Everything you think you know about addiction is wrong | Johann Hari | TED

11,974,636 views ใƒป 2015-07-09

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
One of my earliest memories
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœื™
00:14
is of trying to wake up one of my relatives and not being able to.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
00:17
And I was just a little kid, so I didn't really understand why,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจืง ื™ืœื“ ืงื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืœืžื”,
00:20
but as I got older,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื’ืจืชื™,
00:21
I realized we had drug addiction in my family,
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื•ืจื” ืœืกืžื™ื,
00:23
including later cocaine addiction.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืœืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:25
I'd been thinking about it a lot lately, partly because it's now exactly 100 years
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื’ื ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืขืชื” ืžืœืื• 100 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
00:30
since drugs were first banned in the United States and Britain,
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ืžืื– ืกืžื™ื ื ืืกืจื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
00:33
and we then imposed that on the rest of the world.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืืจ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:36
It's a century since we made this really fateful decision
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ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืื” ืžืื– ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื’ื•ืจืœื™ืช ื‘ืืžืช ื–ื•
00:39
to take addicts and punish them and make them suffer,
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ืœืชืคื•ืก ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ,
00:43
because we believed that would deter them; it would give them an incentive to stop.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ืจืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื; ื–ื” ื™ืžืจื™ืฅ ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง.
00:48
And a few years ago, I was looking at some of the addicts in my life who I love,
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืขืœ ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘,
00:53
and trying to figure out if there was some way to help them.
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื.
00:56
And I realized there were loads of incredibly basic questions
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“
00:59
I just didn't know the answer to,
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ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืŸ,
01:01
like, what really causes addiction?
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ื›ืžื•, ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช?
01:04
Why do we carry on with this approach that doesn't seem to be working,
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืขื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืฉืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช,
01:07
and is there a better way out there that we could try instead?
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ื•ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื”?
01:10
So I read loads of stuff about it,
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ืื– ืงืจืืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื•ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื
01:12
and I couldn't really find the answers I was looking for,
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ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™. ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
01:14
so I thought, okay, I'll go and sit with different people around the world
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ืื ื™ ืืœืš ื•ืืฉื‘ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื•ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ื–ื”
01:18
who lived this and studied this
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ื•ืื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื
01:20
and talk to them and see if I could learn from them.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ื.
01:22
And I didn't realize I would end up going over 30,000 miles at the start,
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ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืืขื‘ื•ืจ 48,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื•ืคื’ืฉืชื™
01:26
but I ended up going and meeting loads of different people,
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกื•ื—ืจ ืงืจืืง ื˜ืจื ืกื’'ื ื“ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ,
01:29
from a transgender crack dealer in Brownsville, Brooklyn,
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ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืžื“ืขืŸ ืฉืžื‘ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ
01:31
to a scientist who spends a lot of time feeding hallucinogens to mongooses
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ื‘ื”ืื›ืœืช ื ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื”ื–ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ืŸ ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” -
01:35
to see if they like them --
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ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื›ืŸ,
01:36
it turns out they do, but only in very specific circumstances --
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช -
01:39
to the only country that's ever decriminalized all drugs,
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืกืžื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง,
01:42
from cannabis to crack, Portugal.
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ืžืงื ืื‘ื™ืก ืขื“ ืงืจืืง: ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ.
01:45
And the thing I realized that really blew my mind is,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ืขื™ืฃ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื•ื,
01:47
almost everything we think we know about addiction is wrong,
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ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื’ื•ื™,
01:51
and if we start to absorb the new evidence about addiction,
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช,
01:54
I think we're going to have to change a lot more than our drug policies.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
01:58
But let's start with what we think we know, what I thought I knew.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื™ื“ืขืชื™.
02:01
Let's think about this middle row here.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ืืžืฆืขื™ืช ื–ื• ื›ืืŸ.
02:03
Imagine all of you, for 20 days now, went off and used heroin three times a day.
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ื›ื•ืœื›ื, ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš 20 ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ืœื›ืชื ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื ื‘ื”ืจื•ืื™ืŸ 3 ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื.
02:07
Some of you look a little more enthusiastic than others at this prospect.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ื ืจืื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืœื”ื‘ ืžื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื•.
02:10
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:11
Don't worry, it's just a thought experiment.
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ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ื•, ื–ื” ืจืง ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™.
02:14
Imagine you did that, right?
