What are animals thinking and feeling? | Carl Safina

265,964 views ใƒป 2015-12-17

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Sigal Tifferet ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:12
Have you ever wondered what animals think and feel?
0
12999
3516
ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืชื”ื™ืชื ืžื” ื‘ืข"ื— ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื?
00:17
Let's start with a question:
1
17020
1884
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉืืœื”:
00:19
Does my dog really love me, or does she just want a treat?
2
19654
4119
ื”ืื ื”ื›ืœื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื™, ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ?
00:24
Well, it's easy to see that our dog really loves us,
3
24991
4967
ื˜ื•ื‘, ืงืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ืœื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื ื•,
00:29
easy to see, right,
4
29982
2081
ืงืœ ืœืจืื•ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
00:32
what's going on in that fuzzy little head.
5
32087
3650
ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืืฉ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆืžืจื™ืจื™ ื”ื–ื”.
00:36
What is going on?
6
36593
1375
ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงื•ืจื”?
00:39
Something's going on.
7
39155
1726
ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื•ืจื” ืฉื.
00:41
But why is the question always do they love us?
8
41864
4399
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•?
00:46
Why is it always about us?
9
46287
2111
ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•?
00:48
Why are we such narcissists?
10
48422
2643
ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืœื” ื ืจืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ื?
00:52
I found a different question to ask animals.
11
52674
3039
ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืจืช ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:57
Who are you?
12
57911
1417
ืžื™ ืืชื?
01:01
There are capacities of the human mind
13
61910
2895
ืœืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช
01:04
that we tend to think are capacities only of the human mind.
14
64829
4862
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
01:10
But is that true?
15
70176
1358
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
01:12
What are other beings doing with those brains?
16
72047
3975
ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืข"ื— ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื?
01:16
What are they thinking and feeling?
17
76554
2353
ืžื” ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื?
01:19
Is there a way to know?
18
79570
1633
ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืœื“ืขืช?
01:21
I think there is a way in.
19
81227
1674
ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืคื ื™ืžื”.
01:22
I think there are several ways in.
20
82925
1690
ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
01:24
We can look at evolution, we can look at their brains
21
84950
4122
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
01:29
and we can watch what they do.
22
89096
2480
ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื.
01:33
The first thing to remember is: our brain is inherited.
23
93316
3939
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื: ื™ืจืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•.
01:38
The first neurons came from jellyfish.
24
98253
3707
ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช.
01:42
Jellyfish gave rise to the first chordates.
25
102435
2840
ืžื”ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืžื™ืชืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:45
The first chordates gave rise to the first vertebrates.
26
105299
3668
ืžื”ืžื™ืชืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:49
The vertebrates came out of the sea,
27
109277
2418
ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆืื• ืžื”ื™ื,
01:51
and here we are.
28
111719
1336
ื•ื›ืš ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื›ืืŸ.
01:54
But it's still true that a neuron, a nerve cell, looks the same
29
114737
5590
ืื‘ืœ ืชื ืขืฆื‘, ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ
02:00
in a crayfish, a bird or you.
30
120351
3417
ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื ื”ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ื›ื.
02:04
What does that say about the minds of crayfish?
31
124427
3541
ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ื ื™ ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช?
02:08
Can we tell anything about that?
32
128880
1557
ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœื™ื•?
02:10
Well, it turns out that if you give a crayfish
33
130461
4029
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืื ืชืชื ื• ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช
02:14
a lot of little tiny electric shocks
34
134514
2657
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื•ืงื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื,
02:17
every time it tries to come out of its burrow,
35
137195
2296
ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืœืฆืืช ืžืžื—ื™ืœืชื•,
02:19
it will develop anxiety.
36
139515
2185
ื”ื•ื ื™ืคืชื— ื—ืจื“ื”.
02:23
If you give the crayfish the same drug
37
143133
3418
ืื ืชืชื ื• ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืจื•ืคื”
02:26
used to treat anxiety disorder in humans,
38
146575
2923
ื”ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ื—ืจื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
02:29
it relaxes and comes out and explores.
39
149522
3081
ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืจื’ืข, ื™ืฆื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ื™ื—ืงื•ืจ.
02:34
How do we show how much we care about crayfish anxiety?
40
154308
3087
ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจืื™ื ืืช ื“ืื’ืชื ื• ืœื—ืจื“ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื?
02:37
Mostly, we boil them.
41
157905
1354
ื‘ื“"ื›, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจืชื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื.
02:39
(Laughter)
42
159283
1316
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:42
Octopuses use tools, as well as do most apes
43
162490
5358
ืชืžื ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื,
02:47
and they recognize human faces.
44
167872
2343
ื•ื”ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืคื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
02:50
How do we celebrate the ape-like intelligence of this invertebrate?
