Everything you think you know about addiction is wrong | Johann Hari | TED

譯者: Yan-Ru Huang 審譯者: Coco Shen

One of my earliest memories

在我小時候的一個記憶

is of trying to wake up one of my relatives and not being able to.

有次我想叫醒我的親人卻叫不醒

And I was just a little kid, so I didn't really understand why,

那時我只是個小孩不懂事

but as I got older,

但當我長大了

I realized we had drug addiction in my family,

我發現我的家族吸毒成癮

including later cocaine addiction.

包括之後古柯鹼成癮

I'd been thinking about it a lot lately, partly because it's now exactly 100 years

於是我開始認真思考， 其中的一個理由是

百年前美英兩國帶頭禁止毒品使用

since drugs were first banned in the United States and Britain,

and we then imposed that on the rest of the world.

而且我們也在世界各地強制提倡反毒

我們已經反毒整整一個世紀了

It's a century since we made this really fateful decision

to take addicts and punish them and make them suffer,

不斷逼迫癮君子戒毒並施以峻罰

because we believed that would deter them; it would give them an incentive to stop.

因為我們相信這些手段可以阻止他們 並且刺激他們戒毒

And a few years ago, I was looking at some of the addicts in my life who I love,

幾年前 我看著那些沾染上毒品的家人朋友

and trying to figure out if there was some way to help them.

不斷思索著如何幫助他們

And I realized there were loads of incredibly basic questions

最後我發現有一堆難以置信的簡單問題

I just didn't know the answer to,

是我根本無法解答的

like, what really causes addiction?

例如, 是什麼使我們成癮

Why do we carry on with this approach that doesn't seem to be working,

為何要繼續這種無效的反毒手段呢?

and is there a better way out there that we could try instead?

是否有更好的解套方式呢?

So I read loads of stuff about it,

為此我研究了大量的資料

仍然找不出我要的答案

and I couldn't really find the answers I was looking for,

所以我想說 好吧, 我親自去走訪世界各地的人

so I thought, okay, I'll go and sit with different people around the world

染過毒品的人或研究專家

who lived this and studied this

與他們交談並嘗試得到答案

and talk to them and see if I could learn from them.

And I didn't realize I would end up going over 30,000 miles at the start,

誰也沒想到一走就四萬八千公里以上

面訪無數個不同的人

but I ended up going and meeting loads of different people,

從來自布魯克林的布朗斯維爾區 販毒的跨性別者

from a transgender crack dealer in Brownsville, Brooklyn,

至餵食貓鼬吃幻覺劑的科學家

to a scientist who spends a lot of time feeding hallucinogens to mongooses

研究牠們是否喜歡

to see if they like them --

it turns out they do, but only in very specific circumstances --

結果貓鼬真的喜歡 但只限於某種情況下

to the only country that's ever decriminalized all drugs,

一直走訪到唯一把毒品合法化的國家

from cannabis to crack, Portugal.

從大麻至古柯鹼都合法的國家 葡萄牙

And the thing I realized that really blew my mind is,

最讓我驚訝的一件事是

almost everything we think we know about addiction is wrong,

我們對成癮的認知幾乎不對

and if we start to absorb the new evidence about addiction,

若我們開始吸收與成癮相關的新知

I think we're going to have to change a lot more than our drug policies.

我們要改變的事 恐怕比現有的毒品政策還多

But let's start with what we think we know, what I thought I knew.

但我們從我們所知道的開始吧

Let's think about this middle row here.

想像一下中間這排的觀眾

Imagine all of you, for 20 days now, went off and used heroin three times a day.

想像從今天開始的二十天 你們每天使用海洛因三次

Some of you look a little more enthusiastic than others at this prospect.

有些人看起來很興奮喔!

(Laughter)

(觀眾笑聲)

Don't worry, it's just a thought experiment.

別擔心 這只不過是個假想的實驗

Imagine you did that, right?