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื ืืช ื–ื”,ื˜ื•ื‘?
02:16
What would happen?
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ืžื” ื™ืงืจื”?
02:17
Now, we have a story about what would happen that we've been told for a century.
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ื›ืขืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืงืจื” ืฉืกื™ืคืจื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื
02:21
We think, because there are chemical hooks in heroin,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืฉืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื•ืื™ืŸ,
02:23
as you took it for a while,
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ื›ืฉื ื˜ืœืชื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”
02:25
your body would become dependent on those hooks,
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ื’ื•ืคื›ื ื™ืคืชื— ืชืœื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืืœื”,
02:28
you'd start to physically need them,
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ืืชื ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื–ื“ืงืง ืœื”ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืช,
02:29
and at the end of those 20 days, you'd all be heroin addicts. Right?
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื ืฉืœ 20 ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื, ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืชื”ื™ื• ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ืื™ืŸ. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:33
That's what I thought.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™.
02:34
First thing that alerted me to the fact that something's not right with this story
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื–ืขื™ืง ืื•ืชื™ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
02:38
is when it was explained to me.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืกื‘ืจ ืœื™.
02:40
If I step out of this TED Talk today and I get hit by a car and I break my hip,
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ืื ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืฉื™ื—ืช TED , ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžื›ื” ืžืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ืขืฆื ื”ื™ืจืš ืฉืœื™,
02:43
I'll be taken to hospital and I'll be given loads of diamorphine.
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ืื ื™ ืืœืงื— ืœื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืชืŸ ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืืžื•ืจืคื™ืŸ.
02:47
Diamorphine is heroin.
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ื“ื™ืืžื•ืจืคื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื•ืื™ืŸ.
02:48
It's actually much better heroin than you're going to buy on the streets,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืจื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
02:52
because the stuff you buy from a drug dealer is contaminated.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื—ืจ ืกืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื•ื”ื. ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื•ืื™ืŸ,
02:55
Actually, very little of it is heroin,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืจื•ืคื
02:57
whereas the stuff you get from the doctor is medically pure.
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช. ื•ื™ืชื ื• ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื–ืžืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช.
02:59
And you'll be given it for quite a long period of time.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืœื, ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ืœื“ืขืช ื–ืืช,
03:02
There are loads of people in this room,
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ืฉืืชื ืœืงื—ืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื•ืื™ืŸ.
03:04
you may not realize it, you've taken quite a lot of heroin.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”.
03:07
And anyone who is watching this anywhere in the world, this is happening.
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ื•ืื ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ -
03:10
And if what we believe about addiction is right --
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” --
03:13
those people are exposed to all those chemical hooks --
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ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช?
03:15
What should happen? They should become addicts.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื. ื–ื” ื ืœืžื“ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘.
03:18
This has been studied really carefully.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืงื•ืจื”; ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘
03:20
It doesn't happen; you will have noticed if your grandmother had a hip replacement,
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03:23
she didn't come out as a junkie. (Laughter)
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03:26
And when I learned this, it seemed so weird to me,
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ื–ืจ, ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœื™, ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื™ื“ืขืชื™,
03:29
so contrary to everything I'd been told, everything I thought I knew,
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03:33
I just thought it couldn't be right, until I met a man called Bruce Alexander.
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ื‘ืจื•ืก ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืจ, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฆืข
03:36
He's a professor of psychology in Vancouver
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
03:39
who carried out an incredible experiment
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ืคืจื•ืค' ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื™,
03:41
I think really helps us to understand this issue.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ,
03:43
Professor Alexander explained to me,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
03:45
the idea of addiction we've all got in our heads, that story,
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ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืžืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื” -20.
03:48
comes partly from a series of experiments
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ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
03:50
that were done earlier in the 20th century.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืชื ื”ืขืจื‘ ื›ืฉืชืฉื•ื‘ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช,
03:52
They're really simple.
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03:54
You can do them tonight at home if you feel a little sadistic.
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ืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื—ื•ืœื“ื” ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœื•ื‘ ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”
03:57
You get a rat and you put it in a cage, and you give it two water bottles:
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2 ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ืžื™ื: ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืจืง ืžื™ื ื•ืœืฉื ื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ื ื”ืจื•ืื™ืŸ ืื• ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ.
04:00
One is just water, and the other is water laced with either heroin or cocaine.