45
170808
4784
ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ื›ืžืชื• ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื—ืกืจ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช?
02:55
Mostly boiled.
46
175999
1447
ื‘ื“"ื› ื‘ื”ืจืชื—ื”.
02:58
If a grouper chases a fish into a crevice in the coral,
47
178669
4306
ืื ื“ื’ ื“ืงืจ ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื“ื’ ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืจื™ืฅ ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ืช,
03:02
it will sometimes go to where it knows a moray eel is sleeping
48
182999
4976
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืœืš ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื ืžืฆื ืฆืœื•ืคื— ืžื•ืจื™ื™,
03:07
and it will signal to the moray, "Follow me,"
49
187999
3573
ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืกืžืŸ ืœืฆืœื•ืคื—: "ืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™,"
03:11
and the moray will understand that signal.
50
191596
2541
ื•ื”ืฆืœื•ืคื— ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
03:14
The moray may go into the crevice and get the fish,
51
194816
2977
ื”ืฆืœื•ืคื— ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื—ืจื™ืฅ ื•ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื“ื’,
03:17
but the fish may bolt and the grouper may get it.
52
197817
2658
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื’ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื‘ืจื—, ื•ืื– ื”ื“ืงืจ ื™ืชืคื•ืก ืื•ืชื•.
03:20
This is an ancient partnership that we have just recently found out about.
53
200880
6031
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืขืœื™ื” ืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
03:26
How do we celebrate that ancient partnership?
54
206935
3085
ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื•?
03:30
Mostly fried.
55
210044
1578
ื‘ื“"ื› ื‘ื˜ื™ื’ื•ืŸ.
03:32
A pattern is emerging and it says a lot more about us
56
212918
3600
ืžืกืชืžืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืขืœื™ื ื•
03:36
than it does about them.
57
216542
2160
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
03:39
Sea otters use tools
58
219610
2405
ืœื•ื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ื,
03:42
and they take time away from what they're doing
59
222039
2977
ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช
03:45
to show their babies what to do, which is called teaching.
60
225040
4141
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ื•ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืœื™ืžื•ื“.
03:49
Chimpanzees don't teach.
61
229205
2678
ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื•ืช ืœื ืžืœืžื“ื•ืช.
03:52
Killer whales teach and killer whales share food.
62
232999
3810
ืื•ืจืงื•ืช ืžืœืžื“ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ื’ื ื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
03:58
When evolution makes something new,
63
238879
2034
ื›ืฉื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ,
04:00
it uses the parts it has in stock, off the shelf,
64
240937
4353
ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื‘ืžืœืื™, ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืฃ,
04:05
before it fabricates a new twist.
65
245314
2462
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืืœืžื ื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ.
04:07
And our brain has come to us
66
247800
2176
ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื ื•
04:10
through the enormity of the deep sweep of time.
67
250000
4401
ื“ืจืš ื–ืจื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขืฆื•ื.
04:14
If you look at the human brain compared to a chimpanzee brain,
68
254425
3589
ืื ืชืฉื•ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”,
04:18
what you see is we have basically a very big chimpanzee brain.
69
258038
3664
ืชืจืื• ืฉืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื•ื— ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
04:21
It's a good thing ours is bigger, because we're also really insecure.
70
261726
3941
ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืกืจื™ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.
04:25
(Laughter)
71
265691
2062
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:27
But, uh oh, there's a dolphin,
72
267777
3116
ืื‘ืœ, ืื•ืคืก, ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ,
04:30
a bigger brain with more convolutions.
73
270917
2976
ืขื ืžื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืœื ื•, ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื™ืชื•ืœื™ื.
04:34
OK, maybe you're saying, all right, well, we see brains,
74
274777
2707
ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื•ืœื™ ืชื’ื™ื“ื•, ื˜ื•ื‘, ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—,
04:37
but what does that have to say about minds?
75
277508
2427
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ?
04:40
Well, we can see the working of the mind
76
280347
3871
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื ืคืฉ
04:44
in the logic of behaviors.
77
284242
1709
ื“ืจืš ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช.
04:46
So these elephants, you can see,
78
286530
3631
ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืคื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ
04:50
obviously, they are resting.
79
290185
2600
ืฉื”ื ื ื—ื™ื.
04:53
They have found a patch of shade under the palm trees
80
293118
4364
ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืงืฆืช ืฆืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขืฆื™ ื”ื“ืงืœ
04:57
under which to let their babies sleep,
81
297506
2800
ื•ืฉื ื”ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ,
05:00
while they doze but remain vigilant.
82
300330
2619
ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืžื ืžื ืžื™ื ืชื•ืš ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ.