假想你們已經做了

會發生什麼事呢?

What would happen?

Now, we have a story about what would happen that we've been told for a century.

我們都知道事情的發展 畢竟我們都學了一世紀了

我們都知道 因為海洛因裡化學物質的勾引

We think, because there are chemical hooks in heroin,

as you took it for a while,

當你使用了一段時間

your body would become dependent on those hooks,

你的身體便開始依賴這些化學物質的勾引

所以你自然就會需要它

you'd start to physically need them,

and at the end of those 20 days, you'd all be heroin addicts. Right?

二十天後你們都染上海洛因了吧

That's what I thought.

我那時候也是這樣想的

First thing that alerted me to the fact that something's not right with this story

我開始發現事情不太對勁

is when it was explained to me.

讓我這麼解釋好了

If I step out of this TED Talk today and I get hit by a car and I break my hip,

如果我今天走出TED演講會場 不幸遭遇車禍並斷了腿

我即被送往醫院 並且注射大量的二乙酰嗎啡

I'll be taken to hospital and I'll be given loads of diamorphine.

Diamorphine is heroin.

二乙酰嗎啡就是海洛因

It's actually much better heroin than you're going to buy on the streets,

其純度比街上賣的海洛因更純

因為毒販賣的貨是被汙染的

because the stuff you buy from a drug dealer is contaminated.

事實上, 其海洛因的成份微乎其微

Actually, very little of it is heroin,

因此醫生提供的藥品是純度最高的

whereas the stuff you get from the doctor is medically pure.

而且你會長期接受這種藥物治療

And you'll be given it for quite a long period of time.

現場有非常多的人

你們也許都沒發現 你們已經用過大量的海洛因了

There are loads of people in this room,

you may not realize it, you've taken quite a lot of heroin.

而你們正在聽這場演講的同時 這件事也正在發生

And anyone who is watching this anywhere in the world, this is happening.

假設我們對成癮的認知是對的

And if what we believe about addiction is right --

那些人也暴露在化學物質的勾引下吧

those people are exposed to all those chemical hooks --

結果會如何呢? 他們應該也會變成癮君子

What should happen? They should become addicts.

我們仔細的研究過這個問題

This has been studied really carefully.

結果是否定的 若您的祖母做了髖關節置換手術

It doesn't happen; you will have noticed if your grandmother had a hip replacement,

她不會出院後就成了癮君子吧

she didn't come out as a junkie. (Laughter)

我了解之後 一切似乎很怪異

And when I learned this, it seemed so weird to me,

所有我所學的跟我所以為的 其實都相反

so contrary to everything I'd been told, everything I thought I knew,

這整件事都怪怪的 直到我見到布魯斯‧亞歷山大

I just thought it couldn't be right, until I met a man called Bruce Alexander.

他是溫哥華的心理學教授

He's a professor of psychology in Vancouver

他做過一次不可思議的實驗

我真的認為這實驗幫助我了解此議題

who carried out an incredible experiment

亞歷山大教授跟我解釋說

I think really helps us to understand this issue.

Professor Alexander explained to me,

我們腦子裡所想的成癮這件事

the idea of addiction we've all got in our heads, that story,

有部分原因來自於一系列的實驗結果

comes partly from a series of experiments

於二十世紀早期所完成的實驗

that were done earlier in the 20th century.

都是很簡單的實驗

如果你有點虐待傾向 今晚你可以在家實驗

They're really simple.

You can do them tonight at home if you feel a little sadistic.

你把一隻老鼠放進籠子裡 並放置兩瓶水在裡面

You get a rat and you put it in a cage, and you give it two water bottles:

一瓶是純水 另一瓶水添加少許的海洛因或古柯鹼

One is just water, and the other is water laced with either heroin or cocaine.

你會發現 老鼠總是喜歡有毒的水

If you do that, the rat will almost always prefer the drug water

總是死得特別快

and almost always kill itself quite quickly.

