Everything you think you know about addiction is wrong | Johann Hari | TED

Translator: Lucia Daubnerova Reviewer: Kristina Humphry

One of my earliest memories

Jedna z prvých vecí, na ktoré sa pamätám, je,

is of trying to wake up one of my relatives and not being able to.

keď som sa snažil zobudiť člena rodiny a nepodarilo sa mi to.

And I was just a little kid, so I didn't really understand why,

Bol som iba dieťa, nerozumel som prečo,

but as I got older,

potom som vyrástol

I realized we had drug addiction in my family,

a všimol som si v rodine závislosť na drogách,

including later cocaine addiction.

vrátane závislosti na kokaíne.

I'd been thinking about it a lot lately, partly because it's now exactly 100 years

V poslednej dobe som na to veľa myslel, z časti lebo práve uplynulo 100 rokov

od zákazu užívania drog v USA a Veľkej Británii

since drugs were first banned in the United States and Britain,

a neskôr aj na celom svete.

and we then imposed that on the rest of the world.

Uplynulo storočie odkedy sme urobili nešťastné rozhodnutie

It's a century since we made this really fateful decision

to take addicts and punish them and make them suffer,

potrestať závislých, nech trpia,

because we believed that would deter them; it would give them an incentive to stop.

lebo sme verili, že ich to odradí a povzbudí k náprave.

And a few years ago, I was looking at some of the addicts in my life who I love,

Pred pár rokmi som pozoroval niekoľkých závislých v mojom okolí, ktorých mám rád,

and trying to figure out if there was some way to help them.

a snažil som sa zistiť, či by sa im dalo nejako pomôcť.

And I realized there were loads of incredibly basic questions

Uvedomil som si, že som nepoznal odpoveď na veľa

I just didn't know the answer to,

úplne základných otázok,

like, what really causes addiction?

napríklad, čo vyvoláva závislosť?

Prečo neupustíme od tohto prístupu, ktorý zjavne nefunguje,

Why do we carry on with this approach that doesn't seem to be working,

and is there a better way out there that we could try instead?

neexistuje snáď lepší spôsob, ktorý by sme mohli skúsiť?

So I read loads of stuff about it,

Veľa som toho o tejto téme prečítal

a nenašiel som hľadané odpovede,

and I couldn't really find the answers I was looking for,

so I thought, okay, I'll go and sit with different people around the world

rozhodol som sa teda stretnúť sa s ľuďmi z celého sveta,

ktorí závislosťou prešli alebo ju skúmali,

who lived this and studied this

porozprávam sa s nimi a uvidím, či sa od nich niečo dozviem.

and talk to them and see if I could learn from them.

Nevedel som, že budem musieť precestovať 30 000 km,

And I didn't realize I would end up going over 30,000 miles at the start,

ale odhodlal som sa a spoznal rôznych ľudí,

but I ended up going and meeting loads of different people,

od tranzvestitného predajcu kreku v Brownsville v Brooklyne

from a transgender crack dealer in Brownsville, Brooklyn,

po vedca, ktorý venoval veľa času

to a scientist who spends a lot of time feeding hallucinogens to mongooses

kŕmeniu mangúst halucinogénmi, lebo chcel zistiť, či im chutia...

to see if they like them --

it turns out they do, but only in very specific circumstances --

a áno, chutia im, ale iba za určitých podmienok...

to the only country that's ever decriminalized all drugs,

navštívil som jedinú krajinu, ktorá dekriminalizovala všetky drogy,

from cannabis to crack, Portugal.

od marihuany po krak, Portugalsko.

And the thing I realized that really blew my mind is,

A uvedomil som si niečo, čo ma naozaj prekvapilo,

almost everything we think we know about addiction is wrong,

že skoro všetko, čo si o závislosti myslíme, je omyl

and if we start to absorb the new evidence about addiction,

a keď pochopíme nové zistenia o závislosti,

I think we're going to have to change a lot more than our drug policies.

mali by sme zmeniť viac než len drogovú politiku,

But let's start with what we think we know, what I thought I knew.

Začnime tým, čo si myslíme, že vieme, tým, čo som pokladal za fakt.

Let's think about this middle row here.

Tento rad v strede,

Imagine all of you, for 20 days now, went off and used heroin three times a day.

predstavte si, že by ste užívali heroín 3-krát denne počas 20 dní.

Some of you look a little more enthusiastic than others at this prospect.

