Everything you think you know about addiction is wrong | Johann Hari | TED

Translator: Dewi Barnas Reviewer: Arinta Puspitasari

One of my earliest memories

Salah satu kenangan pertama saya

is of trying to wake up one of my relatives and not being able to.

adalah mencoba membangunkan salah satu saudara saya tapi gagal.

And I was just a little kid, so I didn't really understand why,

Waktu itu saya masih kecil, jadi saya tak begitu mengerti,

but as I got older,

tapi tumbuh dewasa, saya menyadari ada pecandu narkoba di keluarga saya,

I realized we had drug addiction in my family,

including later cocaine addiction.

termasuk kecanduan kokain.

I'd been thinking about it a lot lately, partly because it's now exactly 100 years

Saya banyak memikirkannya belakangan ini, sebagian karena sekarang tepat 100 tahun

since drugs were first banned in the United States and Britain,

sejak narkoba pertama kali dilarang di Amerika dan Inggris,

and we then imposed that on the rest of the world.

dan kemudian juga dilarang di seluruh dunia.

It's a century since we made this really fateful decision

Sudah satu abad sejak kita membuat keputusan penting tersebut,

to take addicts and punish them and make them suffer,

untuk menangkap dan menghukum pecandu, dan membuat mereka menderita,

because we believed that would deter them; it would give them an incentive to stop.

karena kita yakin itu mencegah mereka; memberi alasan untuk berhenti.

And a few years ago, I was looking at some of the addicts in my life who I love,

Beberapa tahun lalu, saya melihat para pecandu yang saya cintai dalam hidup saya,

and trying to figure out if there was some way to help them.

dan memikirkan cara untuk menolong mereka.

And I realized there were loads of incredibly basic questions

Dan saya sadar ada banyak pertanyaan yang begitu mendasar,

I just didn't know the answer to,

tapi saya tak tahu jawabannya.

like, what really causes addiction?

Seperti: apa yang sebenarnya menyebabkan kecanduan?

Why do we carry on with this approach that doesn't seem to be working,

Mengapa kita terus melakukan pendekatan yang sepertinya tidak berhasil,

and is there a better way out there that we could try instead?

dan adakah cara lebih baik di luar sana yang dapat kita coba?

So I read loads of stuff about it,

Jadi saya banyak membaca tentangnya,

and I couldn't really find the answers I was looking for,

dan saya tak bisa menemukan jawabannya,

so I thought, okay, I'll go and sit with different people around the world

jadi saya pikir, oke, saya akan bicara dengan banyak orang

di seluruh dunia yang berkutat dan mempelajari hal ini

who lived this and studied this

and talk to them and see if I could learn from them.

dan melihat jika saya bisa belajar dari mereka.

And I didn't realize I would end up going over 30,000 miles at the start,

Mulanya saya tak tahu saya akan bepergian sampai hampir 50,000 km

dan bertemu dengan begitu banyak orang,

but I ended up going and meeting loads of different people,

mulai dari pengedar kokain transgender di Brownsville, Brooklyn,

from a transgender crack dealer in Brownsville, Brooklyn,

sampai ilmuwan yang memberi halusinogen pada luwak

to a scientist who spends a lot of time feeding hallucinogens to mongooses

untuk melihat reaksi mereka --

to see if they like them --

dan ternyata mereka suka, tapi hanya pada situasi tertentu --

it turns out they do, but only in very specific circumstances --

to the only country that's ever decriminalized all drugs,

sampai ke satu-satunya negara yang melegalkan semua narkoba,

from cannabis to crack, Portugal.

dari ganja sampai kokain, Portugal.

And the thing I realized that really blew my mind is,

Dan satu hal yang saya sadari dan membuat saya terpukau adalah

almost everything we think we know about addiction is wrong,

hampir semua yang kita pikir kita tahu tentang kecanduan itu salah,

and if we start to absorb the new evidence about addiction,

dan jika kita mulai menerima data-data baru tentang kecanduan,

I think we're going to have to change a lot more than our drug policies.

saya rasa kita harus mengubah lebih dari sekedar kebijakan narkoba.

But let's start with what we think we know, what I thought I knew.