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ืื ืชืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ืชืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืขื ื”ืกืžื™ื
04:04
If you do that, the rat will almost always prefer the drug water
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ืชืžื™ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“.
04:07
and almost always kill itself quite quickly.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืœื›ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
04:09
So there you go, right? That's how we think it works.
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ื›ื›ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
04:12
In the '70s, Professor Alexander comes along and he looks at this experiment
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -70, ืคืจื•ืค 'ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ื•ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื–ื”
04:15
and he noticed something.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืœื‘ ืœืžืฉื”ื•.
04:17
He said ah, we're putting the rat in an empty cage.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื” ืœื›ืœื•ื‘ ืจื™ืง.
04:19
It's got nothing to do except use these drugs.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœื‘ื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:21
Let's try something different.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืกื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื”.
04:23
So Professor Alexander built a cage that he called "Rat Park,"
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ืื– ืคืจื•ืค 'ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื‘ื ื” ื›ืœื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื ื” "ืคืืจืง ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื”,"
04:26
which is basically heaven for rats.
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช.
04:28
They've got loads of cheese, they've got loads of colored balls,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ื ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื,
04:31
they've got loads of tunnels.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช.
04:33
Crucially, they've got loads of friends. They can have loads of sex.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื. ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืกืงืก.
04:36
And they've got both the water bottles, the normal water and the drugged water.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื™ื, ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืžืžื™ื.
04:41
But here's the fascinating thing:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืจืชืง:
04:44
In Rat Park, they don't like the drug water.
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ื‘ืคืืจืง ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืžืžื™ื.
04:47
They almost never use it.
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ื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืฉื•ืชื™ื ืžื”ื.
04:49
None of them ever use it compulsively.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืื™ ืคืขื ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืคื™ื™ืชื™.
04:51
None of them ever overdose.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืื™ ืคืขื ืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ.
04:53
You go from almost 100 percent overdose when they're isolated
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ืืชื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžื›ืžืขื˜ 100 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
04:56
to zero percent overdose when they have happy and connected lives.
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ืœืืคืก ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:59
Now, when he first saw this, Professor Alexander thought,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืคืจื•ืค' ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื—ืฉื‘,
05:03
maybe this is just a thing about rats, they're quite different to us.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช, ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
05:06
Maybe not as different as we'd like, but, you know --
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื, ืื‘ืœ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื -
05:09
But fortunately, there was a human experiment
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื ื•ืฉื™
05:11
into the exact same principle happening at the exact same time.
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ืœืื•ืชื• ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืงื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
05:14
It was called the Vietnam War.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื.
05:16
In Vietnam, 20 percent of all American troops were using loads of heroin,
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ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื, 20 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืื™ืŸ,
05:20
and if you look at the news reports from the time,
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ื•ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
05:23
they were really worried, because they thought, my God, we're going to have
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ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•, ืืœื•ื”ื™ื , ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื•
05:27
hundreds of thousands of junkies on the streets of the United States
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ืžืื” ืืœืคื™ ื ืจืงื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
05:30
when the war ends; it made total sense.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื”; ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
05:32
Now, those soldiers who were using loads of heroin were followed home.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืืœื” ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืขืงื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
05:35
The Archives of General Psychiatry did a really detailed study,
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ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืขืฉื• ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืžืฉ ืžืคื•ืจื˜,
05:38
and what happened to them?
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ื•ืžื” ืงืจื” ืœื”ื?
ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื’ืžื™ืœื”, ื”ื ืœื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœื ืกื™ื’ื”.
05:40
It turns out they didn't go to rehab. They didn't go into withdrawal.
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05:44
Ninety-five percent of them just stopped.
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95% ืžื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืคืกื™ืงื•.
05:47
Now, if you believe the story about chemical hooks,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
05:49
that makes absolutely no sense, but Professor Alexander began to think
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื—ืกืจ ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
05:53
there might be a different story about addiction.
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ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช.
05:55
He said, what if addiction isn't about your chemical hooks?
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ืžื” ืื ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื?
05:58
What if addiction is about your cage?
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ืžื” ืื ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื›ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœื›ื?
06:01
What if addiction is an adaptation to your environment?
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ืžื” ืื ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื?
06:04
Looking at this,
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ื›ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
06:05
there was another professor called Peter Cohen in the Netherlands
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ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื›ื”ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“
ืฉืืžืจ, ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช.