Niektorí prejavujú viac nadšenia ako iní.

(Laughter)

Don't worry, it's just a thought experiment.

(smiech)

Nebojte sa, je to iba teoretický pokus.

Imagine you did that, right?

Predstavte si to, dobre.

What would happen?

Čo by sa stalo?

Poznáme sto rokov starý príbeh o tom, čo by sa stalo.

Now, we have a story about what would happen that we've been told for a century.

Myslíme si, že pre chemické návykové látky v heroíne,

We think, because there are chemical hooks in heroin,

as you took it for a while,

ak ho užívame po určitý čas,

your body would become dependent on those hooks,

naše telo sa na nich stane závislé,

začne ich fyzicky potrebovať

you'd start to physically need them,

and at the end of those 20 days, you'd all be heroin addicts. Right?

a po 20 dňoch všetci skončíte závislí na heroíne.

That's what I thought.

To som si myslel.

First thing that alerted me to the fact that something's not right with this story

Na tomto príbehu mi po prvýkrát niečo nesedelo hneď,

keď som ho počul.

is when it was explained to me.

Ak by ma po tejto konferencii TEDu prešlo auto a zlomilo by mi bedro,

If I step out of this TED Talk today and I get hit by a car and I break my hip,

I'll be taken to hospital and I'll be given loads of diamorphine.

odviezli by ma do nemocnice a podávali by mi veľa diamorfínu.

Diamorfín je heroín.

Diamorphine is heroin.

It's actually much better heroin than you're going to buy on the streets,

Dokonca oveľa lepší heroín ako ten, čo by ste kúpili na ulici

pretože ten, čo kúpite od dílera, je kontaminovaný.

because the stuff you buy from a drug dealer is contaminated.

Len veľmi málo z neho je naozaj heroín.

Actually, very little of it is heroin,

Heroín na lekársky predpis je čistý.

whereas the stuff you get from the doctor is medically pure.

Predpíšu vám ho na dosť dlhý čas.

And you'll be given it for quite a long period of time.

V publiku je veľa ľudí,

There are loads of people in this room,

ktorí si nie sú vedomí, že požili veľa heroínu.

you may not realize it, you've taken quite a lot of heroin.

A toto sa deje na celom svete.

And anyone who is watching this anywhere in the world, this is happening.

Ak je pravda to, čo si myslíme o závislosti...

And if what we believe about addiction is right --

všetci ľudia sú vystavení návykovým látkam...

those people are exposed to all those chemical hooks --

Čo by sa malo stať? Mali by byť závislí.

What should happen? They should become addicts.

Dôkladne sa to skúmalo.

This has been studied really carefully.

A nedeje sa to. Keď vašej babke voperujú umelý bedrový kĺb,

It doesn't happen; you will have noticed if your grandmother had a hip replacement,

nevyjde z nemocnice závislá. (smiech)

she didn't come out as a junkie. (Laughter)

Toto som vedel a pripadalo mi to veľmi zvláštne,

And when I learned this, it seemed so weird to me,

veľmi odlišné od toho, čo mi povedali, a čo som si myslel, že viem,

so contrary to everything I'd been told, everything I thought I knew,

myslel som si, že to nemôže byť pravda, až kým som nespoznal

I just thought it couldn't be right, until I met a man called Bruce Alexander.

Bruca Alexandra, učiteľa psychológie z Vancouru,

He's a professor of psychology in Vancouver

ktorý urobil úžasný pokus,

ktorý nám, myslím, pomôže závislosť pochopiť.

who carried out an incredible experiment

Profesor Alexander mi vysvetlil,

I think really helps us to understand this issue.

že naša predstava závislosti

Professor Alexander explained to me,

sa odvíja z časti od rady pokusov

the idea of addiction we've all got in our heads, that story,

zo začiatku 20. storočia.

comes partly from a series of experiments

Boli to veľmi jednoduché pokusy.

that were done earlier in the 20th century.

Môžete si ich vyskúšať dnes večer doma, ak máte sadistickú náladu.

They're really simple.

You can do them tonight at home if you feel a little sadistic.

Pohľadajte potkana, zavrite ho do klietky a dajte mu 2 fľašky vody.

You get a rat and you put it in a cage, and you give it two water bottles:

V jednej bude čistá voda a v druhej voda s heroínom alebo kokaínom.

One is just water, and the other is water laced with either heroin or cocaine.