你看吧 這就是我們知道的結果

So there you go, right? That's how we think it works.

在1970年代 亞歷山大教授在過程中觀察此實驗

In the '70s, Professor Alexander comes along and he looks at this experiment

and he noticed something.

然後他發現一個狀況

他說我們把老鼠放在空籠子裡

He said ah, we're putting the rat in an empty cage.

It's got nothing to do except use these drugs.

牠們無所事事當然只能吸毒

Let's try something different.

我們嘗試不同的方法吧

So Professor Alexander built a cage that he called "Rat Park,"

所以亞歷山大教授製作一個籠子 叫做"老鼠樂園"

which is basically heaven for rats.

基本上是老鼠玩樂的天堂

They've got loads of cheese, they've got loads of colored balls,

牠們有大量的起司吃 也有很多顏色的鼠球可玩

they've got loads of tunnels.

還有無數條小隧道

Crucially, they've got loads of friends. They can have loads of sex.

最重要的是牠們有很多朋友 可以一直交配

And they've got both the water bottles, the normal water and the drugged water.

然而我們同樣提供牠們自來水和毒水

But here's the fascinating thing:

令人訝異的是

In Rat Park, they don't like the drug water.

在老鼠樂園中 牠們不喜歡喝毒水

They almost never use it.

幾乎從不使用

None of them ever use it compulsively.

沒有一隻因為忍不住而飲用

None of them ever overdose.

沒有一隻服藥過量

You go from almost 100 percent overdose when they're isolated

這數字從它們遭隔離 而百分百引用毒水

to zero percent overdose when they have happy and connected lives.

到它們擁有快樂和生命的聯繫後 掉到零用量

Now, when he first saw this, Professor Alexander thought,

第一次看到這個情況 亞歷山大教授認為

maybe this is just a thing about rats, they're quite different to us.

也許這只是有關老鼠的事 它們與我們不同

Maybe not as different as we'd like, but, you know --

也許牠們不同於我們所愛來的多元 但你知道的

慶幸的是, 這有做過人體實驗

But fortunately, there was a human experiment

into the exact same principle happening at the exact same time.

發生在同個原則同個時間

It was called the Vietnam War.

那就是越戰

In Vietnam, 20 percent of all American troops were using loads of heroin,

在越南 有百分之二十的美軍使用大量的海洛因

and if you look at the news reports from the time,

若你看那時候的新聞會發現

they were really worried, because they thought, my God, we're going to have

大家都擔心得要命

因為我們可能會有成千上萬的吸毒犯 在美國的街上遊蕩

hundreds of thousands of junkies on the streets of the United States

當戰爭結束後證明了實驗的結果

when the war ends; it made total sense.

那些使用大量海洛因的軍人回鄉後

Now, those soldiers who were using loads of heroin were followed home.

The Archives of General Psychiatry did a really detailed study,

普通精神病學文獻做了詳細的調查

他們最後怎麼了呢?

and what happened to them?

最後他們竟然沒有去戒毒所 他們也沒有染上毒癮

It turns out they didn't go to rehab. They didn't go into withdrawal.

Ninety-five percent of them just stopped.

百分之九十五的人直接停止使用

Now, if you believe the story about chemical hooks,

現在您若相信有關化學掛勾的事

that makes absolutely no sense, but Professor Alexander began to think

您會覺得那根本是無稽之談 但亞歷山大教授便開始去想

there might be a different story about addiction.

或許成癮有另外的解讀

He said, what if addiction isn't about your chemical hooks?

他提到 如果成癮跟化學掛勾也許無關呢?

What if addiction is about your cage?

而是跟你所處的環境有關呢?

What if addiction is an adaptation to your environment?

或許上癮和嘗試適應你的環境有關？

Looking at this,

有了以上觀點

there was another professor called Peter Cohen in the Netherlands

另一位來自荷蘭的教授彼得‧寇恩

who said, maybe we shouldn't even call it addiction.

