What are animals thinking and feeling? | Carl Safina

259,644 views ใƒป 2015-12-17

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Hansol Ryu ๊ฒ€ํ† : Seoyun Choi
00:12
Have you ever wondered what animals think and feel?
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๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์œผ์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
00:17
Let's start with a question:
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
00:19
Does my dog really love me, or does she just want a treat?
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์ œ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€๋Š” ์ €๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ• ๊นŒ์š”, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ์ € ๋Œ๋ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
00:24
Well, it's easy to see that our dog really loves us,
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๊ฐ•์•„์ง€๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฑด ์‰ฌ์šด ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
easy to see, right,
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์ •๋ง ์‰ฝ์ฃ , ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ .
00:32
what's going on in that fuzzy little head.
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๋ณต์Šฌ๋ณต์Šฌํ•œ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์†์—๋Š” ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:36
What is going on?
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:39
Something's going on.
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ• ํ…๋ฐ์š”.
00:41
But why is the question always do they love us?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ถ๊ธˆ์ฆ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ ?
00:46
Why is it always about us?
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์™œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ดํ•˜์ฃ ?
00:48
Why are we such narcissists?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋ฅด์‹œ์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ ?
00:52
I found a different question to ask animals.
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๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณผ ๋งŒํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
Who are you?
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๋„ˆ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ง€?
01:01
There are capacities of the human mind
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ผ๋“ค ์ค‘
01:04
that we tend to think are capacities only of the human mind.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ๋งŒ์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
But is that true?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ง์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
01:12
What are other beings doing with those brains?
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋‡Œ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:16
What are they thinking and feeling?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Š๋‚„๊นŒ์š”?
01:19
Is there a way to know?
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์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:21
I think there is a way in.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
I think there are several ways in.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธธ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
We can look at evolution, we can look at their brains
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋‡Œ๋„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
and we can watch what they do.
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๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:33
The first thing to remember is: our brain is inherited.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์•ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์„ ์กฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
The first neurons came from jellyfish.
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์€ ํ•ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
Jellyfish gave rise to the first chordates.
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ํ•ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ฒซ ์ฒ™์ƒ‰ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
01:45
The first chordates gave rise to the first vertebrates.
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์ฒซ ์ฒ™์ƒ‰ ๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฒ™์ถ” ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:49
The vertebrates came out of the sea,
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์ฒ™์ถ” ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ ๋‚˜์™”๊ณ 
01:51
and here we are.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์ด๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
But it's still true that a neuron, a nerve cell, looks the same
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํก์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
in a crayfish, a bird or you.
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๊ฐ€์žฌ๋“  ์ƒˆ๋“ , ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด๋“ ์š”.
02:04
What does that say about the minds of crayfish?
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์ด ์ ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค„๊นŒ์š”?
02:08
Can we tell anything about that?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ ?
02:10
Well, it turns out that if you give a crayfish
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ€์žฌ์—๊ฒŒ
02:14
a lot of little tiny electric shocks
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์ž‘์€ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๊ทน์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:17
every time it tries to come out of its burrow,
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๊ฐ€์žฌ๋Š” ๊ตด ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ ค ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋งˆ๋‹ค
02:19
it will develop anxiety.
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๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ฐ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
If you give the crayfish the same drug
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฌ์—๊ฒŒ
์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝ์„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:26
used to treat anxiety disorder in humans,
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02:29
it relaxes and comes out and explores.
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๊ฐ€์žฌ๋Š” ๊ธด์žฅ์„ ํ’€๊ณ  ๋‚˜์™€์„œ ์™ธ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
How do we show how much we care about crayfish anxiety?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฌ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์“ฐ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋ญ์ฃ ?
02:37
Mostly, we boil them.
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๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ, ๊ฐ€์žฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ถ์ฃ .
02:39
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:42
Octopuses use tools, as well as do most apes
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๋ฌธ์–ด๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์œ ์ธ์›๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
and they recognize human faces.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์ฃ .
02:50
How do we celebrate the ape-like intelligence of this invertebrate?
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์ด ๋ฌด์ฒ™์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ์ด ์ง€๋‹Œ ์œ ์ธ์› ๊ธ‰์˜ ์ง€๋Šฅ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ์ฃ ?
02:55
Mostly boiled.
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๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์‚ถ์ฃ .