Potkan si skoro vždy vyberie vodu s drogami,

If you do that, the rat will almost always prefer the drug water

a potom sa celkom rýchlo zabije.

and almost always kill itself quite quickly.

Presne tak, však? Myslíme si, že takto to funguje.

So there you go, right? That's how we think it works.

V 70. rokoch sa profesor Alexander bližšie pozrel na tento experiment

In the '70s, Professor Alexander comes along and he looks at this experiment

and he noticed something.

a niečo si všimol.

Povedal: „A! Potkan je v prázdnej klietke.

He said ah, we're putting the rat in an empty cage.

Požiť drogy je to jediné, čo môže robiť.

It's got nothing to do except use these drugs.

Skúsme niečo iné.“

Let's try something different.

Tak profesor Alexander zostrojil klietku, ktorú nazval Potkaní park,

So Professor Alexander built a cage that he called "Rat Park,"

which is basically heaven for rats.

hotový potkaní raj.

They've got loads of cheese, they've got loads of colored balls,

Bola plná syru, farebných loptičiek

they've got loads of tunnels.

a tunelov.

Crucially, they've got loads of friends. They can have loads of sex.

Najdôležitejšie je, že mali veľa kamarátov. Mohli mať veľa sexu.

And they've got both the water bottles, the normal water and the drugged water.

V klietke boli aj 2 fľaše s vodou, s čistou vodou a s vodou s drogami.

But here's the fascinating thing:

A teraz príde prekvapenie:

In Rat Park, they don't like the drug water.

V Potkaňom parku potkanom voda s drogami nechutila.

They almost never use it.

Skoro nikdy ju nepili.

None of them ever use it compulsively.

Žiadny potkan nemal nutkanie dať si ju.

None of them ever overdose.

Žiadny sa nepredávkoval.

You go from almost 100 percent overdose when they're isolated

Predávkovalo sa takmer 100 % izolovaných potkanov

to zero percent overdose when they have happy and connected lives.

a 0 % šťastných potkanov s kamarátmi.

Now, when he first saw this, Professor Alexander thought,

Keď to profesor Alexander po prvýkrát spozoroval, pomyslel si:

maybe this is just a thing about rats, they're quite different to us.

„Možno sa to deje iba u potkanov, nie sú ako my.

Maybe not as different as we'd like, but, you know --

Možno sa od nás nelíšia až tak, ako by sme chceli.“

But fortunately, there was a human experiment

Našťastie sa v tom obodbí uskutočnil

into the exact same principle happening at the exact same time.

podobný pokus na ľuďoch.

It was called the Vietnam War.

Nazvali ho Vojna vo Vietname.

In Vietnam, 20 percent of all American troops were using loads of heroin,

Vo Vietname užívalo heroín 20 % amerických vojakov

and if you look at the news reports from the time,

a ak ste videli správy z toho obdobia,

they were really worried, because they thought, my God, we're going to have

vyjadrovali obavy, lebo sa predpokladalo:

„Preboha, keď sa vojna skončí, v uliciach USA budú státisíce

hundreds of thousands of junkies on the streets of the United States

drogovo závislých.“ Dávalo to zmysel.

when the war ends; it made total sense.

Tí vojaci, ktorí užívali heroín, boli odprevadení domov.

Now, those soldiers who were using loads of heroin were followed home.

The Archives of General Psychiatry did a really detailed study,

Archív všeobecnej psychiatrie uskutočnil veľmi dôslednú štúdiu

and what happened to them?

a čo sa s nimi stalo?

Nezúčastnili sa odvykacej kúry. Nemali abstinenčné príznaky.

It turns out they didn't go to rehab. They didn't go into withdrawal.

Ninety-five percent of them just stopped.

95 % prestalo brať heroín.

Now, if you believe the story about chemical hooks,

Ak veríte v návykové látky,

that makes absolutely no sense, but Professor Alexander began to think

nedáva to zmysel a profesor Alexander začal tušiť,

there might be a different story about addiction.

že existuje iný príbeh o závislosti.

He said, what if addiction isn't about your chemical hooks?

Povedal: „A ak závislosť nesúvisí s návykovými látkami?

What if addiction is about your cage?

Čo ak závislosť súvisí s klietkou?

What if addiction is an adaptation to your environment?

Čo ak závislosť súvisí so schopnosťou prispôsobiť sa prostrediu.“

Looking at this,

Pozrime sa na to takto,

there was another professor called Peter Cohen in the Netherlands

iný profesor, Peter Cohen z Holandska,

who said, maybe we shouldn't even call it addiction.

povedal: „Možno by sme to ani nemali volať závislosť.