05:03
We make perfect sense of that image
83
303491
2852
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
05:06
just as they make perfect sense of what they're doing
84
306367
3631
ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
05:10
because under the arc of the same sun on the same plains,
85
310022
3802
ื›ื™ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื‘ืื•ืชื ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื,
05:13
listening to the howls of the same dangers,
86
313848
3426
ื‘ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ืœืื•ืชืŸ ื™ืœืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืกื›ื ื•ืช,
05:17
they became who they are and we became who we are.
87
317298
4411
ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื™ ืฉื”ื, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•.
05:22
We've been neighbors for a very long time.
88
322536
2176
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
05:24
No one would mistake these elephants as being relaxed.
89
324736
3444
ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื˜ืขื” ื•ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืคื™ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืจื’ื•ืขื™ื.
05:28
They're obviously very concerned about something.
90
328204
2912
ื”ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืžืฉื”ื•.
05:31
What are they concerned about?
91
331140
1976
ืžืžื” ื”ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื?
05:33
It turns out that if you record the voices of tourists
92
333680
3640
ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื• ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื,
05:37
and you play that recording from a speaker hidden in bushes,
93
337344
4694
ื•ืชืฉืžื™ืขื• ืืช ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืžืจืžืงื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืชืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื™ื,
05:42
elephants will ignore it, because tourists never bother elephants.
94
342062
3635
ื”ืคื™ืœื™ื ื™ืชืขืœืžื• ืžืžื ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžืฆื™ืงื™ื ืœืคื™ืœื™ื.
05:46
But if you record the voices of herders
95
346102
4742
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื• ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืขื™ื
05:50
who carry spears and often hurt elephants in confrontations at water holes,
96
350868
5089
ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ื ื™ืชื•ืช, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื,
05:55
the elephants will bunch up and run away from the hidden speaker.
97
355981
4694
ื”ืคื™ืœื™ื ื™ืชืงื‘ืฆื• ื•ื™ื‘ืจื—ื• ืžื”ืจืžืงื•ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™.
06:00
Not only do elephants know that there are humans,
98
360699
3359
ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืคื™ืœื™ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
06:04
they know that there are different kinds of humans,
99
364082
2536
ื”ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
06:06
and that some are OK and some are dangerous.
100
366642
3582
ื•ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื—ืœืงื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื•ื—ืœืงื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื.
06:10
They have been watching us for much longer than we have been watching them.
101
370248
5067
ื”ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžื–ื” ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื.
06:15
They know us better than we know them.
102
375339
2290
ื”ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื.
06:18
We have the same imperatives:
103
378272
2848
ืื ื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืคื™ ืื•ืชื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื:
06:21
take care of our babies, find food, try to stay alive.
104
381144
4495
ื”ืฉื’ื™ื—ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ืžืฆืื• ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื• ืœืฉืจื•ื“.
06:26
Whether we're outfitted for hiking in the hills of Africa
105
386478
3829
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ืœืฆืขื“ื” ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
06:30
or outfitted for diving under the sea, we are basically the same.
106
390331
4183
ืื• ืœืฆืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
06:34
We are kin under the skin.
107
394538
1978
ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขื•ืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
06:36
The elephant has the same skeleton,
108
396999
2403
ืœืคื™ืœ ื™ืฉ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฉืœื“,
06:39
the killer whale has the same skeleton,
109
399426
2342
ืœืื•ืจืงื” ื™ืฉ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฉืœื“,
06:41
as do we.
110
401792
1236
ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ื•.
06:45
We see helping where help is needed.
111
405674
2262
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืขื–ืจื”.
06:48
We see curiosity in the young.
112
408560
2628
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
06:52
We see the bonds of family connections.
113
412467
3603
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืงืฉืจื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
06:57
We recognize affection.
114
417776
2047
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื‘ื”.
07:00
Courtship is courtship.
115
420522
2161
ื—ื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื–ื•ืจ.
07:03
And then we ask, "Are they conscious?"
116
423999
2683
ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื: "ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช?"
07:07
When you get general anesthesia, it makes you unconscious,
117
427300
2900
ื›ืฉืืชื ืชื—ืช ื”ืจื“ืžื” ืžืœืื”, ืืชื ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ื›ืจื” ื•ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช,
07:10
which means you have no sensation of anything.
118
430224
2835
ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ื ื›ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ.
07:13
Consciousness is simply the thing that feels like something.
119
433083
3571
ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื”ื•.
07:17
If you see, if you hear, if you feel, if you're aware of anything,
120
437292
4149
ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื, ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื, ืื ืืชื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื•,
07:21
you are conscious, and they are conscious.
121
441465
3052
ืื– ืืชื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื. ื•ื”ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื.