他說也許我們根本不應該用"成癮"一詞

或許我們應該稱之為"連結"

Maybe we should call it bonding.

Human beings have a natural and innate need to bond,

人類天生最原始的需求便是連結彼此

and when we're happy and healthy, we'll bond and connect with each other,

而當我們開心又健康時 我們會去連結彼此的關係

but if you can't do that,

但如果你無法這麼做的話

because you're traumatized or isolated or beaten down by life,

是因為你心裡有創傷或受孤立 或是遭生活壓力擊敗所致

you will bond with something that will give you some sense of relief.

你需要跟某物做連結 以幫助你舒緩壓力

Now, that might be gambling, that might be pornography,

而這東西也許是賭博 也許是色情書刊

that might be cocaine, that might be cannabis,

也許是古柯鹼 也許是大麻煙

but you will bond and connect with something because that's our nature.

但你會需要一個連結在 因為這是我們人類的本性

That's what we want as human beings.

也是我們人類的基本需求

And at first, I found this quite a difficult thing to get my head around,

最初我覺得這件事難以理解

but one way that helped me to think about it is,

但有個方法幫助我去思考

I can see, I've got over by my seat a bottle of water, right?

我看到我座位旁有一罐水

I'm looking at lots of you, and lots of you have bottles of water with you.

我看到你們很多人也有水

Forget the drugs. Forget the drug war.

忘掉毒品, 忘掉反毒戰爭

Totally legally, all of those bottles of water could be bottles of vodka, right?

在完全合法情況下 這些水可能都是伏特加吧?

We could all be getting drunk -- I might after this -- (Laughter) --

我們可能都會醉倒在一起 或許演講之後我會 －

but we're not.

但我們沒醉呀

Now, because you've been able to afford the approximately gazillion pounds

因為你們都有接近海量的酒量

that it costs to get into a TED Talk, I'm guessing you guys could afford

這是參加TED演講的成果 我猜你們都可以承受

to be drinking vodka for the next six months.

未來六個月每天喝伏特加

You wouldn't end up homeless.

而你最後卻不會成為遊民

You're not going to do that, and the reason you're not going to do that

你不會這麼做的原因是

is not because anyone's stopping you.

不是因為有人阻止你

It's because you've got bonds and connections

而是因為你有很多的連結在

that you want to be present for.

這些連結是你希望能參與的

You've got work you love. You've got people you love.

你有你愛的工作 你有你愛的人

You've got healthy relationships.

你有健康的關係

And a core part of addiction,

然而成癮最核心的關鍵

I came to think, and I believe the evidence suggests,

我了解後,相信證據所建議的方式

is about not being able to bear to be present in your life.

是有關你無法忍受在生活中扮演的角色

Now, this has really significant implications.

這件事有個顯著的涵義在

The most obvious implications are for the War on Drugs.

最顯著的例子是在"反毒之戰"裡

In Arizona, I went out with a group of women

在亞利桑那州, 我跟一群婦女出去

who were made to wear t-shirts saying, "I was a drug addict,"

她們受迫穿上"我是吸毒犯"的衣服

and go out on chain gangs and dig graves while members of the public jeer at them,

用鍊子栓成串的囚犯挖墳墓 人們看到都嘲笑她們

and when those women get out of prison, they're going to have criminal records

當那些婦女出獄後 她們便留下了犯罪紀錄

that mean they'll never work in the legal economy again.

代表她們永遠無法在合法的經濟體制工作

Now, that's a very extreme example, obviously, in the case of the chain gang,

顯然這個鍊子栓成串的囚犯的例子 太過極端了

but actually almost everywhere in the world

但事實上世界各地都有類似的情形

we treat addicts to some degree like that.

我們對待染毒者的方式也差不多

We punish them. We shame them. We give them criminal records.

我們懲罰她們, 讓他們羞愧 也留下犯罪紀錄

We put barriers between them reconnecting.