02:58
If a grouper chases a fish into a crevice in the coral,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃจํผ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ ํ‹ˆ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ซ“์•„๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ
03:02
it will sometimes go to where it knows a moray eel is sleeping
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์–ด๋–ค ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ณฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„๋Š” ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ
03:07
and it will signal to the moray, "Follow me,"
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๊ณฐ์น˜์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์™€."
03:11
and the moray will understand that signal.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณฐ์น˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
The moray may go into the crevice and get the fish,
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๊ณฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ‹ˆ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žก์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
03:17
but the fish may bolt and the grouper may get it.
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ง์ณ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฃจํผ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žก์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
This is an ancient partnership that we have just recently found out about.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ธ ์›์‹œ์  ํ˜‘๋™ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ฃ .
03:26
How do we celebrate that ancient partnership?
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์›์‹œ์  ํ˜‘๋™ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ์ฃ ?
03:30
Mostly fried.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํŠ€๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
A pattern is emerging and it says a lot more about us
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์–ด๋–ค ์ „ํ˜•ํ™”๋œ ์–‘์‹์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค
03:36
than it does about them.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
Sea otters use tools
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ํ•ด๋‹ฌ์€ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
and they take time away from what they're doing
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋˜ ์ค‘์— ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‚ด์„œ
03:45
to show their babies what to do, which is called teaching.
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์ƒˆ๋ผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต์œก์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์ฃ .
03:49
Chimpanzees don't teach.
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์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋“ค์€ ๊ต์œก์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
Killer whales teach and killer whales share food.
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๋ฒ”๊ณ ๋ž˜๋„ ๊ต์œก์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
When evolution makes something new,
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์ง„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ ๋•Œ๋Š”
04:00
it uses the parts it has in stock, off the shelf,
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์ด๋ฏธ ๋น„์ถ•ํ•ด ๋†“์€ ๊ฒƒ, ๊ทœ๊ฒฉํ’ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
before it fabricates a new twist.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตญ๋ฉด์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์ „์—์š”.
04:07
And our brain has come to us
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‡Œ ๋˜ํ•œ
04:10
through the enormity of the deep sweep of time.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ง€๊ธˆ์— ์ด๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
If you look at the human brain compared to a chimpanzee brain,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€์˜ ๋‡Œ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:18
what you see is we have basically a very big chimpanzee brain.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋…”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
It's a good thing ours is bigger, because we're also really insecure.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ํฌ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ ์ข‹์€ ์ผ์ด์ฃ . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
04:25
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:27
But, uh oh, there's a dolphin,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ, ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
a bigger brain with more convolutions.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ฃผ๋ฆ„์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋” ํฐ ๋‡Œ์ฃ .
04:34
OK, maybe you're saying, all right, well, we see brains,
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ '์ข‹์•„, ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ตฐ. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ
04:37
but what does that have to say about minds?
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๋งˆ์Œ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฌด์Šจ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ง€?' ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
Well, we can see the working of the mind
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ์„
04:44
in the logic of behaviors.
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ํ–‰๋™์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
So these elephants, you can see,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
04:50
obviously, they are resting.
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๋ช…๋ฐฑํžˆ ํœด์‹์„ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:53
They have found a patch of shade under the palm trees
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์•ผ์ž์ˆ˜ ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์€ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
under which to let their babies sleep,
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์ƒˆ๋ผ๋“ค์„ ์ž ์ž๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์ฃ .
05:00
while they doze but remain vigilant.
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์ž ๊น ์กธ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
We make perfect sense of that image
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
05:06
just as they make perfect sense of what they're doing
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์ด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
because under the arc of the same sun on the same plains,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ™์€ ํƒœ์–‘ ์•„๋ž˜, ๊ฐ™์€ ๋•… ์œ„์—์„œ
05:13
listening to the howls of the same dangers,
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๊ฐ™์€ ์œ„ํ—˜์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉด์„œ
05:17
they became who they are and we became who we are.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋˜๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:22
We've been neighbors for a very long time.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์„œ๋กœ ์ด์›ƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
No one would mistake these elephants as being relaxed.
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์ด ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ธด์žฅ์„ ํ’€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ž˜๋ชป ์•Œ์•„๋ณผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์—†์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
They're obviously very concerned about something.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํžˆ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์— ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
What are they concerned about?
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์— ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:33
It turns out that if you record the voices of tourists
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๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋…น์Œํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ
05:37
and you play that recording from a speaker hidden in bushes,
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๋ค๋ถˆ ์†์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ๋‘” ์Šคํ”ผ์ปค๋กœ ์žฌ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด
05:42
elephants will ignore it, because tourists never bother elephants.