07:27
Some people say
122
447165
1166
ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื
07:28
well, there are certain things that make humans humans,
123
448355
2605
ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
07:30
and one of those things is empathy.
124
450984
1922
ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ืืžืคืชื™ื”.
07:32
Empathy is the mind's ability to match moods with your companions.
125
452930
5687
ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื›ื.
07:39
It's a very useful thing.
126
459442
1583
ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืžืื•ื“.
07:41
If your companions start to move quickly,
127
461049
2160
ืื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื›ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ืžื”ืจ,
07:43
you have to feel like you need to hurry up.
128
463233
2235
ืืชื ื’ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœืžื”ืจ.
07:45
We're all in a hurry now.
129
465492
1730
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืžื”ืจื™ื.
07:47
The oldest form of empathy is contagious fear.
130
467246
3487
ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืคื—ื“ ืžื“ื‘ืง.
07:50
If your companions suddenly startle and fly away,
131
470757
2846
ืื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื›ื ืœืคืชืข ื ืจืชืขื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ืจื—ื™ื,
07:53
it does not work very well for you to say,
132
473627
2164
ืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชืืžืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื:
07:55
"Jeez, I wonder why everybody just left."
133
475815
2903
"ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื›ื•ืœื ืขื–ื‘ื•."
07:58
(Laughter)
134
478742
1532
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:03
Empathy is old, but empathy, like everything else in life,
135
483136
3839
ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืืš ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
08:06
comes on a sliding scale and has its elaboration.
136
486999
3911
ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ืขืœ ืจืฆืฃ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฉื›ืœื•ืœื™ื.
08:10
So there's basic empathy: you feel sad, it makes me sad.
137
490934
3721
ืื– ื™ืฉื ื” ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช: ืืชื” ื—ืฉ ืขืฆื‘ ื•ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ื‘.
08:14
I see you happy, it makes me happy.
138
494679
1937
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชืš ืฉืžื— ื•ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื—.
08:17
Then there's something that I call sympathy,
139
497192
2783
ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื• ืกื™ืžืคืชื™ื”,
08:19
a little more removed:
140
499999
1860
ืžืขื˜ ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ:
08:22
"I'm sorry to hear that your grandmother has just passed away.
141
502365
3467
"ื”ืฆื˜ืขืจืชื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœืš ื ืคื˜ืจื”."
08:25
I don't feel that same grief, but I get it; I know what you feel
142
505856
3627
ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ืฉ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืืชื” ื—ืฉ
08:29
and it concerns me."
143
509507
1413
ื•ื–ื” ืžื“ืื™ื’ ืื•ืชื™.
08:30
And then if we're motivated to act on sympathy,
144
510944
2617
ื•ืื–, ืื ื”ืกื™ืžืคืชื™ื” ืžื ื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœื”,
08:33
I call that compassion.
145
513585
1806
ืœื–ื” ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ื—ืžืœื”.
08:36
Far from being the thing that makes us human,
146
516061
3550
ื”ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื™ื™ื—ื“ ืื•ืชื ื•,
08:39
human empathy is far from perfect.
147
519635
3340
ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžืฉืœืžื•ืช.
08:42
We round up empathic creatures, we kill them and we eat them.
148
522999
5011
ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืืžืคืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื.
08:48
Now, maybe you say OK, well, those are different species.
149
528034
2867
ืื•ืœื™ ืชืืžืจื•, ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืœื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
08:50
That's just predation, and humans are predators.
150
530925
3718
ื–ืืช ื˜ืจื™ืคื”, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื.
08:54
But we don't treat our own kind too well either.
151
534667
5336
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืœื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
09:01
People who seem to know only one thing about animal behavior
152
541212
3154
ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืข"ื—
09:04
know that you must never attribute human thoughts and emotions
153
544390
3973
ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช
09:08
to other species.
154
548387
1801
ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
09:10
Well, I think that's silly,
155
550723
1821
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™,
09:12
because attributing human thoughts and emotions to other species
156
552568
4122
ื›ื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ืข"ื— ืื—ืจื™ื
09:16
is the best first guess about what they're doing and how they're feeling,
157
556714
4251
ื–ื” ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื,
09:20
because their brains are basically the same as ours.
158
560989
3313
ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ื•.
09:24
They have the same structures.
159
564326
1731
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื.
09:26
The same hormones that create mood and motivation in us
160
566081
5050
ืื•ืชื ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ ืจื•ื— ื•ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืช
09:31
are in those brains as well.