Možno by sme to mali volať vzťahy.“

Maybe we should call it bonding.

Human beings have a natural and innate need to bond,

Človek má prirodzenú vrodenú potrebu vzťahov

and when we're happy and healthy, we'll bond and connect with each other,

a keď sme šťastní a zdraví, nadväzujeme vzťahy s ostatnými,

but if you can't do that,

ale ak sa to nedá,

because you're traumatized or isolated or beaten down by life,

lebo sa cítite traumatizovaní, izolovaní alebo vám život udelil silný úder,

you will bond with something that will give you some sense of relief.

nadviažete vzťah s niečím, čo vám prinesie istý pocit úľavy.

Now, that might be gambling, that might be pornography,

Môžu to byť hazardné hry, pornografia,

that might be cocaine, that might be cannabis,

kokaín alebo marihuana,

but you will bond and connect with something because that's our nature.

nadviažete s niečím vzťah, lebo to je naša prirodzenosť.

That's what we want as human beings.

Je to naša ľudská potreba.

And at first, I found this quite a difficult thing to get my head around,

Na začiatku mi to nešlo do hlavy,

but one way that helped me to think about it is,

ale niečo mi pomohlo pochopiť to.

I can see, I've got over by my seat a bottle of water, right?

Na sedadle mám fľašu vody, však?

I'm looking at lots of you, and lots of you have bottles of water with you.

Vidím, že mnohí máte so sebou fľašu vody.

Zabudnite na drogy a boj proti nim.

Forget the drugs. Forget the drug war.

Totally legally, all of those bottles of water could be bottles of vodka, right?

Legálne by v tých fľašiach mohla byť vodka, však?

We could all be getting drunk -- I might after this -- (Laughter) --

Všetci by sme sa mohli opiť, ja sa možno aj opijem neskôr, (smiech)

but we're not.

ale neurobíme to.

Now, because you've been able to afford the approximately gazillion pounds

Keďže si môžete dovoliť zaplatiť kopec peňazí

za vstupenku na TED, myslím, že si môžete dovoliť

that it costs to get into a TED Talk, I'm guessing you guys could afford

to be drinking vodka for the next six months.

aj piť vodku počas najbližšieho polroka.

You wouldn't end up homeless.

Neskončíte na ulici.

You're not going to do that, and the reason you're not going to do that

Nie a nie preto,

is not because anyone's stopping you.

že by vás niekto zastavil, ale preto,

It's because you've got bonds and connections

že máte vzťahy a kontakty,

that you want to be present for.

ktoré chcete zachovať.

You've got work you love. You've got people you love.

Máte prácu, ktorú milujete. Osoby, ktoré milujete.

You've got healthy relationships.

Máte zdravé vzťahy

And a core part of addiction,

a základom závislosti,

I came to think, and I believe the evidence suggests,

podľa mňa a podľa dôkazov,

is about not being able to bear to be present in your life.

je naša neschopnosť byť prítomní v našom živote.

Now, this has really significant implications.

Toto má naozaj vážne dôsledky.

The most obvious implications are for the War on Drugs.

Najzjavnejšie sa to prejavuje v boji proti drogám.

In Arizona, I went out with a group of women

V Arizone som si vyšiel so skupinou žien,

who were made to wear t-shirts saying, "I was a drug addict,"

ktoré prinútili nosiť tričká s nápisom „Bola som drogovo závislá“,

and go out on chain gangs and dig graves while members of the public jeer at them,

chodiť spútané reťazami a kopať hroby, kým sa im obecenstvo posmievalo,

and when those women get out of prison, they're going to have criminal records

a keď vyjdú z väzenia, dostane sa to do ich registra trestov,

that mean they'll never work in the legal economy again.

čo znamená, že nikdy nebudú môcť legálne pracovať.

Now, that's a very extreme example, obviously, in the case of the chain gang,

Toto je extrémny príklad, čo sa týka reťazí,

but actually almost everywhere in the world

ale takmer na celom svete

sa nejako takto správame k závislým.

we treat addicts to some degree like that.

Trestáme ich, zahanbujeme, zapisujeme do ich registra trestov.

We punish them. We shame them. We give them criminal records.

Vytvárame prekážky, aby nemohli znovu nadviazať vzťahy.

We put barriers between them reconnecting.