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:46
But if you record the voices of herders
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฐฝ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ๋ฌผ ์›…๋ฉ์ด์—์„œ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š”
05:50
who carry spears and often hurt elephants in confrontations at water holes,
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๋ชฉ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋…น์Œํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,
05:55
the elephants will bunch up and run away from the hidden speaker.
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ชจ์—ฌ๋“ค๊ณ , ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์Šคํ”ผ์ปค์—์„œ ๋„๋ง์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
Not only do elephants know that there are humans,
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:04
they know that there are different kinds of humans,
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
and that some are OK and some are dangerous.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๊ณ , ๋˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:10
They have been watching us for much longer than we have been watching them.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
They know us better than we know them.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ž˜ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
We have the same imperatives:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ์ ˆ์‹คํ•จ์„ ๋Š๋‚๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
take care of our babies, find food, try to stay alive.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋Œ๋ณด๊ณ , ๋จน์„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ , ์‚ด์•„ ์žˆ์œผ๋ ค ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
Whether we're outfitted for hiking in the hills of Africa
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์–ธ๋•์„ ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ํŠนํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋“ ,
06:30
or outfitted for diving under the sea, we are basically the same.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ท์†์œผ๋กœ ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ํŠนํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋“ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
We are kin under the skin.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์นœ์ฒ™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
The elephant has the same skeleton,
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๋„,
06:39
the killer whale has the same skeleton,
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๋ฒ”๊ณ ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๋„
06:41
as do we.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
We see helping where help is needed.
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
06:48
We see curiosity in the young.
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์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์„,
06:52
We see the bonds of family connections.
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๊ฐ€์กฑ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
We recognize affection.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์• ์ฐฉ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:00
Courtship is courtship.
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๊ตฌํ˜ผ๋„ ๊ตฌํ˜ผ์ด์ฃ .
07:03
And then we ask, "Are they conscious?"
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ . "์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์˜์‹์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?"
07:07
When you get general anesthesia, it makes you unconscious,
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์ „์‹  ๋งˆ์ทจ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์˜์‹์„ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
which means you have no sensation of anything.
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์•„๋ฌด ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
Consciousness is simply the thing that feels like something.
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์˜์‹์ด๋ž€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋งํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
If you see, if you hear, if you feel, if you're aware of anything,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ณด๊ณ , ๋“ฃ๊ณ , ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ , ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์— ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ผ ๋•Œ
07:21
you are conscious, and they are conscious.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์˜์‹์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋“ค๋„ ์˜์‹์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
Some people say
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
well, there are certain things that make humans humans,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”.
07:30
and one of those things is empathy.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
07:32
Empathy is the mind's ability to match moods with your companions.
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๊ณต๊ฐ์ด๋ž€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์–ด์šธ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์‹ ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
It's a very useful thing.
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๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜์ฃ .
07:41
If your companions start to move quickly,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:43
you have to feel like you need to hurry up.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ž์‹ ๋„ ์„œ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์•ผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๊ปด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
We're all in a hurry now.
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋‘๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
07:47
The oldest form of empathy is contagious fear.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ์€ ์ „์—ผ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณตํฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
If your companions suddenly startle and fly away,
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์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๊นœ์ง ๋†€๋ผ์„œ ๋‚ ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
07:53
it does not work very well for you to say,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ข‹์€ ๊ธธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:55
"Jeez, I wonder why everybody just left."
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"๋ง™์†Œ์‚ฌ, ์™œ๋“ค ๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋„ค."
07:58
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:03
Empathy is old, but empathy, like everything else in life,
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๊ณต๊ฐ์€ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „์— ์ƒ๊ฒผ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ถ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•˜๋“ฏ
08:06
comes on a sliding scale and has its elaboration.
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๊ณต๊ฐ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •๋„์™€ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
So there's basic empathy: you feel sad, it makes me sad.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์Šฌํผํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ €๋„ ์Šฌํผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:14
I see you happy, it makes me happy.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๋ฉด ์ €๋„ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:17
Then there's something that I call sympathy,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๋ฏผ์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:19
a little more removed:
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘” ๊ฐ์ •์ด์ฃ .
08:22
"I'm sorry to hear that your grandmother has just passed away.
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"๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์…จ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ ์œ ๊ฐ์ด์—์š”.