161
571155
2258
ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
09:35
It is not scientific to say that they are hungry when they're hunting
162
575050
5070
ื–ื” ืœื ืžื“ืขื™ ืžืฆื™ื“ื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืจืขื‘ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืฆื“ื™ื
09:40
and they're tired when their tongues are hanging out,
163
580144
2947
ื•ืฉื”ื ืขื™ื™ืคื™ื ื›ืฉืœืฉื•ื ื ืžืฉืชืœืฉืœืช,
09:43
and then say when they're playing with their children
164
583115
2690
ื•ืื– ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืฉื”ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื
09:45
and acting joyful and happy,
165
585829
1911
ื•ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืฉืจ ื•ืฉืžื—ื”,
09:47
we have no idea if they can possibly be experiencing anything.
166
587764
4789
ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•.
09:52
That is not scientific.
167
592577
1994
ื–ื” ืœื ืžื“ืขื™.
09:55
So OK, so a reporter said to me,
168
595619
2685
ืื–, ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื›ืชื‘ ืื—ื“ ืืžืจ ืœื™:
09:58
"Maybe, but how do you really know that other animals can think and feel?"
169
598328
4308
"ืื•ืœื™, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช?"
10:02
And I started to rifle through all the hundreds
170
602660
3055
ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื
10:05
of scientific references that I put in my book
171
605739
2499
ืฉื›ืœืœืชื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื™,
10:08
and I realized that the answer was right in the room with me.
172
608262
3240
ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืื™ืชื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ.
10:11
When my dog gets off the rug and comes over to me --
173
611526
3753
ื›ืฉื”ื›ืœื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืžื”ืฉื˜ื™ื— ื•ื‘ืื” ืœืขื‘ืจื™ --
10:15
not to the couch, to me --
174
615303
1762
ืœื ืœืกืคื”, ืœืขื‘ืจื™ --
10:17
and she rolls over on her back and exposes her belly,
175
617089
4177
ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื” ื•ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืืช ื‘ื˜ื ื”,
10:21
she has had the thought, "I would like my belly rubbed.
176
621290
2868
ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ื’ืจื“ื• ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ.
10:26
I know that I can go over to Carl,
177
626565
2536
ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืื ืืœืš ืœืงืืจืœ,
10:29
he will understand what I'm asking.
178
629125
2313
ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช.
10:32
I know I can trust him because we're family.
179
632084
2496
ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื• ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
10:35
He'll get the job done, and it will feel good."
180
635406
2715
ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืขื™ื."
10:38
(Laughter)
181
638145
1886
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:40
She has thought and she has felt,
182
640055
3329
ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื”,
10:43
and it's really not more complicated than that.
183
643408
2664
ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืžื›ืš.
10:46
But we see other animals and we say, "Oh look, killer whales,
184
646096
4613
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืข"ื— ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ืชืจืื•, ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื,
10:50
wolves, elephants:
185
650733
2410
ื–ืื‘ื™ื, ืคื™ืœื™ื:
10:53
that's not how they see it."
186
653167
1611
ื”ื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ืš."
10:55
That tall-finned male is L41.
187
655714
4294
ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื”ื•ื L41.
11:00
He's 38 years old.
188
660032
2047
ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 38 ืฉื ื™ื.
11:02
The female right on his left side is L22.
189
662103
3472
ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ืœืฉืžืืœื• ื”ื™ื L22.
11:05
She's 44.
190
665899
1552
ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช 44.
11:07
They've known each other for decades.
191
667475
2635
ื”ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
11:10
They know exactly who they are.
192
670650
1972
ื”ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
11:12
They know who their friends are.
193
672646
1551
ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
11:14
They know who their rivals are.
194
674221
1698
ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื™ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
11:15
Their life follows the arc of a career.
195
675943
2113
ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”.
11:18
They know where they are all the time.
196
678802
2234
ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข.
11:22
This is an elephant named Philo.
197
682863
2375
ื–ื”ื• ืคื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืคื™ื™ืœื•.
11:25
He was a young male.
198
685667
1828
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ.
11:27
This is him four days later.
199
687519
1818
ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ 4 ื™ืžื™ื.
11:30
Humans not only can feel grief, we create an awful lot of it.
200
690999
5330
ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื ืจืง ื—ืฉื™ื ืฆืขืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉืคืข.
11:38
We want to carve their teeth.
201
698648
2314
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื’ืœืฃ ืืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื.
11:42
Why can't we wait for them to die?
202
702153
3304
ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืชื•?
11:47
Elephants once ranged from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea
203
707998
3468
ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืคื™ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื• ืžืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
11:51
all the way down to the Cape of Good Hope.
204
711490
2075
ื•ืขื“ ืœื›ืฃ ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
11:53
In 1980, there were vast strongholds of elephant range
205
713589
3386
ื‘-1980 ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื™ื
11:56
in Central and Eastern Africa.
206
716999
2188
ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื•ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
11:59
And now their range is shattered into little shards.
207
719211
4337
ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžืจื•ืกืง ืœืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
12:03
This is the geography of an animal that we are driving to extinction,
208
723572
4679
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”,
12:08
a fellow being, the most magnificent creature on land.