Jeden kanadský doktor, Gabor Maté, veľký človek, mi povedal,

There was a doctor in Canada, Dr. Gabor Maté, an amazing man,

že ak by sme chceli navrhnúť systém zhoršujúci závislosť,

who said to me, if you wanted to design a system that would make addiction worse,

navrhli by sme práve tento.

you would design that system.

Now, there's a place that decided to do the exact opposite,

Na jednom mieste sa rozhodli urobiť presný opak

a išiel som sa pozrieť, ako to funguje.

and I went there to see how it worked.

V roku 2000 malo Portugalsko obrovský podiel drogovo závislých.

In the year 2000, Portugal had one of the worst drug problems in Europe.

1 % obyvateľstva bolo závislých na heroíne, čo je strašne veľa,

One percent of the population was addicted to heroin, which is kind of mind-blowing,

and every year, they tried the American way more and more.

a rok čo rok stále viac uplatňovali americkú metódu.

Ľudí trestali, stigmatizovali a zahanbovali

They punished people and stigmatized them and shamed them more,

and every year, the problem got worse.

a problém sa z roka na rok stupňoval.

And one day, the Prime Minister and the leader of the opposition got together,

Jedného dňa sa stretli premiér a líder opozície a povedali si,

nemôžeme takto ďalej pokračovať,

and basically said, look, we can't go on

máme čoraz viac ľudí závislých na heroíne.

with a country where we're having ever more people becoming heroin addicts.

Zostavme tím vedcov a lekárov,

Let's set up a panel of scientists and doctors

ktorí nájde skutočné riešenie.

to figure out what would genuinely solve the problem.

Zostavili tím pod vedením úžasného človeka, doktora Joãoa Goulãoa,

And they set up a panel led by an amazing man called Dr. João Goulão,

ktorý mali preštudovať nové dôkazy,

to look at all this new evidence,

a po stretnutí vyhlásili:

and they came back and they said,

„Dekriminalizujte všetky drogy, od marihuany po krak, ale“...

"Decriminalize all drugs from cannabis to crack, but" --

and this is the crucial next step --

a teraz príde zásadný krok...

"take all the money we used to spend on cutting addicts off,

„vezmite všetky peniaze, ktoré míňate na izoláciu

a odlúčenie závislých

on disconnecting them,

a investujte ich do zapojenia závislých do spoločnosti.

and spend it instead on reconnecting them with society."

Takú liečbu závislosti na drogách v USA

And that's not really what we think of as drug treatment

a Veľkej Británii nepoznáme.

in the United States and Britain.

So they do do residential rehab,

Využili rehabilitačné zariadenia,

they do psychological therapy, that does have some value.

psychoterapiu, ktorá má istý účinok.

To najdôležitejšie, čo urobili, bol úplný opak toho, čo robíme my:

But the biggest thing they did was the complete opposite of what we do:

hromadný program na tvorbu pracovných miest

a massive program of job creation for addicts,

a minipôžičiek na zakladanie malých firiem pre závislých.

and microloans for addicts to set up small businesses.

So say you used to be a mechanic.

Ak ste boli napr. automechanik, po uzdravení pôjdete do servisu,

When you're ready, they'll go to a garage, and they'll say,

ktorému povedia:

„Keď mu dáte prácu na rok, zaplatíme vám polovicu jeho platu.“

if you employ this guy for a year, we'll pay half his wages.

Cieľom v Portugalsku bolo dať každému závislému

The goal was to make sure that every addict in Portugal

dôvod vstať ráno z postele.

had something to get out of bed for in the morning.

Keď som v Portugalsku spoznal závislých,

And when I went and met the addicts in Portugal,

zverili sa mi, že keď znovunadobudli svoj cieľ,

what they said is, as they rediscovered purpose,

znovuzískali spoločenské kontakty a vzťahy so spoločnosťou.

they rediscovered bonds and relationships with the wider society.

Tento pokus začali pred 15 rokmi

It'll be 15 years this year since that experiment began,

a mám tu výsledky:

and the results are in:

Užívanie drog injekčnou formou v Portugalsku

injecting drug use is down in Portugal,

podľa časopisu British Journal of Criminology

according to the British Journal of Criminology,

by 50 percent, five-zero percent.

kleslo o 50 %.

Medzi závislými klesol počet predávkovaní a výskyt AIDSu.

Overdose is massively down, HIV is massively down among addicts.