Tapi mari mulai dengan yang kita kira kita tahu, yang saya kira saya tahu.

Let's think about this middle row here.

Mari bayangkan Anda yang duduk di tengah.

Imagine all of you, for 20 days now, went off and used heroin three times a day.

Bayangkan Anda semua, selama 20 hari, memakai heroin tiga kali sehari.

Some of you look a little more enthusiastic than others at this prospect.

Beberapa terlihat lebih antusias dengan gagasan ini.

(Laughter)

(Tertawa)

Don't worry, it's just a thought experiment.

Jangan khawatir, ini hanya percobaan dalam pikiran.

Imagine you did that, right?

Bayangkan Anda melakukannya. Apa yang akan terjadi?

What would happen?

Now, we have a story about what would happen that we've been told for a century.

Nah, kita punya kisah yang sudah ditutur- kan selama 1 abad, apa yang akan terjadi.

We think, because there are chemical hooks in heroin,

Kita pikir, karena ada zat kimia candu pada heroin,

as you took it for a while,

setelah Anda mengkonsumsinya cukup lama,

your body would become dependent on those hooks,

tubuh Anda akan bergantung pada candu tersebut,

you'd start to physically need them,

dan tubuh Anda mulai membutuhkannya,

and at the end of those 20 days, you'd all be heroin addicts. Right?

dan di akhir 20 hari itu, Anda akan menjadi pecandu heroin. Benar?

That's what I thought.

Dulu saya berpikir begitu.

First thing that alerted me to the fact that something's not right with this story

Hal pertama yang membuat saya berpikir ada yang salah dalam cerita ini

is when it was explained to me.

adalah ketika seseorang menjelaskannya.

If I step out of this TED Talk today and I get hit by a car and I break my hip,

Jika saya keluar dari TED Talk hari ini dan tertabrak mobil dan patah pinggul,

I'll be taken to hospital and I'll be given loads of diamorphine.

saya akan dilarikan ke RS dan diberikan banyak diamorfin.

Diamorphine is heroin.

Diamorfin adalah heroin.

It's actually much better heroin than you're going to buy on the streets,

Bahkan heroin yang lebih bagus daripada yang Anda beli di jalanan,

because the stuff you buy from a drug dealer is contaminated.

karena yang Anda beli dari pengedar terkontaminasi, sangat sedikit heroinnya,

Actually, very little of it is heroin,

sedangkan yang Anda dapat dari dokter itu murni secara medis.

whereas the stuff you get from the doctor is medically pure.

Dan Anda akan diberi heroin dalam jangka waktu lama.

And you'll be given it for quite a long period of time.

Ada banyak orang di sini.

There are loads of people in this room,

Anda mungkin tak sadar telah mengkonsumsi cukup banyak heroin.

you may not realize it, you've taken quite a lot of heroin.

Dan siapapun yang menonton acara ini di mana pun di dunia, ini benar terjadi.

And anyone who is watching this anywhere in the world, this is happening.

Jika yang kita percayai tentang kecanduan itu benar

And if what we believe about addiction is right --

-- orang tergantung pada zat kimia candu itu --

those people are exposed to all those chemical hooks --

Apa yang seharusnya terjadi? Mereka seharusnya jadi pecandu.

What should happen? They should become addicts.

Ini telah dipelajari dengan seksama.

This has been studied really carefully.

Ini tak terjadi; Anda akan sadar bila nenek Anda menjalani operasi panggul,

It doesn't happen; you will have noticed if your grandmother had a hip replacement,

dia tidak keluar RS menjadi pecandu. (Tertawa)

she didn't come out as a junkie. (Laughter)

Dan ketika saya memahaminya, sepertinya aneh bagi saya,

And when I learned this, it seemed so weird to me,

sangat bertentangan dengan yang dikatakan, yang saya kira tahu,

so contrary to everything I'd been told, everything I thought I knew,

Saya pikir ini tidak mungkin, sampai saya bertemu

I just thought it couldn't be right, until I met a man called Bruce Alexander.

Bruce Alexander, seorang profesor psikologi di Vancouver

He's a professor of psychology in Vancouver

yang melakukan percobaan luar biasa

who carried out an incredible experiment

yang saya rasa bisa membantu kita memahami masalah ini.