06:08
who said, maybe we shouldn't even call it addiction.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช.
06:11
Maybe we should call it bonding.
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06:12
Human beings have a natural and innate need to bond,
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ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžื•ืœื“ ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ,
06:15
and when we're happy and healthy, we'll bond and connect with each other,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื, ื ืชื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื ืชืงืฉืจ ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™,
06:19
but if you can't do that,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
06:22
because you're traumatized or isolated or beaten down by life,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื ื‘ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืื• ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื• ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
06:25
you will bond with something that will give you some sense of relief.
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ืชืชืงืฉืจื• ืขื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืื™ื–ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืœื”.
06:29
Now, that might be gambling, that might be pornography,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื, ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืจื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”,
06:31
that might be cocaine, that might be cannabis,
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ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื ื‘ื™ืก,
06:33
but you will bond and connect with something because that's our nature.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืชื—ื‘ืจื• ื•ืชืชืงืฉืจื• ืขื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœื ื•.
06:37
That's what we want as human beings.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
06:40
And at first, I found this quite a difficult thing to get my head around,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ืชืงืฉื™ืชื™ ืœืžื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
06:43
but one way that helped me to think about it is,
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืฉืขื–ืจื” ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื,
06:46
I can see, I've got over by my seat a bottle of water, right?
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืžื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:49
I'm looking at lots of you, and lots of you have bottles of water with you.
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ืื ื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื, ื•ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืชื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ืžื™ื.
06:53
Forget the drugs. Forget the drug war.
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ืฉื™ื›ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืกืžื™ื, ืฉื™ื›ื—ื• ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืกืžื™ื.
06:55
Totally legally, all of those bottles of water could be bottles of vodka, right?
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ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื›ืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ื•ื•ื“ืงื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:59
We could all be getting drunk -- I might after this -- (Laughter) --
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชื›ืจ -- ืื ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”
07:03
but we're not.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื.
07:04
Now, because you've been able to afford the approximately gazillion pounds
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชืง
07:08
that it costs to get into a TED Talk, I'm guessing you guys could afford
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ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื™ื—ืช TED, ืื ื™ ืžืฉืขืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื›ื
07:11
to be drinking vodka for the next six months.
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ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ื•ื“ืงื” ื‘ืฉืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
07:13
You wouldn't end up homeless.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื—ืกืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช.
07:15
You're not going to do that, and the reason you're not going to do that
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ืืชื ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืืชื ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
07:19
is not because anyone's stopping you.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขื“ื›ื.
07:21
It's because you've got bonds and connections
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช
07:23
that you want to be present for.
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ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื.
07:25
You've got work you love. You've got people you love.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื.
07:27
You've got healthy relationships.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
07:29
And a core part of addiction,
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ื•ื—ืœืง ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช,
07:32
I came to think, and I believe the evidence suggests,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ืžืจืื•ืช,
07:34
is about not being able to bear to be present in your life.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
07:38
Now, this has really significant implications.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
07:41
The most obvious implications are for the War on Drugs.
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ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืกืžื™ื.
07:44
In Arizona, I went out with a group of women
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ื‘ืืจื™ื–ื•ื ื”, ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื
07:47
who were made to wear t-shirts saying, "I was a drug addict,"
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ืฉืื•ืœืฆื• ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ื˜ื™ ืขื ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘: "ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื›ื•ืจื” ืœืกืžื™ื,"
07:51
and go out on chain gangs and dig graves while members of the public jeer at them,
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ื•ืœืฆืืช ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื›ืคื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืฉืœืฉืœืื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืงื”ืœ ืœื•ืขื’ื™ื ืœื”ื,
07:56
and when those women get out of prison, they're going to have criminal records
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ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื”ื›ืœื, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืŸ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืคืœื™ืœื™
08:00
that mean they'll never work in the legal economy again.
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ื—ื•ืงื™.
08:02
Now, that's a very extreme example, obviously, in the case of the chain gang,
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ื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืœืฉืœืื•ืช
08:06
but actually almost everywhere in the world
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ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื ื•, ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืš
08:08
we treat addicts to some degree like that.
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ื‘ืจืžื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช. ืื ื• ืžืขื ื™ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืžื‘ื™ื™ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื
08:10
We punish them. We shame them. We give them criminal records.
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08:13
We put barriers between them reconnecting.