08:25
I don't feel that same grief, but I get it; I know what you feel
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๊ฐ™์€ ์Šฌํ””์„ ๋Š๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์•Œ๊ณ 
08:29
and it concerns me."
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์—ผ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์š”."
08:30
And then if we're motivated to act on sympathy,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๋ฏผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ–‰๋™ํ•  ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
08:33
I call that compassion.
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์ €๋Š” ๋™์ •์‹ฌ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
Far from being the thing that makes us human,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ,
08:39
human empathy is far from perfect.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์—ฐ๋ฏผ์€ ์™„๋ฒฝ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:42
We round up empathic creatures, we kill them and we eat them.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์žก๊ณ , ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ , ๋จน์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
Now, maybe you say OK, well, those are different species.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์ด์–ด์„œ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
That's just predation, and humans are predators.
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๊ทธ์ € ๋จน๊ณ  ๋จนํžˆ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์ด๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํฌ์‹์ž๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
08:54
But we don't treat our own kind too well either.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์กฐ์ฐจ ์ž˜ ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
People who seem to know only one thing about animal behavior
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๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
09:04
know that you must never attribute human thoughts and emotions
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์— ๋Œ€์ž…ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
09:08
to other species.
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์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
Well, I think that's silly,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
because attributing human thoughts and emotions to other species
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์— ๋Œ€์ž…ํ•ด ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
09:16
is the best first guess about what they're doing and how they're feeling,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ถ”์ธก์œผ๋กœ ์ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
because their brains are basically the same as ours.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‡Œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
09:24
They have the same structures.
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๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
09:26
The same hormones that create mood and motivation in us
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์˜์š•์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด
09:31
are in those brains as well.
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์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ์—๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
It is not scientific to say that they are hungry when they're hunting
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๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ํ”ˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
09:40
and they're tired when their tongues are hanging out,
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์ด๋“ค์ด ํ˜€๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ง€์ณค๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
and then say when they're playing with their children
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹๋“ค๊ณผ ๋†€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
09:45
and acting joyful and happy,
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์ฆ๊ฒ๊ณ  ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ,
09:47
we have no idea if they can possibly be experiencing anything.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•„๋ฌด ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
That is not scientific.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
So OK, so a reporter said to me,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋Š ๊ธฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
"Maybe, but how do you really know that other animals can think and feel?"
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"๊ทธ๋Ÿด์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ง ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋Š”์ง€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•Œ์ฃ ?"
10:02
And I started to rifle through all the hundreds
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ ์ฑ…์— ์ธ์šฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ํŽธ์˜ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ์„
10:05
of scientific references that I put in my book
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์ƒ…์ƒ…์ด ๋’ค์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
and I realized that the answer was right in the room with me.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •๋‹ต์ด ์ œ ๋ฐฉ ์•ˆ์— ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
When my dog gets off the rug and comes over to me --
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์ œ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€๊ฐ€ ์–‘ํƒ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ฌ ๋•Œ,
10:15
not to the couch, to me --
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์†ŒํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ฌ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
10:17
and she rolls over on her back and exposes her belly,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ๋“ฑ์„ ๋Œ€๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ผ ๋•Œ
10:21
she has had the thought, "I would like my belly rubbed.
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์ด ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€๋Š” "๋‚ด ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฌธ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ์ฃผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์–ด.
10:26
I know that I can go over to Carl,
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์นผ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
10:29
he will understand what I'm asking.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ ๋œป์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€.
10:32
I know I can trust him because we're family.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด.
10:35
He'll get the job done, and it will feel good."
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งก๊ธด ์ผ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ํ…Œ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์ข‹์•„์ง€๊ฒ ์ง€.
10:38
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:40
She has thought and she has felt,
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๊ฐ•์•„์ง€๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋Š๊ผˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
and it's really not more complicated than that.
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๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
But we see other animals and we say, "Oh look, killer whales,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์€ ์ด๋ ‡์ฃ . "๋ฒ”๊ณ ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ด.
10:50
wolves, elephants:
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๋Š‘๋Œ€, ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ด.
10:53
that's not how they see it."
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€."
10:55
That tall-finned male is L41.
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์ €๊ธฐ ์ง€๋Š๋Ÿฌ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์ˆ˜์ปท์€ L41์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:00
He's 38 years old.
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38์‚ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
The female right on his left side is L22.
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๊ทธ์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ ํŽธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•”์ปท์€ L22์ฃ .