I think really helps us to understand this issue.

Profesor Alexander menjelaskan,

Professor Alexander explained to me,

pengetahuan kita tentang kecanduan, cerita itu,

the idea of addiction we've all got in our heads, that story,

sebagian berasal dari serangkaian percobaan

comes partly from a series of experiments

yang dilakukan di abad ke-20.

Percobaan yang amat sederhana.

that were done earlier in the 20th century.

Anda bisa melakukannya nanti malam di rumah jika Anda agak sadis.

They're really simple.

You can do them tonight at home if you feel a little sadistic.

Ambil tikus dan letakkan di kandang, dan berikan dua botol air:

You get a rat and you put it in a cage, and you give it two water bottles:

Yang satu air saja, dan yang satu lagi air dengan campuran heroin atau kokain.

One is just water, and the other is water laced with either heroin or cocaine.

Jika Anda melakukannya, tikus hampir selalu memilih air narkoba

If you do that, the rat will almost always prefer the drug water

dan hampir selalu mati dalam waktu cukup singkat.

and almost always kill itself quite quickly.

Jadi begitu, kan? Begitu kita kira cara kerjanya.

So there you go, right? That's how we think it works.

Di tahun 70-an, Profesor Alexander mempelajari dan melihat percobaan ini

In the '70s, Professor Alexander comes along and he looks at this experiment

and he noticed something.

dan ia menyadari sesuatu.

Dia bilang, ah, kita meletakkan tikus itu di kandang kosong.

He said ah, we're putting the rat in an empty cage.

It's got nothing to do except use these drugs.

Tikus itu tak ada kerjaan kecuali memakai narkoba.

Let's try something different.

Mari kita coba yang agak berbeda.

So Professor Alexander built a cage that he called "Rat Park,"

Jadi Profesor Alexander membuat kandang yang ia sebut "Taman Tikus,"

which is basically heaven for rats.

yang pada intinya adalah surga tikus.

They've got loads of cheese, they've got loads of colored balls,

Ada banyak keju, ada banyak bola berwarna,

they've got loads of tunnels.

ada banyak lorong,

Crucially, they've got loads of friends. They can have loads of sex.

Yang penting, mereka banyak teman dan dapat melakukan banyak seks.

And they've got both the water bottles, the normal water and the drugged water.

Dan ada dua botol air itu, air biasa dan yang diberi narkoba.

But here's the fascinating thing:

Tapi inilah yang menakjubkan:

In Rat Park, they don't like the drug water.

Di Taman Tikus, mereka tidak suka air narkoba.

They almost never use it.

Mereka hampir tak pernah meminumnya.

None of them ever use it compulsively.

Tak satu tikus pun meminumnya terus-menerus.

None of them ever overdose.

Tak satu tikus pun yang overdosis.

You go from almost 100 percent overdose when they're isolated

Jadi dari hampir 100% overdosis sewaktu mereka terisolasi

to zero percent overdose when they have happy and connected lives.

menjadi 0% overdosis ketika mereka hidup bahagia dan terhubung.

Now, when he first saw this, Professor Alexander thought,

Nah, ketika ia pertama kali melihatnya, Profesor Alexander berpikir,

maybe this is just a thing about rats, they're quite different to us.

mungkin ini spesifik pada tikus, yang cukup berbeda dengan kita.

Maybe not as different as we'd like, but, you know --

Mungkin tak terlalu beda dari kita, tapi Anda tahu --

Tapi untungnya, ada percobaan pada manusia

But fortunately, there was a human experiment

into the exact same principle happening at the exact same time.

menggunakan prinsip yang persis sama pada waktu yang persis sama,

It was called the Vietnam War.

yaitu Perang Vietnam.

In Vietnam, 20 percent of all American troops were using loads of heroin,

Di Vietnam, 20% pasukan Amerika memakai banyak heroin,

and if you look at the news reports from the time,

dan jika Anda lihat laporan berita saat itu,

they were really worried, because they thought, my God, we're going to have

Amerika sangat khawatir, karena mereka pikir, ya Tuhan,

akan ada ratusan ribu pecandu di jalanan Amerika

hundreds of thousands of junkies on the streets of the United States

ketika perang berakhir; masuk akal sekali.

when the war ends; it made total sense.