209
728275
3849
ื‘ืจื™ื” ืื—ื•ืช, ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื ื”ื“ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
12:13
Of course, we take much better care of our wildlife in the United States.
210
733288
4028
ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
12:17
In Yellowstone National Park, we killed every single wolf.
211
737681
4235
ื‘ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ืœื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ืจื’ื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื.
12:21
We killed every single wolf south of the Canadian border, actually.
212
741940
3449
ื‘ืขืฆื, ื”ืจื’ื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืงื ื“ื™.
12:25
But in the park, park rangers did that in the 1920s,
213
745413
4393
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคืืจืง, ืคืงื—ื™ ื”ืคืืจืง ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ 1920,
12:29
and then 60 years later they had to bring them back,
214
749830
2591
ื•ืœืื—ืจ 60 ืฉื ื” ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื,
12:32
because the elk numbers had gotten out of control.
215
752445
2907
ื›ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื™ื™ืœื™ื ื™ืฆื ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
12:36
And then people came.
216
756511
1274
ื•ืื– ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
12:37
People came by the thousands to see the wolves,
217
757809
3724
ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืืœืคื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื,
12:41
the most accessibly visible wolves in the world.
218
761557
3495
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื›ื™ ืงืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ื, ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.
12:45
And I went there and I watched this incredible family of wolves.
219
765512
3252
ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื•.
12:48
A pack is a family.
220
768788
1453
ืœื”ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
12:50
It has some breeding adults and the young of several generations.
221
770265
3575
ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ืžื” ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช.
12:55
And I watched the most famous, most stable pack in Yellowstone National Park.
222
775158
4616
ื•ืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื‘ืœื”ืงื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ืœื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ.
13:00
And then, when they wandered just outside the border,
223
780370
3130
ื•ืื–, ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ื˜ื˜ื• ืžืขื˜ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคืืจืง,
13:03
two of their adults were killed,
224
783524
2681
ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื•,
13:06
including the mother,
225
786229
2253
ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืื,
13:08
which we sometimes call the alpha female.
226
788506
2178
ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจืื ื• ืœื” ื ืงื‘ืช ืืœืคื.
13:11
The rest of the family immediately descended into sibling rivalry.
227
791502
4243
ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžื™ื“ ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ืื™ื.
13:16
Sisters kicked out other sisters.
228
796871
2241
ืื—ื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ืจืฉื• ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
13:19
That one on the left tried for days to rejoin her family.
229
799565
3481
ื–ืืช ืžืฉืžืืœ ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ืง ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื.
13:23
They wouldn't let her because they were jealous of her.
230
803070
2692
ื”ื ืœื ื ืชื ื• ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ืงื™ื ืื• ื‘ื”.
13:25
She was getting too much attention from two new males,
231
805786
2813
ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžืฉื ื™ ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
13:28
and she was the precocious one.
232
808623
2018
ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื—.
13:30
That was too much for them.
233
810665
1653
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื.
13:32
She wound up wandering outside the park and getting shot.
234
812342
2725
ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื˜ื˜ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคืืจืง ื•ื ื•ืจืชื”.
13:36
The alpha male wound up being ejected from his own family.
235
816463
3409
ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืืœืคื ื ืคืœื˜ ืžืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœื•.
13:40
As winter was coming in,
236
820436
2003
ื›ืฉื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื’ื™ืข,
13:42
he lost his territory, his hunting support,
237
822463
3750
ื”ื•ื ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื•, ืืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืฆื™ื™ื“,
13:46
the members of his family and his mate.
238
826237
2471
ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื•ืืช ื–ื•ื’ืชื•.
13:50
We cause so much pain to them.
239
830883
3624
ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื ื›ืื‘ ื›ื” ืจื‘.
13:55
The mystery is, why don't they hurt us more than they do?
240
835665
4960
ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื, ืœืžื” ื”ื ืœื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ?
14:01
This whale had just finished eating part of a grey whale
241
841855
3198
ื”ืื•ืจืงื” ื”ื–ื• ืกื™ื™ืžื” ื–ื” ืขืชื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื ืชื— ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืืคื•ืจ
14:05
with his companions who had killed that whale.
242
845077
2579
ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืฉื”ืจื’ื• ืืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ืชืŸ.
14:07
Those people in the boat had nothing at all to fear.
243
847680
3084
ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืจื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ.
14:11
This whale is T20.
244
851999
1989
ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืจืงื” T20.
14:14
He had just finished tearing a seal into three pieces with two companions.
245
854488
4251
ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ื–ื” ืขืชื” ืœืฉืกืข ื›ืœื‘ ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•.
14:19
The seal weighed about as much as the people in the boat.