11:05
She's 44.
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44์‚ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
They've known each other for decades.
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์ด๋“ค์€ 10์—ฌ๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„์™”์ฃ .
11:10
They know exactly who they are.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
They know who their friends are.
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ ,
11:14
They know who their rivals are.
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ ์ธ์ง€๋„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:15
Their life follows the arc of a career.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
They know where they are all the time.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:22
This is an elephant named Philo.
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์ด ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ํ•„๋กœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
He was a young male.
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์ Š์€ ์ˆ˜์ปท์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
11:27
This is him four days later.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ์˜ 4์ผ ํ›„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:30
Humans not only can feel grief, we create an awful lot of it.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์Šฌํ””์„ ๋Š๋‚„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์Šฌํ””์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
We want to carve their teeth.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋นจ์„ ์กฐ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:42
Why can't we wait for them to die?
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์ด๋“ค์ด ์ฃฝ์„ ๋•Œ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
11:47
Elephants once ranged from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea
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์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ์ง€์ค‘ํ•ด ํ•ด์•ˆ์—์„œ
11:51
all the way down to the Cape of Good Hope.
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ํฌ๋ง๋ด‰์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋ถ„ํฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:53
In 1980, there were vast strongholds of elephant range
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1980๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์ค‘์•™ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์™€ ๋™๋ถ€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—
11:56
in Central and Eastern Africa.
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๋„“์€ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์„œ์‹์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
And now their range is shattered into little shards.
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์ด์ œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์ง€๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ํŒŒํŽธ๋“ค๋กœ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:03
This is the geography of an animal that we are driving to extinction,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉธ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ๊ณ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์ง€ํ˜•๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:08
a fellow being, the most magnificent creature on land.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์กด์žฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ง€์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด์ฃ .
12:13
Of course, we take much better care of our wildlife in the United States.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
In Yellowstone National Park, we killed every single wolf.
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์˜๋กœ์Šคํ†ค ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ณต์›์—์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Š‘๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฃฝ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
We killed every single wolf south of the Canadian border, actually.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ์„œ์ชฝ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋Š‘๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:25
But in the park, park rangers did that in the 1920s,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ณต์›์—์„œ ๊ณต์› ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋“ค์ด 1920๋…„๋Œ€์— ๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
12:29
and then 60 years later they had to bring them back,
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60๋…„ ํ›„์—๋Š” ๋Š‘๋Œ€๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐ๋ ค์˜ค๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:32
because the elk numbers had gotten out of control.
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์—˜ํฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์ œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„ฐ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:36
And then people came.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชฐ๋ ค๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:37
People came by the thousands to see the wolves,
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋Š‘๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ์™”์ฃ .
12:41
the most accessibly visible wolves in the world.
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์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Š‘๋Œ€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:45
And I went there and I watched this incredible family of wolves.
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์ €๋„ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์„œ, ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋Š‘๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:48
A pack is a family.
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ํ•œ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:50
It has some breeding adults and the young of several generations.
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์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ๋Š” ์„ฑ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋Š‘๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:55
And I watched the most famous, most stable pack in Yellowstone National Park.
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์˜๋กœ์Šคํ†ค ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ณต์›์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
And then, when they wandered just outside the border,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„ ์„ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ๊ณณ์„ ๋ฐฐํšŒํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
13:03
two of their adults were killed,
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์„ฑ์ฒด ์ค‘ ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์ž„์„ ๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:06
including the mother,
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์–ด๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ์š”.
13:08
which we sometimes call the alpha female.
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์•ŒํŒŒ ์•”์ปท์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
13:11
The rest of the family immediately descended into sibling rivalry.
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋Š‘๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ๊ทธ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ํ˜•์ œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์— ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:16
Sisters kicked out other sisters.
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์ž๋งค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž๋งค๋ฅผ ์ซ“์•„๋ƒˆ์ฃ .
13:19
That one on the left tried for days to rejoin her family.
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์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Š‘๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋ฉฐ์น ์„ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:23
They wouldn't let her because they were jealous of her.
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๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ์งˆ์‹œํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:25
She was getting too much attention from two new males,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ˆ˜์ปท ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
13:28
and she was the precocious one.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์กฐ์ˆ™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:30
That was too much for them.
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๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ .
13:32
She wound up wandering outside the park and getting shot.