Nah, tentara yang memakai banyak heroin diikuti ke rumahnya.

Now, those soldiers who were using loads of heroin were followed home.

Arsip Psikiatri Umum melakukan penelitian yang sangat detil,

The Archives of General Psychiatry did a really detailed study,

dan apa yang terjadi pada mereka?

and what happened to them?

Ternyata mereka tidak pergi rehabilitasi. Mereka tidak bertambah parah.

It turns out they didn't go to rehab. They didn't go into withdrawal.

Ninety-five percent of them just stopped.

95% dari mereka berhenti begitu saja.

Now, if you believe the story about chemical hooks,

Nah, jika Anda percaya cerita zat kimia candu,

that makes absolutely no sense, but Professor Alexander began to think

yang sama sekali tak masuk akal, tapi Profesor Alexander mulai berpikir

there might be a different story about addiction.

pasti ada cerita yang bebeda tentang kecanduan.

He said, what if addiction isn't about your chemical hooks?

Dia bilang, bagaimana jika kecanduan bukan tentang zat kimia candu?

What if addiction is about your cage?

Bagaimana jika kecanduan adalah tentang keterkurungan Anda?

What if addiction is an adaptation to your environment?

Bagaimana jika kecanduan adalah adaptasi terhadap lingkungan Anda?

Looking at this,

Melihat hal ini, ada profesor lain yang bernama Peter Cohen di Belanda

there was another professor called Peter Cohen in the Netherlands

yang berkata, mungkin kita bahkan tak boleh menyebutnya kecanduan.

who said, maybe we shouldn't even call it addiction.

Maybe we should call it bonding.

Mungkin kita harus menyebutnya keterikatan.

Human beings have a natural and innate need to bond,

Manusia punya kebutuhan alamiah dan bawaan untuk terikat,

and when we're happy and healthy, we'll bond and connect with each other,

dan ketika bahagia dan sehat, kita punya ikatan dan hubungan dengan sesama,

but if you can't do that,

tapi jika Anda tak dapat melakukannya,

because you're traumatized or isolated or beaten down by life,

karena Anda trauma atau terisolasi atau merasa jatuh dalam kehidupan,

you will bond with something that will give you some sense of relief.

Anda akan membuat ikatan dengan sesuatu yang membuat Anda lega.

Now, that might be gambling, that might be pornography,

Nah, itu bisa saja berjudi, bisa jadi pornografi,

that might be cocaine, that might be cannabis,

bisa jadi kokain, bisa jadi ganja,

but you will bond and connect with something because that's our nature.

tapi Anda akan terikat dan terhubung dgn sesuatu karena begitulah sifat kita.

That's what we want as human beings.

Itulah yang kita inginkan sebagai manusia.

And at first, I found this quite a difficult thing to get my head around,

Pada awalnya, sulit bagi saya memahaminya

but one way that helped me to think about it is,

tapi satu cara yang membantu saya berpikir tentangnya,

I can see, I've got over by my seat a bottle of water, right?

misalnya, di tempat duduk saya ada sebotol air, kan?

I'm looking at lots of you, and lots of you have bottles of water with you.

Saya lihat banyak di antara Anda yang juga punya botol air.

Forget the drugs. Forget the drug war.

Lupakan narkoba. Lupakan perang narkoba.

Totally legally, all of those bottles of water could be bottles of vodka, right?

Legal saja, semua botol air itu bisa saja sebotol vodka, kan?

We could all be getting drunk -- I might after this -- (Laughter) --

Kita semua bisa mabuk -- mungkin setelah ini -- (Tertawa) --

but we're not.

tapi kita tidak melakukannya, kan.

Now, because you've been able to afford the approximately gazillion pounds

Karena Anda mampu membayar harga sekitar trilyunan poundsterling

that it costs to get into a TED Talk, I'm guessing you guys could afford

untuk menghadiri TED Talk, saya rasa Anda mampu

to be drinking vodka for the next six months.

membayar untuk minum vodka enam bulan ke depan.