246
859168
2692
ื›ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื ืฉืงืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืžื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืจื”.
14:21
They had nothing to fear.
247
861884
1503
ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ.
14:24
They eat seals.
248
864189
1422
ื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื›ืœื‘ื™ ื™ื.
14:26
Why don't they eat us?
249
866699
1686
ืœืžื” ื”ื ืœื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•?
14:30
Why can we trust them around our toddlers?
250
870823
3760
ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื”ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื• ื”ืจื›ื™ื?
14:36
Why is it that killer whales have returned to researchers lost in thick fog
251
876488
5902
ืœืžื” ืื•ืจืงื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื ืื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืขืจืคืœ ื›ื‘ื“
14:42
and led them miles until the fog parted
252
882414
3330
ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืขืจืคืœ ื”ืชืคื–ืจ
14:45
and the researchers' home was right there on the shoreline?
253
885768
3165
ื•ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื?
14:48
And that's happened more than one time.
254
888957
2016
ื•ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืขื ืื—ืช.
14:53
In the Bahamas, there's a woman named Denise Herzing,
255
893171
2575
ื‘ืื™ื™ ื”ื‘ืื”ืžื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ื“ื ื™ืก ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื’,
14:55
and she studies spotted dolphins and they know her.
256
895770
3324
ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืกื˜ื ืœื”, ื•ื”ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
14:59
She knows them very well. She knows who they all are.
257
899118
2598
ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘. ื”ื™ื ืžื–ื”ื” ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.
15:01
They know her. They recognize the research boat.
258
901740
2262
ื”ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื”. ื”ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ืกื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื”.
15:04
When she shows up, it's a big happy reunion.
259
904026
2230
ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื™ืฉื ื• ืžืคื’ืฉ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืžื— ืžืื•ื“.
15:06
Except, one time showed up and they didn't want to come near the boat,
260
906280
3315
ืื‘ืœ ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื•ื”ื ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœืกื™ืจื”,
15:09
and that was really strange.
261
909619
2074
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
15:11
And they couldn't figure out what was going on
262
911717
2164
ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืงืจื”
15:13
until somebody came out on deck
263
913905
1500
ืขื“ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื™ืคื•ืŸ
15:15
and announced that one of the people onboard had died
264
915429
2635
ื•ืกื™ืคืจ ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืจื” ื ืคื˜ืจ
15:18
during a nap in his bunk.
265
918088
1771
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ืชื• ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื”.
15:20
How could dolphins know that one of the human hearts
266
920740
3926
ืื™ืš ื™ื›ืœื• ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
15:24
had just stopped?
267
924690
1469
ื”ืจื’ืข ื ืขืฆืจ?
15:26
Why would they care?
268
926818
2290
ืœืžื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืื›ืคืช?
15:29
And why would it spook them?
269
929132
2193
ื•ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื™ืคื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื?
15:33
These mysterious things just hint at all of the things that are going on
270
933111
5299
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื™ืกืชื•ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืจืง ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”
15:38
in the minds that are with us on Earth
271
938434
2742
ื‘ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืชื ื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
15:41
that we almost never think about at all.
272
941200
4231
ืฉื‘ื“"ื› ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.
15:46
At an aquarium in South Africa
273
946258
2172
ื‘ืืงื•ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”
15:48
was a little baby bottle-nosed dolphin named Dolly.
274
948454
3224
ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ืกื˜ื ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื“ื•ืœื™.
15:52
She was nursing, and one day a keeper took a cigarette break
275
952178
6144
ื”ื™ื ื™ื ืงื”, ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื™ืฆื ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื”
15:58
and he was looking into the window into their pool, smoking.
276
958346
4107
ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžืขืฉืŸ.
16:02
Dolly came over and looked at him,
277
962477
2374
ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื” ื‘ื•,
16:04
went back to her mother, nursed for a minute or two,
278
964875
3878
ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื™ืžื”, ื™ื ืงื” ืขื•ื“ ื“ืงื” ืื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื,
16:08
came back to the window
279
968777
1803
ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื—ืœื•ืŸ
16:10
and released a cloud of milk that enveloped her head like smoke.
280
970604
5665
ื•ืฉื™ื—ืจืจื” ืขื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืืคืฃ ืืช ืจืืฉื” ื›ืžื• ืขืฉืŸ.
16:16
Somehow, this baby bottle-nosed dolphin
281
976293
3106
ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื, ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
16:19
got the idea of using milk to represent smoke.
282
979423
4289
ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ืœื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืขืฉืŸ.
16:24
When human beings use one thing to represent another,
283
984211
3348
ื›ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ,
16:27
we call that art.
284
987583
2025
ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื›ืš ืืžื ื•ืช.