我們阻止她們擁有再次連結的機會

There was a doctor in Canada, Dr. Gabor Maté, an amazing man,

加拿大有位醫生叫嘉柏‧馬鐵 他非常傑出

who said to me, if you wanted to design a system that would make addiction worse,

他告訴我 若你想設計一個使上癮問題更糟的系統

這就是那個系統

you would design that system.

Now, there's a place that decided to do the exact opposite,

現在有一個地方決定去執行相反的模式

and I went there to see how it worked.

而我觀察了它們的運作方法

In the year 2000, Portugal had one of the worst drug problems in Europe.

西元兩千年的時候 葡萄牙是歐洲毒品最氾濫的國家

One percent of the population was addicted to heroin, which is kind of mind-blowing,

百分之一的人口都有吸食海洛因 真的無法想像

and every year, they tried the American way more and more.

每年他們都大量效法美國的方式

They punished people and stigmatized them and shamed them more,

懲罰, 汙辱並羞辱他們

and every year, the problem got worse.

年復一年, 問題每下愈況

And one day, the Prime Minister and the leader of the opposition got together,

某日, 葡萄牙總理和反對派的主席開會

基本上是說"我們不能再這樣下去了"

and basically said, look, we can't go on

"沒看過一個國家吸海洛因的人這麼多"

with a country where we're having ever more people becoming heroin addicts.

我們找科學家和醫生成立小組

Let's set up a panel of scientists and doctors

去找出問題根絕的方法

to figure out what would genuinely solve the problem.

於是他們成立了小組 組長是優秀的華‧谷勞醫生

And they set up a panel led by an amazing man called Dr. João Goulão,

來探究這個新的事實

to look at all this new evidence,

研究完之後他們說

and they came back and they said,

"Decriminalize all drugs from cannabis to crack, but" --

"毒品除罪化 從大麻到古柯鹼"

and this is the crucial next step --

"但最關鍵的步驟是"

"take all the money we used to spend on cutting addicts off,

"使用那些我們曾經拿來對抗他們的錢"

"曾經使他們脫離社會的錢"

on disconnecting them,

and spend it instead on reconnecting them with society."

用於幫助他們重新融入這個社會

And that's not really what we think of as drug treatment

此種毒品療法和我們想像的差異很大

in the United States and Britain.

尤其是在是在美國和英國

So they do do residential rehab,

他們的確也有戒毒中心

they do psychological therapy, that does have some value.

也做心理治療 多少都有些價值在

But the biggest thing they did was the complete opposite of what we do:

然而跟我們的作法完全不同在於

a massive program of job creation for addicts,

他們提供染毒者大量不同的職缺

提供微型貸款給他們創業

and microloans for addicts to set up small businesses.

So say you used to be a mechanic.

你如果曾經是一位技工

When you're ready, they'll go to a garage, and they'll say,

當你準備好了, 政府會去車廠幫你說話

"你們如果雇用他工作一年, 我們將會支付一半的薪資"

if you employ this guy for a year, we'll pay half his wages.

目的是讓每位葡萄牙的染毒者

The goal was to make sure that every addict in Portugal

每天早上能夠有一個起床的動力

had something to get out of bed for in the morning.

而當我去拜訪葡萄牙的染毒者時

And when I went and met the addicts in Portugal,

他們表示 重新找到生活的目的時

what they said is, as they rediscovered purpose,

他們也重新找回了生活連結 並與廣大的社會有了關係

they rediscovered bonds and relationships with the wider society.

實驗至今已經實施了十五年了

It'll be 15 years this year since that experiment began,

and the results are in:

得到的結果是

injecting drug use is down in Portugal,

葡萄牙的注射性毒物使用量下降

according to the British Journal of Criminology,

根據英國犯罪學雜誌

by 50 percent, five-zero percent.

下降了百分之五十

Overdose is massively down, HIV is massively down among addicts.

吸毒過量的數據明顯下降 染毒者得愛滋病機率也大幅下降

Addiction in every study is significantly down.