You wouldn't end up homeless.

Anda takkan menjadi tuna wisma karenanya.

You're not going to do that, and the reason you're not going to do that

Anda tak akan melakukannya dan alasannya

is not because anyone's stopping you.

bukan karena ada yang mencegah Anda.

It's because you've got bonds and connections

Tapi karena Anda punya ikatan dan hubungan

that you want to be present for.

yang Anda inginkan.

Anda punya pekerjaan dan orang-orang yang Anda cintai.

You've got work you love. You've got people you love.

You've got healthy relationships.

Anda punya hubungan yang sehat.

And a core part of addiction,

Dan inti dari kecanduan,

I came to think, and I believe the evidence suggests,

menurut saya, dan yang ditunjukkan oleh bukti yang ada,

is about not being able to bear to be present in your life.

adalah ketidakmampuan untuk menerima keadaan hidup Anda.

Now, this has really significant implications.

Nah, dampaknya sangat penting.

The most obvious implications are for the War on Drugs.

Yang paling jelas adalah perang terhadap narkoba.

In Arizona, I went out with a group of women

Di Arizona, saya pergi dengan sekelompok wanita

who were made to wear t-shirts saying, "I was a drug addict,"

yang harus mengenakan kaos bertuliskan, "Saya dulu pecandu narkoba,"

and go out on chain gangs and dig graves while members of the public jeer at them,

mereka dirantai dan menggali kuburan sambil masyarakat mencemooh mereka,

and when those women get out of prison, they're going to have criminal records

dan saat para wanita itu keluar penjara, mereka akan punya catatan kriminal.

that mean they'll never work in the legal economy again.

yang artinya mereka tak bisa bekerja pada ekonomi legal lagi.

Now, that's a very extreme example, obviously, in the case of the chain gang,

Nah, itu satu contoh ekstrim, narapidana yang dirantai seperti itu,

but actually almost everywhere in the world

tapi sebenarnya hampir di semua tempat di dunia

we treat addicts to some degree like that.

kita memperlakukan pecandu seperti itu.

We punish them. We shame them. We give them criminal records.

Kita menghukum, menghina, memberi mereka catatan kriminal.

We put barriers between them reconnecting.

Kita memberi batasan bagi mereka untuk terhubung kembali.

There was a doctor in Canada, Dr. Gabor Maté, an amazing man,

Ada seorang dokter di Kanada, Dr. Gabor Maté, pria hebat,

who said to me, if you wanted to design a system that would make addiction worse,

yang mengatakan, jika Anda ingin merancang sistem yang akan memperburuk kecanduan,

you would design that system.

Anda rancanglah sistem itu.

Now, there's a place that decided to do the exact opposite,

Nah, ada tempat yang memutuskan untuk melakukan sebaliknya,

and I went there to see how it worked.

dan saya ke sana untuk melihat cara kerjanya.

In the year 2000, Portugal had one of the worst drug problems in Europe.

Tahun 2000, Portugal punya masalah narkoba yang terburuk di Eropa.

One percent of the population was addicted to heroin, which is kind of mind-blowing,

Satu persen populasinya kecanduan heroin, cukup mencengangkan,

and every year, they tried the American way more and more.

dan setiap tahun, mereka mencoba cara Amerika lagi dan lagi.

They punished people and stigmatized them and shamed them more,

Mereka menghukum, mencap buruk, dan mempermalukan pecandu,

and every year, the problem got worse.

dan setiap tahun, masalahnya memburuk.

And one day, the Prime Minister and the leader of the opposition got together,

Dan suatu hari, Perdana Menteri dan pemimpin oposisi bekerja sama,

dan pada dasarnya mengatakan, kita tak bisa membiarkan

and basically said, look, we can't go on

with a country where we're having ever more people becoming heroin addicts.

pecandu heroin terus bertambah.

Mari kita kumpulkan sekelompok ilmuwan dan dokter

Let's set up a panel of scientists and doctors

untuk mencari tahu solusi yang bisa berhasil.

to figure out what would genuinely solve the problem.

