd got Tutsi and Hutu women together

vzali sme ženy z národov Tutsi a Hutu

to talk about some of the problems

a rozprávali sme sa s nimi o problémoch,

that had taken place in Rwanda.

ktoré boli v Rwande.

And so I think the capability of women

A myslím si, že schopnosť žien

to put themselves --

vžiť sa --

I think we're better about putting ourselves into the other guy's shoes

vieme sa lepšie vcítiť do kože druhého

and having more empathy.

a máme viac empatie.

I think it helps in terms of the support

To pomáha a je oporou,

if there are other women in the room.

keď je v miestnosti viac žien.

When I was Secretary of State,

Keď som bola ministerkou,

there were only 13 other women foreign ministers.

ministerkami zahraničných vecí bolo len 13 žien.

And so it was nice when one of them would show up.

A tak to bolo milé, keď sa niektorá ukázala.

For instance, she is now the president of Finland,

Napríklad, ona je teraz prezidentkou Fínska,

but Tarja Halonen was the foreign minister of Finland

ale Tarja Halonen bola ministerkou zahraničia Fínska

and, at a certain stage, head of the European Union.

a do určitej miery aj hlavou Európskej Únie.

And it was really terrific.

A to bolo naozaj skvelé.

Because one of the things I think you'll understand.

Myslím si, že pochopíte prečo.

We went to a meeting,

Šli sme na stretnutie

and the men in my delegation,

a muži v mojej delegácii,

when I would say, "Well I feel we should do something about this,"

keď som povedala, "Cítim, že by sme s tým mali niečo urobiť,"

and they'd say, "What do you mean, you feel?"

povedali, "Čo tým myslíte, že to cítite?"

And so then Tarja was sitting across the table from me.

A potom si Tarja sadla oproti mne.

And all of a sudden we were talking about arms control,

A zrazu sme sa rozprávali o kontrole zbraní

and she said, "Well I feel we should do this."

a ona povedala, "Cítim, že by sme mali urobiť toto."

And my male colleagues kind of got it all of a sudden.

A moji kolegovia to zrazu pochopili.

But I think it really does help

Naozaj to pomáha

to have a critical mass of women

mať určitý kritický počet žien

in a series of foreign policy positions.

v pozíciach zahraničnej politiky.

The other thing that I think is really important:

Ďalšia vec, ktorá je podľa mňa dôležitá:

A lot of national security policy

Často nie je politika národnej bezpečnosti

isn't just about foreign policy,

len o zahraničnej politike,

but it's about budgets, military budgets,

ale o rozpočtoch, o rozpočtoch pre vojsko,

and how the debts of countries work out.

a ako sa vyvíjajú dlhy krajín.

So if you have women

A ak máte ženy

in a variety of foreign policy posts,

na rozličných pozíciách v zahraničnej politike,

they can support each other

môžu podporovať jedna druhú,

when there are budget decisions being made in their own countries.

keď sa rozhoduje o rozpočtoch v ich krajinách.

PM: So how do we get

PM: Ako teda dosiahneme

this balance we're looking for, then, in the world?

túto rovnováhu, ktorú vo svete hľadáme?

More women's voices at the table?

Viac ženských hlasov v politike?

More men who believe

Viac mužov, ktorí veria tomu,

that the balance is best?

že rovnováha je najlepšia?

MA: Well I think one of the things --

MA: Napadla mi jedna vec.

I'm chairman of the board of an organization

Som predsedníčkou organizácie

called the National Democratic Institute

ktorá sa volá Národný inštitút demokracie

that works to support women candidates.

a podporuje ženské kandidátky.

I think that we need

Potrebujeme

to help in other countries

pomôcť ostatným krajinám,

to train women

vyškoliť ženy

to be in political office,

na prácu v politike,

to figure out how they can in fact

aby zistili, že naozaj môžu

develop political voices.

mať a rozvíjať svoju politickú moc.

I think we also need to be supportive

Tiež potrebujeme podporovať

when businesses are being created

vznikajúce podniky

and just make sure that women help each other.

a uistiť sa, že ženy si navzájom pomáhajú.

Now I have a saying

Je jedno príslovie,

that I feel very strongly about,

ktoré mám veľmi rada,

because I am of a certain age

pretože už mám svoj vek,

where, when I started in my career,

a keď som začala so svojou kariérou,

believe it or not, there were other women who criticized me:

verte tomu alebo nie, mnoho žien ma kritizovalo:

"Why aren't you in the carpool line?"

"Prečo nevozíte svoje deti na krúžky?"

or "Aren't your children suffering

alebo "Netrpia vaše deti,

because you're not there all the time?"

keďže s nimi nie ste stále?"

And I think we have a tendency to make each other feel guilty.

Myslím si, že máme tendenciu donútiť jedna druhú cítiť sa vinná.

In fact, I think "guilt" is every woman's middle name.

Vlastne si myslím, že "vina" je druhé meno každej ženy.

And so I think what needs to happen

Potrebujeme

is we need to help each other.

jedna druhej pomáhať.

And my motto is that there's a special place in hell

Mojím mottom je, že v pekle je špeciálne miesto

for women who don't help each other.

pre tie ženy, ktoré si nepomáhajú.

(Applause)

(Potlesk)

PM: Well Secretary Albright, I guess you'll be going to heaven.

PM: Ministerka Albrightová, myslím, že vy pôjdete do neba.

Thank you for joining us today.

Ďakujem, že ste tu dnes s nami.

MA: Thank you all. Thanks Pat.

MA: Ďakujem všetkým. Vďaka Pat.

(Applause)

(Potlesk)