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์ด ์•”์ปท์€ ํฅ๋ถ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณต์› ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์„ ๋ฐฐํšŒํ•˜๋‹ค ์ด์— ๋งž์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:36
The alpha male wound up being ejected from his own family.
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์•ŒํŒŒ ์ˆ˜์ปท์€ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋‚ด์ซ“๊ฒจ ๋ฐฐํšŒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:40
As winter was coming in,
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๊ฒจ์šธ์ด ์™”๊ณ 
13:42
he lost his territory, his hunting support,
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์ด ์ˆ˜์ปท์€ ์˜์—ญ์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•˜๋Š”
13:46
the members of his family and his mate.
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๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž๋ฅผ ์žƒ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:50
We cause so much pain to them.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํฐ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
The mystery is, why don't they hurt us more than they do?
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์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ ์€, ์™œ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์›๋ž˜๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ฒ˜์ž…ํžˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
This whale had just finished eating part of a grey whale
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์ด ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋Š” ๋ง‰ ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ๊ณ ๋ž˜์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋จน์€ ์ฐธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:05
with his companions who had killed that whale.
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์ด ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ ๋ž˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜์š”.
14:07
Those people in the boat had nothing at all to fear.
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์ € ๋ณดํŠธ์— ํƒ„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒ๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:11
This whale is T20.
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์ด ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋Š” T20์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:14
He had just finished tearing a seal into three pieces with two companions.
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๋™๋ฃŒ ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹คํ‘œ๋ฒ”์„ ์„ธ ์กฐ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐข์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์ฐธ์ด์ฃ .
14:19
The seal weighed about as much as the people in the boat.
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๋ฐ”๋‹คํ‘œ๋ฒ”์€ ๋ณดํŠธ์— ํƒ„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋งŒํผ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:21
They had nothing to fear.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒ๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:24
They eat seals.
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๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹คํ‘œ๋ฒ”์„ ๋จน์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
14:26
Why don't they eat us?
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์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
14:30
Why can we trust them around our toddlers?
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์™œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์˜†์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋„ ์ด๋“ค์„ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
14:36
Why is it that killer whales have returned to researchers lost in thick fog
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์™œ ์ด ๋ฒ”๊ณ ๋ž˜๋Š” ์•ˆ๊ฐœ ์†์—์„œ ๊ธธ์„ ์žƒ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์•„์™€
14:42
and led them miles until the fog parted
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์•ˆ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑทํžˆ๊ณ , ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€
14:45
and the researchers' home was right there on the shoreline?
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์ด๋“ค์„ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
14:48
And that's happened more than one time.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์€ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ด์ƒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:53
In the Bahamas, there's a woman named Denise Herzing,
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๋ฐ”ํ•˜๋งˆ์— ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์Šค ํ—ค๋ฅด์ง•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:55
and she studies spotted dolphins and they know her.
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์•Œ๋ฝ ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:59
She knows them very well. She knows who they all are.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์„ ์ž˜ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
15:01
They know her. They recognize the research boat.
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์ด๋“ค๋„ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ณดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:04
When she shows up, it's a big happy reunion.
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉด ์ •๋ง ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ์žฌํšŒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํŽผ์ณ์ง€์ฃ .
15:06
Except, one time showed up and they didn't want to come near the boat,
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ณดํŠธ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์˜ค๋ ค ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋งŒ ๋นผ๊ณ ์š”.
15:09
and that was really strange.
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์ •๋ง ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
15:11
And they couldn't figure out what was going on
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๋‹ค๋“ค ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:13
until somebody came out on deck
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ‘ํŒ์— ๋‚˜์™€์„œ
15:15
and announced that one of the people onboard had died
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์„ ์ƒ์˜ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์นจ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ž๋˜ ์ค‘
15:18
during a nap in his bunk.
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์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”์š”.
15:20
How could dolphins know that one of the human hearts
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๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์ด
๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
15:24
had just stopped?
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15:26
Why would they care?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ผ์„๊นŒ์š”?
15:29
And why would it spook them?
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์™œ ์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ฒ๋จน๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
15:33
These mysterious things just hint at all of the things that are going on
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹ ๋น„๋กœ์šด ์ผ๋“ค์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ๋“ค์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”
15:38
in the minds that are with us on Earth
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋˜์ ธ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:41
that we almost never think about at all.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋˜ ์ผ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
15:46
At an aquarium in South Africa
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์„œ๋ถ€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์ˆ˜์กฑ๊ด€์—์„œ
15:48
was a little baby bottle-nosed dolphin named Dolly.