Mereka mengadakan panel yang dipimpin Dr. João Goulão,

And they set up a panel led by an amazing man called Dr. João Goulão,

untuk mempelajari bukti-bukti baru ini,

to look at all this new evidence,

dan mereka kembali dan mengatakan,

and they came back and they said,

"Legalkan semua narkoba dari ganja sampai kokain, tapi" --

"Decriminalize all drugs from cannabis to crack, but" --

and this is the crucial next step --

dan ini adalah langkah penting berikutnya--

"take all the money we used to spend on cutting addicts off,

"alihkan semua dana yang kita gunakan untuk menyingkirkan pecandu,

on disconnecting them,

untuk mengucilkan mereka,

and spend it instead on reconnecting them with society."

dan alokasikan untuk menghubungkan mereka kembali dengan masyarakat."

And that's not really what we think of as drug treatment

Sama sekali berbeda dengan pendekatan kita terhadap narkoba

in the United States and Britain.

di Amerika dan Inggris.

So they do do residential rehab,

Jadi mereka melakukan rehabilitasi di rumah,

they do psychological therapy, that does have some value.

mereka melakukan terapi psikologis, yang sungguh berarti.

But the biggest thing they did was the complete opposite of what we do:

Tapi yang terpenting, mereka melakukan kebalikan dari yang kita lakukan:

a massive program of job creation for addicts,

program besar untuk menciptakan lapangan kerja dan

and microloans for addicts to set up small businesses.

pinjaman mikro bagi pecandu untuk membangun bisnis kecil.

So say you used to be a mechanic.

Misalnya, Anda dulunya mekanik.

When you're ready, they'll go to a garage, and they'll say,

Ketika Anda siap, mereka pergi ke suatu bengkel dan bilang,

if you employ this guy for a year, we'll pay half his wages.

jika Anda pekerjakan orang ini setahun, kami bayar separuh gajinya.

The goal was to make sure that every addict in Portugal

Tujuannya adalah memastikan setiap pecandu di Portugal

had something to get out of bed for in the morning.

punya tujuan untuk bangun tidur di pagi hari.

And when I went and met the addicts in Portugal,

Dan ketika saya pergi dan bertemu pecandu di Portugal,

mereka bilang, saat mereka menemukan tujuan mereka,

what they said is, as they rediscovered purpose,

they rediscovered bonds and relationships with the wider society.

mereka menemukan ikatan dan hubungan dengan masyarakat luas.

Tahun ini, hampir 15 tahun sejak percobaan ini dimulai,

It'll be 15 years this year since that experiment began,

and the results are in:

dan hasilnya sudah keluar:

injecting drug use is down in Portugal,

penggunaan narkoba suntik turun di Portugal,

according to the British Journal of Criminology,

menurut Jurnal Kriminologi Inggris,

by 50 percent, five-zero percent.

50%, lima puluh persen,

Overdose is massively down, HIV is massively down among addicts.

Overdosis turun drastis, HIV juga turun drastis di antara pecandu.

Setiap penelitian menunjukkan kecanduan menurun drastis.

Addiction in every study is significantly down.

One of the ways you know it's worked so well is that almost nobody in Portugal

Satu cara Anda tahu metode ini berhasil adalah hampir tak ada orang di Portugal

wants to go back to the old system.

mau kembali ke sistem yang lama.

Now, that's the political implications.

Nah, itu adalah dampak politiknya.

I actually think there's a layer of implications

Menurut saya, penelitian ini memiliki dampak berlapis.

to all this research below that.

Kita hidup dalam budaya yang membuat orang merasa semakin rentan

We live in a culture where people feel really increasingly vulnerable

to all sorts of addictions, whether it's to their smartphones

terhadap berbagai kecanduan, apakah itu kecanduan telepon pintar,

or to shopping or to eating.

kecanduan belanja atau makan.