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ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
ื•ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืคื ื‘ืงื ื“ื”, ื“"ืจ ื’ืื‘ื•ืจ ืžืื˜ื”, ืื“ื ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ืฉืืžืจ ืœื™,
08:16
There was a doctor in Canada, Dr. Gabor Matรฉ, an amazing man,
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08:19
who said to me, if you wanted to design a system that would make addiction worse,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ื”ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืฆื‘ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื›ื–ื•.
08:23
you would design that system.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื”ืคืš,
08:24
Now, there's a place that decided to do the exact opposite,
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08:27
and I went there to see how it worked.
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ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืฉื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“
ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000, ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ืกื‘ืœื” ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืกืžื™ื ืžื”ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
08:29
In the year 2000, Portugal had one of the worst drug problems in Europe.
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08:33
One percent of the population was addicted to heroin, which is kind of mind-blowing,
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ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื•ืื™ืŸ, ืฉื–ื” ืžื–ืขื–ืข, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
08:36
and every year, they tried the American way more and more.
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ื”ื ื ื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:39
They punished people and stigmatized them and shamed them more,
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ื”ื ื”ืขื ื™ืฉื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื• ืœื”ื ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื” ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื• ืื•ืชื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:42
and every year, the problem got worse.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื”. ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“,
08:44
And one day, the Prime Minister and the leader of the opposition got together,
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ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”, ื ืคื’ืฉื•, ื•ืืžืจื•,
ืชืจืื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืš
08:48
and basically said, look, we can't go on
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ืขื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชืžื›ืจื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ืื™ืŸ.
08:50
with a country where we're having ever more people becoming heroin addicts.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ืงื™ื ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืคืื™ื
08:53
Let's set up a panel of scientists and doctors
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
08:56
to figure out what would genuinely solve the problem.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืื™ืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ื
08:58
And they set up a panel led by an amazing man called Dr. Joรฃo Goulรฃo,
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09:01
to look at all this new evidence,
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ื•ื”ื ื—ื–ืจื•
09:03
and they came back and they said,
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ื•ืืžืจื•,
09:05
"Decriminalize all drugs from cannabis to crack, but" --
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"ืชื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกืžื™ื ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืžืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืœืงืจืืง. ืื‘ืœ"-
09:09
and this is the crucial next step --
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ื -
09:11
"take all the money we used to spend on cutting addicts off,
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ืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื ื”ื’ื ื• ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืœื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื
09:15
on disconnecting them,
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ืขืœ ื ื™ืชื•ืงื,
09:16
and spend it instead on reconnecting them with society."
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ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœื—ื‘ืจื”."
09:20
And that's not really what we think of as drug treatment
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกืžื™ื
09:25
in the United States and Britain.
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
09:26
So they do do residential rehab,
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ืื– ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื’ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช,
09:28
they do psychological therapy, that does have some value.
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ื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
09:31
But the biggest thing they did was the complete opposite of what we do:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ืคืš ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื:
09:34
a massive program of job creation for addicts,
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ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจื™ื,
09:37
and microloans for addicts to set up small businesses.
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ื•ืžืชืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืœืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
09:39
So say you used to be a mechanic.
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ืื– ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื ืื™.
09:41
When you're ready, they'll go to a garage, and they'll say,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื™ืคื ื• ืœืžื•ืกืš ื•ื™ืืžืจื•, ืื ืชืขืกื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื”,
09:44
if you employ this guy for a year, we'll pay half his wages.
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09:47
The goal was to make sure that every addict in Portugal
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืœื›ืœ ืžื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื” ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืžื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
09:50
had something to get out of bed for in the morning.
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื•ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ,
09:52
And when I went and met the addicts in Portugal,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืืžืจื• ื–ื”,ืฉื›ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื”,
09:55
what they said is, as they rediscovered purpose,
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื
09:57
they rediscovered bonds and relationships with the wider society.
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ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ืžืœืื• 15 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™,
10:01
It'll be 15 years this year since that experiment began,
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10:03
and the results are in:
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื™ืฉื ืŸ:
10:05
injecting drug use is down in Portugal,
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื–ืจืงื” ื™ืจื“ ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ,
10:07
according to the British Journal of Criminology,
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ืœืคื™ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœืงืจื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
10:09
by 50 percent, five-zero percent.
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ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ื—ืžืฉ ืืคืก ืื—ื•ื–.