每份毒品用量的報告皆大幅下降

One of the ways you know it's worked so well is that almost nobody in Portugal

其中一項結果讓你知道方法成功就是

沒有任何一位葡萄牙人想回舊制

wants to go back to the old system.

Now, that's the political implications.

而這就是政治意涵

I actually think there's a layer of implications

事實上, 我認為在這個研究下

有分好幾個層面的意涵

to all this research below that.

We live in a culture where people feel really increasingly vulnerable

在我們所處的文化中 人們感到越來越脆弱

to all sorts of addictions, whether it's to their smartphones

對於不同種類的成癮, 無論是他們的智慧型手機

or to shopping or to eating.

消費或是飲食

在這場演講前 你們都知道

Before these talks began -- you guys know this --

we were told we weren't allowed to have our smartphones on,

我們被告知要把手機關機

and I have to say, a lot of you looked an awful lot like

然而我必須說 你們的臉色都很難看

addicts who were told their dealer was going to be unavailable

手機上癮者得知在未來的幾小時

他們的毒販不在提供任何毒品了

for the next couple of hours. (Laughter)

很多人都有這種感覺 而且這或許聽起來很怪

A lot of us feel like that, and it might sound weird to say,

I've been talking about how disconnection is a major driver of addiction

我一直強調失連是成癮最大的主因

and weird to say it's growing,

說來奇怪, 這問題日益嚴重

because you think we're the most connected society that's ever been, surely.

因為你認為我們是有史以來 連結最緊密的社會體, 的確如此!

但我一直在想我們所擁有的連結

But I increasingly began to think that the connections we have

或我們認為有的, 都是有點可笑的人際關係

or think we have, are like a kind of parody of human connection.

If you have a crisis in your life, you'll notice something.

若人生出現了危機你會發現

It won't be your Twitter followers who come to sit with you.

坐在你身旁的不是你推特的朋友

It won't be your Facebook friends who help you turn it round.

助你一臂之力的人不是臉書的朋友

It'll be your flesh and blood friends who you have deep and nuanced

而是你那些有血有肉的朋友

是與你有著深層且微妙的關係 他們有特徵且可以見面的

and textured, face-to-face relationships with,

and there's a study I learned about from Bill McKibben, the environmental writer,

我從環境作家比爾‧麥吉本的研究發現

that I think tells us a lot about this.

我認為跟這件事有很大的關係

It looked at the number of close friends the average American believes

這研究表明 一般美國人所認定親密的朋友

they can call on in a crisis.

是在危機出現時可以依靠的人

That number has been declining steadily since the 1950s.

自從1950年代開始 這個數字不停地往下掉

The amount of floor space an individual has in their home

每個人家裡的建坪大小

has been steadily increasing,

穩定且持續地變大

and I think that's like a metaphor

我覺得這個譬喻

for the choice we've made as a culture.

是我們作為一個文化的所做的選擇

We've traded floorspace for friends, we've traded stuff for connections,

我們用建坪換朋友 用物質換取連結

and the result is we are one of the loneliest societies there has ever been.

這樣的結果卻造成我們 成為了史上最孤立的社會體系

And Bruce Alexander, the guy who did the Rat Park experiment, says,

布魯斯‧亞歷山大 這位研究老鼠樂園的教授提到

we talk all the time in addiction about individual recovery,

我們常常在討論每個人戒癮的治療

and it's right to talk about that,

討論是對的

but we need to talk much more about social recovery.

但是我們更需要的是社會的治療

Something's gone wrong with us, not just with individuals but as a group,

誰發生不好的事 這不只是他的問題而是整個群體

and we've created a society where, for a lot of us,

我們所創造出的社會體系 對大部分人來說

life looks a whole lot more like that isolated cage

這個社會就像是一個獨立的牢籠

and a whole lot less like Rat Park.

完全不像個老鼠樂園

If I'm honest, this isn't why I went into it.