Before these talks began -- you guys know this --

Sebelum sesi TED ini dimulai -- Anda semua tahu --

we were told we weren't allowed to have our smartphones on,

diumumkan bahwa kita tak boleh menyalakan telepon pintar,

and I have to say, a lot of you looked an awful lot like

dan saya harus bilang, kebanyakan Anda terlihat seperti

addicts who were told their dealer was going to be unavailable

pecandu yang diberi tahu bahwa pengedarnya tidak akan ada

beberapa jam ke depan. (Tawa)

for the next couple of hours. (Laughter)

Banyak yang merasa begitu, dan mungkin terdengar aneh, tapi

A lot of us feel like that, and it might sound weird to say,

I've been talking about how disconnection is a major driver of addiction

saya sudah bilang bahwa terputusnya hubungan adalah sebab utama kecanduan

and weird to say it's growing,

dan anehnya, ini meningkat,

because you think we're the most connected society that's ever been, surely.

karena Anda pikir kita masyarakat yang paling terhubung yang pernah ada.

But I increasingly began to think that the connections we have

Tapi saya semakin mulai berpikir bahwa hubungan yang kita punya

or think we have, are like a kind of parody of human connection.

atau yang kita kira kita punya, semacam parodi hubungan manusia.

If you have a crisis in your life, you'll notice something.

Jika ada krisis dalam hidup Anda, Anda akan menyadari sesuatu.

It won't be your Twitter followers who come to sit with you.

Bukan pengikut Twitter Anda yang datang dan duduk bersama Anda.

It won't be your Facebook friends who help you turn it round.

Bukan teman Facebook Anda yang membantu menyelesaikan masalah.

It'll be your flesh and blood friends who you have deep and nuanced

Melainkan teman Anda di dunia nyata yang berhubungan

and textured, face-to-face relationships with,

dekat dan dapat bertatap muka dengan Anda.

and there's a study I learned about from Bill McKibben, the environmental writer,

Ada penelitian yang saya pelajari dari Bill McKibben, seorang penulis lingkungan,

that I think tells us a lot about this.

yang saya pikir mengajarkan banyak hal.

It looked at the number of close friends the average American believes

Ia melihat rata-rata jumlah teman dekat yang menurut orang Amerika

they can call on in a crisis.

bisa mereka telepon pada masa sulit.

That number has been declining steadily since the 1950s.

Jumlahnya terus menurun sejak 1950-an.

The amount of floor space an individual has in their home

Luas tempat tinggal per individu

has been steadily increasing,

terus menunjukkan peningkatan,

and I think that's like a metaphor

dan saya pikir itu seperti metafora

for the choice we've made as a culture.

atas pilihan budaya kita.

We've traded floorspace for friends, we've traded stuff for connections,

Kita menukar luas rumah dengan teman, kita menukar barang dengan hubungan,

and the result is we are one of the loneliest societies there has ever been.

dan akibatnya, kita adalah masyarakat yang paling kesepian yang pernah ada.

And Bruce Alexander, the guy who did the Rat Park experiment, says,

Bruce Alexander, sang peneliti Taman Tikus berkata,

we talk all the time in addiction about individual recovery,

dalam membahas kecanduan, kita terus bicara tentang pemulihan individu,

and it's right to talk about that,

dan betul kita harus membahasnya,

but we need to talk much more about social recovery.

tapi kita perlu membahas pemulihan sosial lebih banyak lagi.

Something's gone wrong with us, not just with individuals but as a group,

Ada sesuatu yang salah, tidak hanya pada individu tapi juga kelompok,

and we've created a society where, for a lot of us,

dan kita menciptakan masyarakat yang bagi banyak orang,

life looks a whole lot more like that isolated cage

hidup lebih mirip kandang yang terisolasi

and a whole lot less like Rat Park.

daripada Taman Tikus.

If I'm honest, this isn't why I went into it.

Sejujurnya, bukan ini alasan saya mendalami topik ini.

I didn't go in to the discover the political stuff, the social stuff.

Saya tidak terjun untuk mencari tahu aspek politik dan sosial-nya.

I wanted to know how to help the people I love.

Saya ingin tahu cara membantu orang-orang tercinta.

And when I came back from this long journey and I'd learned all this,

Dan saat saya kembali dari perjalanan panjang dan mempelajari semua ini,

I looked at the addicts in my life,

saya melihat pecandu dalam hidup saya,

and if you're really candid, it's hard loving an addict,

dan sejujurnya, sulit untuk mencintai mereka,

and there's going to be lots of people who know in this room.

dan banyak di antara Anda yang memahami hal ini.