V každej štúdii je počet závislých výrazne nižší.

Addiction in every study is significantly down.

One of the ways you know it's worked so well is that almost nobody in Portugal

O efektívnosti tohto opatrenia svedčí to, že v Portugalsku sa skoro nikto

wants to go back to the old system.

nechce vrátiť k starému systému.

Now, that's the political implications.

Má to politické dôsledky.

I actually think there's a layer of implications

Celý tento výskum

má celý rad politických dôsledkov.

to all this research below that.

V našej kultúre sa ľudia cítia čoraz náchylnejší

We live in a culture where people feel really increasingly vulnerable

to all sorts of addictions, whether it's to their smartphones

na rôzne závislosti, od smartfónu

or to shopping or to eating.

po nákupy alebo jedlo.

Pred touto prednáškou vám povedali...

Before these talks began -- you guys know this --

že je tu zakázané mať zapnuté mobily

we were told we weren't allowed to have our smartphones on,

a poviem vám, že mnohí ste sa zatvárili rovnako ako závislí,

and I have to say, a lot of you looked an awful lot like

keď im povedia, že im díler nebude

addicts who were told their dealer was going to be unavailable

pár hodín k dispozícii. (smiech)

for the next couple of hours. (Laughter)

Mnohí sme sa tak pocítili a môže to vyznieť zvláštne,

A lot of us feel like that, and it might sound weird to say,

I've been talking about how disconnection is a major driver of addiction

poviem vám, že izolácia je hlavný motor závislosti

a naberá na sile,

and weird to say it's growing,

lebo spoločnosť ešte nikdy nebola taká prepojená ako v súčasnosti.

because you think we're the most connected society that's ever been, surely.

Stále viac som presvedčený, že kontakty, ktoré máme

But I increasingly began to think that the connections we have

alebo veríme, že máme, sú niečo ako paródia kontaktov naživo.

or think we have, are like a kind of parody of human connection.

If you have a crisis in your life, you'll notice something.

Ak prechádzate životnou krízou, niečo si uvedomíte.

It won't be your Twitter followers who come to sit with you.

Nebudú pri vás stáť fanúšikovia z Twitteru.

It won't be your Facebook friends who help you turn it round.

Nepomôžu vám priatelia z Facebooku,

It'll be your flesh and blood friends who you have deep and nuanced

ale priatelia s mäsa a kostí,

s ktorými máte hlboké usporiadané vzťahy zoči voči.

and textured, face-to-face relationships with,

and there's a study I learned about from Bill McKibben, the environmental writer,

Spisovateľ a aktivista pre životné prostredie Bill McKibben

ma upozornil na štúdiu, v ktorej sa o tom veľa hovorí.

that I think tells us a lot about this.

It looked at the number of close friends the average American believes

Zisťovali v nej počet blízkych priateľov, ktorým môže údajne priemerný

they can call on in a crisis.

Američan zavolať, keď sa ocitne v kríze.

That number has been declining steadily since the 1950s.

Ich počet od roku 1950 postupne klesal.

The amount of floor space an individual has in their home

Rozloha osobného priestoru doma postupne rástla.

has been steadily increasing,

and I think that's like a metaphor

Myslím si, že je to ako metafora

for the choice we've made as a culture.

rozhodnutí, ktoré sme ako komunita spravili.

We've traded floorspace for friends, we've traded stuff for connections,

Vymieňame kamarátov za priestor a vzťahy za veci

and the result is we are one of the loneliest societies there has ever been.

a výsledkom je, že sme jedna z najsamotárskejších spoločností

And Bruce Alexander, the guy who did the Rat Park experiment, says,

v dejinách ľudstva.

Bruce Alexander, ktorý vytvoril potkaní park, hovorí:

we talk all the time in addiction about individual recovery,

„Vždy hovoríme o závislosti ako o vyzdravení u jednotlivca

and it's right to talk about that,

a je to v poriadku,

but we need to talk much more about social recovery.

ale mali by sme viac hovoriť o uzdravení v spoločnosti.

Something's gone wrong with us, not just with individuals but as a group,

Niečo s nami nie je v poriadku, s nami ako jednotlivcami aj ako so skupinou.

and we've created a society where, for a lot of us,

Vytvorili sme spoločnosť, v ktorej sa život

life looks a whole lot more like that isolated cage

mnohých podobá skôr na prázdnu klietku

and a whole lot less like Rat Park.

ako na potkaní park.