10:12
Overdose is massively down, HIV is massively down among addicts.
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ืžื ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™, ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก ื™ืจื“ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื.
10:16
Addiction in every study is significantly down.
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ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ืจื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
10:18
One of the ways you know it's worked so well is that almost nobody in Portugal
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ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื–ื” ืขื‘ื“ ื›ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ
10:22
wants to go back to the old system.
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ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื”.
10:24
Now, that's the political implications.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืœื” ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
10:26
I actually think there's a layer of implications
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืจื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช
ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”.
10:29
to all this research below that.
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10:30
We live in a culture where people feel really increasingly vulnerable
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื
10:33
to all sorts of addictions, whether it's to their smartphones
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืœืกื˜ืžืจืคื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
10:36
or to shopping or to eating.
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ืื• ืœืงื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืœืื›ื™ืœื”.
10:38
Before these talks began -- you guys know this --
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• -- ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช --
10:40
we were told we weren't allowed to have our smartphones on,
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ื ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืžืจื˜ืคื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
10:43
and I have to say, a lot of you looked an awful lot like
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื ืจืื• ืžืื“ ื“ื•ืžื™ื
ืœืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื™ืœืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ืŸ
10:46
addicts who were told their dealer was going to be unavailable
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:49
for the next couple of hours. (Laughter)
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ืš, ื•ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืžื•ื–ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ,
10:51
A lot of us feel like that, and it might sound weird to say,
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10:53
I've been talking about how disconnection is a major driver of addiction
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืžื ื™ืข ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช
10:57
and weird to say it's growing,
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ื•ืžื•ื–ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ื’ื“ืœ,
10:58
because you think we're the most connected society that's ever been, surely.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื‘ื˜ื— ื”ื›ื™ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืื™ ืคืขื,
ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
11:02
But I increasingly began to think that the connections we have
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11:05
or think we have, are like a kind of parody of human connection.
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ืื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•, ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™.
11:08
If you have a crisis in your life, you'll notice something.
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ืชื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•.
11:11
It won't be your Twitter followers who come to sit with you.
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ืืœื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืฉื‘ืช ืื™ืชื›ื
11:14
It won't be your Facebook friends who help you turn it round.
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ืืœื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื›ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“.
11:17
It'll be your flesh and blood friends who you have deep and nuanced
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ืืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื›ื ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื ืฉืื™ืชื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžืืจื’ ืขืžื•ืง ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ
11:20
and textured, face-to-face relationships with,
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ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื,
11:22
and there's a study I learned about from Bill McKibben, the environmental writer,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ืœ ืžืงืงื™ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™,
11:27
that I think tells us a lot about this.
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ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš.
11:29
It looked at the number of close friends the average American believes
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžืืžื™ืŸ
11:32
they can call on in a crisis.
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื”ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ.
11:34
That number has been declining steadily since the 1950s.
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ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืžืื– 1950.
11:37
The amount of floor space an individual has in their home
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ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืจืฆืคื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื”ื
11:40
has been steadily increasing,
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ืขืœื” ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื”,
11:42
and I think that's like a metaphor
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื”
11:44
for the choice we've made as a culture.
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ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื›ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
11:46
We've traded floorspace for friends, we've traded stuff for connections,
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ื”ื—ืœืคื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืจืฆืคื”, ื”ื—ืœืคื ื• ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
11:51
and the result is we are one of the loneliest societies there has ever been.
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื—ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื™ ืคืขื.
11:54
And Bruce Alexander, the guy who did the Rat Park experiment, says,
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ืก ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ, ื”ืื“ื ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืคืืจืง ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช, ืื•ืžืจ,
11:58
we talk all the time in addiction about individual recovery,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“,
12:01
and it's right to talk about that,
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
12:03
but we need to talk much more about social recovery.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
12:06
Something's gone wrong with us, not just with individuals but as a group,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ ืืฆืœื ื•, ืœื ืจืง ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”,
12:09
and we've created a society where, for a lot of us,
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื‘ื”, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•
12:12
life looks a whole lot more like that isolated cage
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื›ืœื•ื‘ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“
12:14
and a whole lot less like Rat Park.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืคืืจืง ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช.
12:16
If I'm honest, this isn't why I went into it.
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ืื ืื”ื™ื” ื›ื ื”, ื–ื• ืœื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœื–ื”.
12:19
I didn't go in to the discover the political stuff, the social stuff.