You are angry a lot of the time,

Anda sering kali marah,

and I think one of the reasons why this debate is so charged

dan saya pikir salah satu alasan mengapa perdebatan ini sungguh membebani

is because it runs through the heart of each of us, right?

karena ini mengena pada hati setiap orang, kan?

Setiap orang pernah melihat seorang pecandu dan berpikir,

Everyone has a bit of them that looks at an addict and thinks,

seandainya ada yang bisa mencegahmu.

I wish someone would just stop you.

And the kind of scripts we're told for how to deal with the addicts in our lives

Dan naskah yang memberi tahu cara menangani pecandu di sekitar kita

is typified by, I think,

saya rasa serupa dengan

the reality show "Intervention," if you guys have ever seen it.

acara realitas "Intervention," jika Anda pernah menontonnya.

I think everything in our lives is defined by reality TV,

Saya rasa semua hal dalam hidup kita ditentukan oleh acara realitas TV,

but that's another TED Talk.

tapi itu TED Talk yang lain.

If you've ever seen the show "Intervention,"

Jika Anda menonton acara "Intervention,"

idenya sederhana.

it's a pretty simple premise.

Pilih pecandu, semua orang dalam hidupnya, kumpulkan mereka bersama,

Get an addict, all the people in their life, gather them together,

confront them with what they're doing, and they say, if you don't shape up,

tunjukkan permasalahannya, dan katakan pada si pecandu, jika tak sembuh,

kami akan memutuskan hubungan.

we're going to cut you off.

So what they do is they take the connection to the addict,

Jadi mereka menggunakan hubungan dengan si pecandu

dan mengancam akan memutusnya, sebagai syarat

and they threaten it, they make it contingent

on the addict behaving the way they want.

agar si pecandu bertindak sesuai yang mereka mau.

Dan saya berpikir, saya mulai mengerti mengapa pendekatan itu tidak berhasil,

And I began to think, I began to see why that approach doesn't work,

and I began to think that's almost like the importing of the logic of the Drug War

itu seperti menggunakan logika Perang Narkoba

into our private lives.

ke dalam kehidupan pribadi kita.

So I was thinking, how could I be Portuguese?

Jadi, saya berpikir, bagaimana saya bisa seperti orang Portugis?

And what I've tried to do now, and I can't tell you I do it consistently

Dan apa yang saya usahakan sekarang, meski sulit melakukannya dengan konsisten

and I can't tell you it's easy,

dan ini tidak mudah,

is to say to the addicts in my life

adalah mengatakan kepada pecandu dalam hidup saya,

that I want to deepen the connection with them,

saya mau berhubungan lebih dekat dengan mereka,

to say to them, I love you whether you're using or you're not.

katakan pada mereka, aku mencintaimu baik kamu menggunakannya ataupun tidak.

I love you, whatever state you're in,

Aku mencintaimu, bagaimana pun keadaanmu,

and if you need me, I'll come and sit with you

dan jika kau butuh, aku akan datang dan bicara denganmu

because I love you and I don't want you to be alone

karena aku mencintaimu dan aku tak ingin kamu sendirian

or to feel alone.

atau merasa kesepian.

And I think the core of that message --

Dan saya rasa inti pesan tersebut --

you're not alone, we love you --

kamu tak sendirian, kami mencintaimu --

has to be at every level of how we respond to addicts,

pesan ini harus ada dalam segala cara kita menangani pecandu,

socially, politically and individually.

secara sosial, politik, dan personal.

For 100 years now, we've been singing war songs about addicts.

Selama 100 tahun, kita telah menyanyikan lagu perang terhadap pecandu.

I think all along we should have been singing love songs to them,

Saya pikir selama ini kita seharusnya menyanyikan lagu cinta untuk mereka,

because the opposite of addiction is not sobriety.

karena lawan dari kecanduan bukanlah tidak kecanduan lagi.

The opposite of addiction is connection.

Lawan dari kecanduan adalah keterhubungan.

Thank you.

Terima kasih.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)