If I'm honest, this isn't why I went into it.

Pravdu povediac, nezahĺbil som sa do štúdia závislosti,

I didn't go in to the discover the political stuff, the social stuff.

aby som skúmal politické či sociálne aspekty,

I wanted to know how to help the people I love.

chcel som zistiť, ako pomôcť ľuďom, ktorých mám rád.

And when I came back from this long journey and I'd learned all this,

Keď som sa vrátil z tej dlhej cesty a naučil som sa toto všetko,

I looked at the addicts in my life,

pozrel som sa na závislých v mojom živote

and if you're really candid, it's hard loving an addict,

a, pravdu povediac, je ťažké závislých milovať

and there's going to be lots of people who know in this room.

a mnohí v tejto sále to vedia.

Väčšinu času sú nahnevaní

You are angry a lot of the time,

and I think one of the reasons why this debate is so charged

a táto prednáška je taká kontroverzná aj preto,

is because it runs through the heart of each of us, right?

že preniká do sŕdc všetkých, však?

Všetci majú kúsok z nich, keď si pri pohľade na závislého pomyslia:

Everyone has a bit of them that looks at an addict and thinks,

„Kiežby ťa niekto dokázal zastaviť.“

I wish someone would just stop you.

And the kind of scripts we're told for how to deal with the addicts in our lives

Postupy, ako si poradiť so závislými v našom živote,

môžeme vidieť

is typified by, I think,

v americkej reality show Intervention, možno ste ju videli.

the reality show "Intervention," if you guys have ever seen it.

Celý náš život objasňujú reality show,

I think everything in our lives is defined by reality TV,

ale to je ďalšia prednáška pre TED.

but that's another TED Talk.

Ak ste videli program Intervention,

If you've ever seen the show "Intervention,"

má jednoduchý dej.

it's a pretty simple premise.

Hľadajú závislého a všetky osoby v jeho živote, zhromaždia ich,

Get an addict, all the people in their life, gather them together,

vysvetlia im situáciu a tie mu povedia, keď sa nedáš dokopy,

confront them with what they're doing, and they say, if you don't shape up,

nepočítaj s nami.

we're going to cut you off.

Závislého pripravia o vzťahy,

So what they do is they take the connection to the addict,

vyhrážajú sa mu a nútia ho k správaniu,

and they threaten it, they make it contingent

ktoré si oni želajú.

on the addict behaving the way they want.

And I began to think, I began to see why that approach doesn't work,

Začal som premýšľať a pozorovať, prečo tento postup nefunguje,

and I began to think that's almost like the importing of the logic of the Drug War

a napadlo mi, že je to ako preniesť logiku boja proti drogám

into our private lives.

do nášho súkromného života.

So I was thinking, how could I be Portuguese?

Pomyslel som si, aké by bolo byť Portugalcom?

And what I've tried to do now, and I can't tell you I do it consistently

Pokúsil som sa o to, nemôžem povedať, že by som to robil stále,

and I can't tell you it's easy,

a nemôžem povedať, že by to bolo jednoduché,

is to say to the addicts in my life

ale závislým v mojom živote hovorievam,

that I want to deepen the connection with them,

že chcem prehĺbiť náš vzťah,

to say to them, I love you whether you're using or you're not.

povedať im „Mám ťa rád, či už užívaš drogy alebo nie.

I love you, whatever state you're in,

Mám ťa rád nezávisle od tvojho stavu

and if you need me, I'll come and sit with you

a ak ma budeš potrebovať, prídem a pobudnem s tebou,

because I love you and I don't want you to be alone

lebo ťa mám rád a nechcem, aby si bol sám

or to feel alone.

alebo sa cítil sám.“

And I think the core of that message --

Myslím si, že hlavná správa

you're not alone, we love you --

„nie si sám, máme ťa radi,“

has to be at every level of how we respond to addicts,

by mala byť súčasťou každej interakcie so závislými,

socially, politically and individually.

sociálnej, politickej či osobnej.

For 100 years now, we've been singing war songs about addicts.

100 rokov sme o závislých spievali vojnové piesne.

I think all along we should have been singing love songs to them,

Myslím si, že by sme im všetci mali spievať piesne lásky,

because the opposite of addiction is not sobriety.

lebo opakom závislosti nie je triezvosť.

The opposite of addiction is connection.

Opakom závislosti sú vzťahy.

Thank you.

Ďakujem.

(potlesk)

(Applause)