16:29
(Laughter)
285
989632
2023
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:31
The things that make us human
286
991679
1531
ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
16:33
are not the things that we think make us human.
287
993234
3080
ืื™ื ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
16:36
What makes us human is that,
288
996781
2324
ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
16:39
of all these things that our minds and their minds have,
289
999129
3136
ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉื ื• ื•ื‘ื ืคืฉื,
16:42
we are the most extreme.
290
1002289
2240
ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื›ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
16:46
We are the most compassionate,
291
1006347
2289
ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื•ืžืœื™ื,
16:48
most violent, most creative
292
1008660
3017
ื”ื›ื™ ืืœื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื
16:51
and most destructive animal that has ever been on this planet,
293
1011701
4660
ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจืกื ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ืื™ ืคืขื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื”"ื,
16:56
and we are all of those things all jumbled up together.
294
1016385
3724
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื”.
17:01
But love is not the thing that makes us human.
295
1021341
4238
ืื‘ืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
17:06
It's not special to us.
296
1026242
2352
ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื ื•.
17:09
We are not the only ones who care about our mates.
297
1029674
3971
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ื.
17:13
We are not the only ones who care about our children.
298
1033669
3338
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื.
17:18
Albatrosses frequently fly six, sometimes ten thousand miles
299
1038904
4970
ื”ืืœื‘ื˜ืจื•ืกื™ื ืขืคื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื 10-15 ืืœืฃ ืง"ืž,
17:23
over several weeks to deliver one meal, one big meal,
300
1043898
4487
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ื•ื–ืœ ื”ืžืžืชื™ืŸ ืœื”ื
17:28
to their chick who is waiting for them.
301
1048409
1976
ืืจื•ื—ื” ืื—ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
17:30
They nest on the most remote islands in the oceans of the world,
302
1050835
4398
ื”ื ืžืงื ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื“ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
17:35
and this is what it looks like.
303
1055257
2373
ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื”.
17:39
Passing life from one generation to the next is the chain of being.
304
1059370
4180
ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื.
17:43
If that stops, it all goes away.
305
1063574
2976
ืื ื–ื” ื ืขืฆืจ, ื”ื›ืœ ื ืขืœื.
17:46
If anything is sacred, that is, and into that sacred relationship
306
1066975
4650
ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื“ื•ืฉ - ื–ื”ื• ื–ื”. ื•ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื”
17:51
comes our plastic trash.
307
1071649
2831
ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืืฉืคืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืฉืœื ื•.
17:54
All of these birds have plastic in them now.
308
1074504
2687
ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง.
17:57
This is an albatross six months old, ready to fledge --
309
1077990
4651
ื–ื”ื• ืืœื‘ื˜ืจื•ืก ื‘ืŸ 6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืคืจื•ื— ืžื”ืงืŸ --
18:02
died, packed with red cigarette lighters.
310
1082665
4001
ืžืช, ืžืœื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืชื™ ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื™ื.
18:06
This is not the relationship we are supposed to have
311
1086690
3285
ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื•
18:09
with the rest of the world.
312
1089999
1586
ืขื ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
18:11
But we, who have named ourselves after our brains,
313
1091609
3324
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื•, ืฉืงืจืื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•,
18:16
never think about the consequences.
314
1096195
3386
ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช.
18:21
When we welcome new human life into the world,
315
1101041
3120
ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื,
18:24
we welcome our babies into the company of other creatures.
316
1104185
4503
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ืข"ื— ืื—ืจื™ื.
18:28
We paint animals on the walls.
317
1108712
2093
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช.
18:30
We don't paint cell phones.
318
1110829
1828
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื.
18:32
We don't paint work cubicles.
319
1112681
2143
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืชืื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
18:34
We paint animals to show them that we are not alone.
320
1114848
3901
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื”ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืœื‘ื“.
18:39
We have company.
321
1119316
1743
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
18:42
And every one of those animals in every painting of Noah's ark,
322
1122527
4740
ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชื™ื‘ืช ื ื•ื—,
18:47
deemed worthy of salvation is in mortal danger now,
323
1127291
4340
ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื”, ื ืžืฆืืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื—ื™ื™ื,
18:51
and their flood is us.
324
1131655
2253
ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื•.
18:55
So we started with a question:
325
1135704
2299
ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื‘ืฉืืœื”:
18:58
Do they love us?
326
1138027
1864
ื”ืื ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•?
19:01
We're going to ask another question.
327
1141999
2048
ื ืฉืืœ ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืจืช.
19:04
Are we capable of using what we have
328
1144999
3610
ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
19:09
to care enough to simply let them continue?
329
1149918
4173
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื?
19:16
Thank you very much.
330
1156725
1341
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
19:18
(Applause)
331
1158090
5640
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7