老實說, 這並不是我要研究的事

I didn't go in to the discover the political stuff, the social stuff.

我並不是要去揭發政治或社會的弊端

I wanted to know how to help the people I love.

我的出發點是為了幫助我所愛的人

And when I came back from this long journey and I'd learned all this,

我從這個漫長的旅途回來後 我學到這些知識

I looked at the addicts in my life,

我看著我身邊染上毒癮的人

and if you're really candid, it's hard loving an addict,

若你真的有心, 關懷染毒者是很困難的

and there's going to be lots of people who know in this room.

在這個會場也會有很多人知道這件事

大多時候你都是生氣的

You are angry a lot of the time,

and I think one of the reasons why this debate is so charged

我想這個爭論會有如此劇烈的回應

is because it runs through the heart of each of us, right?

其中的原因是我們用心去體會

Everyone has a bit of them that looks at an addict and thinks,

每個人心中都有著一點關懷 看著染上毒癮的人會想

I wish someone would just stop you.

我真希望有人可以阻止你

And the kind of scripts we're told for how to deal with the addicts in our lives

而我們所知的這種 如何治理染毒者的腳本

我想是一成不變的

is typified by, I think,

the reality show "Intervention," if you guys have ever seen it.

如果你們有看過真人實境秀 "Intervention"

我想實境秀反映了我們生活大小事

I think everything in our lives is defined by reality TV,

但這是另外一個TED演講了

but that's another TED Talk.

若你們曾經看過"Intervetion"

If you've ever seen the show "Intervention,"

它的內容很簡單

it's a pretty simple premise.

找個癮君子，找到他生命中的所有人 把他們聚在一起

Get an addict, all the people in their life, gather them together,

confront them with what they're doing, and they say, if you don't shape up,

所有人告訴癮君子： “如果你不能戒毒，

我們唯有和你切斷關係。“

we're going to cut you off.

他們把上癮者所有的關係人找出來

So what they do is they take the connection to the addict,

要脅要切斷這些關係，

and they threaten it, they make it contingent

依上癮者的表現而定。

on the addict behaving the way they want.

我開始思考為什麼這種方式無效，

And I began to think, I began to see why that approach doesn't work,

and I began to think that's almost like the importing of the logic of the Drug War

這幾乎就像毒品戰爭的思維

into our private lives.

灌輸到我們的私生活中

So I was thinking, how could I be Portuguese?

所以我就在想 要如何用葡萄牙人的方式呢?

And what I've tried to do now, and I can't tell you I do it consistently

我無法直接告訴你現在試著做的事

and I can't tell you it's easy,

與其說這件事很簡單

is to say to the addicts in my life

不如說我想對生命中染上毒癮的朋友

that I want to deepen the connection with them,

加深我們彼此的關係

to say to them, I love you whether you're using or you're not.

我要對他們說 我愛你, 無論你是否吸毒與否

I love you, whatever state you're in,

我愛你, 無論你現在的狀況如何

and if you need me, I'll come and sit with you

如果你需要我, 我會陪在你身邊

because I love you and I don't want you to be alone

因為我愛你, 我不想讓你孤單一個人

or to feel alone.

或獨自感受寂寞

And I think the core of that message --

我想這些訊息的核心就是

you're not alone, we love you --

你一點都不孤單, 因為我們都愛你

has to be at every level of how we respond to addicts,

我們傳達給染毒者的訊息 必須分層的

socially, politically and individually.

社會層面, 政治層面和個人層面

For 100 years now, we've been singing war songs about addicts.

過了一個世紀, 我們還在對毒癮者唱戰歌

I think all along we should have been singing love songs to them,

我想這一路以來 我們要對他們唱的是情歌才對

because the opposite of addiction is not sobriety.

因為成癮的反面不是戒斷

The opposite of addiction is connection.

而是關係

Thank you.

謝謝

(Applause)

(掌聲)