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ืœื ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื,
12:23
I wanted to know how to help the people I love.
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘.
12:25
And when I came back from this long journey and I'd learned all this,
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ื•ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืžืžืกืข ืืจื•ืš ื–ื” ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื›ืœ ื–ืืช,
12:28
I looked at the addicts in my life,
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ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™,
12:31
and if you're really candid, it's hard loving an addict,
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ื•ืื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ื›ื ื™ื, ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืื“ื ืžื›ื•ืจ,
12:36
and there's going to be lots of people who know in this room.
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ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืœื ื–ื”.
12:39
You are angry a lot of the time,
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ืืชื ื›ื•ืขืกื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ,
12:41
and I think one of the reasons why this debate is so charged
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ืขื•ืŸ
12:45
is because it runs through the heart of each of us, right?
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
12:48
Everyone has a bit of them that looks at an addict and thinks,
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืืœื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ืจ ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
12:51
I wish someone would just stop you.
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ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขื“ืš.
12:52
And the kind of scripts we're told for how to deal with the addicts in our lives
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ื•ืกื•ื’ ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
12:56
is typified by, I think,
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ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
12:57
the reality show "Intervention," if you guys have ever seen it.
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ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ื˜ื™ "ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช" ืื ืืชื ืื™ ืคืขื ืจืื™ืชื ืื•ืชื”.
13:00
I think everything in our lives is defined by reality TV,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืจื™ืืœื™ื˜ื™ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืฉื™ื—ืช TED ืื—ืจืช.
13:03
but that's another TED Talk.
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13:04
If you've ever seen the show "Intervention,"
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ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช "ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช"
ื–ื• ื”ื ื—ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžืžืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
13:07
it's a pretty simple premise.
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ืงื—ื• ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ืื™ืกืคื• ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“,
13:08
Get an addict, all the people in their life, gather them together,
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ืขืžืชื• ืื•ืชื ืขื ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืื ืœื ืชืฉืชืคืจื•,
13:11
confront them with what they're doing, and they say, if you don't shape up,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื™ืืœืฅ ืœืกืœืง ืืชื›ื.
13:15
we're going to cut you off.
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืื“ื ื”ืžื›ื•ืจ
13:16
So what they do is they take the connection to the addict,
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ื•ื”ื ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื•, ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื•ืชื ื”
13:19
and they threaten it, they make it contingent
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ืจ ื™ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
13:21
on the addict behaving the way they want.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช,
13:24
And I began to think, I began to see why that approach doesn't work,
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13:27
and I began to think that's almost like the importing of the logic of the Drug War
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืœื™ื™ื‘ื ืืช ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืกืžื™ื
13:32
into our private lives.
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ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
13:34
So I was thinking, how could I be Portuguese?
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™?
13:37
And what I've tried to do now, and I can't tell you I do it consistently
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื‘ื™
13:41
and I can't tell you it's easy,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืงืœ,
13:43
is to say to the addicts in my life
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ื–ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™
13:45
that I want to deepen the connection with them,
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ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืชื,
13:48
to say to them, I love you whether you're using or you're not.
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ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื, ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืชื›ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืœื.
13:51
I love you, whatever state you're in,
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื›ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืชื”ื™ื•,
13:54
and if you need me, I'll come and sit with you
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ื•ืื ืชื–ื“ืงืงื• ืœื™, ืื‘ื•ื ื•ืืฉื‘ ืื™ืชื›ื
13:57
because I love you and I don't want you to be alone
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืชื›ื ื•ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื• ืœื‘ื“
13:59
or to feel alone.
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ืื• ืชืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืœื‘ื“.
14:01
And I think the core of that message --
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื–ื” --
14:03
you're not alone, we love you --
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ืืชื ืœื ืœื‘ื“, ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื›ื --
14:06
has to be at every level of how we respond to addicts,
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจื™ื,
14:09
socially, politically and individually.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
14:12
For 100 years now, we've been singing war songs about addicts.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 100 ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืื ื• ืฉืจื™ื ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื.
14:16
I think all along we should have been singing love songs to them,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจ ืœื”ื ืฉื™ืจื™ ืื”ื‘ื”,
14:20
because the opposite of addiction is not sobriety.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืคืš ืžื”ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืคื™ื›ื—ื•ืช.
14:24
The opposite of addiction is connection.
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ื”ื”ืคืš ืžื”ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
14:28
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”
14:30
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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