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๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ž‘์€ ๋ณ‘์ฝ”๊ณ ๋ž˜ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:52
She was nursing, and one day a keeper took a cigarette break
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์ –์„ ๋จน๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์–ด๋Š ๋‚ ์€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž ์‹œ ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ”ผ์šฐ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:58
and he was looking into the window into their pool, smoking.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ”ผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฌผ์†์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:02
Dolly came over and looked at him,
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๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™€์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋”๋‹ˆ,
16:04
went back to her mother, nursed for a minute or two,
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์–ด๋ฏธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ์ผ์ด๋ถ„ ์ฏค ์ –์„ ๋จน์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:08
came back to the window
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ
16:10
and released a cloud of milk that enveloped her head like smoke.
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์ –์„ ๋‚ด๋ฟœ์–ด ๋งˆ์น˜ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋’ค๋ฎ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:16
Somehow, this baby bottle-nosed dolphin
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ๋“ ์ง€, ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋ณ‘์ฝ”๊ณ ๋ž˜๊ฐ€
16:19
got the idea of using milk to represent smoke.
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์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ –์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•ด๋‚ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
16:24
When human beings use one thing to represent another,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ,
16:27
we call that art.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:29
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
16:31
The things that make us human
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€
16:33
are not the things that we think make us human.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:36
What makes us human is that,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
16:39
of all these things that our minds and their minds have,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘,
16:42
we are the most extreme.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทน๋‹จ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:46
We are the most compassionate,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋™์ •์‹ฌ์ด ๊นŠ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:48
most violent, most creative
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:51
and most destructive animal that has ever been on this planet,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋™๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:56
and we are all of those things all jumbled up together.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋’ค์„ž์ธ ์กด์žฌ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:01
But love is not the thing that makes us human.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:06
It's not special to us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:09
We are not the only ones who care about our mates.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:13
We are not the only ones who care about our children.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋Œ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:18
Albatrosses frequently fly six, sometimes ten thousand miles
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์•Œ๋ฐ”ํŠธ๋กœ์Šค๋“ค์€ ์ž์ฃผ 6์ฒœ ๋งˆ์ผ์„, ์–ด๋–ค ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋งŒ ๋งˆ์ผ์„ ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:23
over several weeks to deliver one meal, one big meal,
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๋ช‡ ์ฃผ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ
์ž์‹ ๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋ผ ์ƒˆ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ฃ .
17:28
to their chick who is waiting for them.
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17:30
They nest on the most remote islands in the oceans of the world,
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ ์„ฌ์— ๋‘ฅ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‹‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:35
and this is what it looks like.
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๊ทธ ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:39
Passing life from one generation to the next is the chain of being.
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ํ•œ ์„ธ๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ถ์„ ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:43
If that stops, it all goes away.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฉˆ์ถ˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:46
If anything is sacred, that is, and into that sacred relationship
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์„ฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์—
17:51
comes our plastic trash.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:54
All of these birds have plastic in them now.
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์ด ์ƒˆ๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ์ด์ œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:57
This is an albatross six months old, ready to fledge --
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6๊ฐœ์›” ๋œ ์•Œ๋ฐ”ํŠธ๋กœ์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊นƒํ„ธ์ด ๋‚˜์„œ ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
18:02
died, packed with red cigarette lighters.
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์ฃฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ ๋ผ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“  ์ฑ„์˜€์ฃ .
18:06
This is not the relationship we are supposed to have
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ƒ๊ณผ
18:09
with the rest of the world.
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๊ฐ€์กŒ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:11
But we, who have named ourselves after our brains,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋”ด ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ™์ธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
18:16
never think about the consequences.
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์ „ํ˜€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:21
When we welcome new human life into the world,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ๋งž์ดํ•  ๋•Œ
18:24
we welcome our babies into the company of other creatures.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋™๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งž์ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:28
We paint animals on the walls.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฒฝ์— ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:30
We don't paint cell phones.
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ํœด๋Œ€์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ฃ .
18:32
We don't paint work cubicles.
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์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค ์นธ๋ง‰์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:34
We paint animals to show them that we are not alone.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹˜์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:39
We have company.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:42
And every one of those animals in every painting of Noah's ark,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…ธ์•„์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘
18:47
deemed worthy of salvation is in mortal danger now,
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์›๋ฐ›์„ ์ž๊ฒฉ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:51
and their flood is us.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ™์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:55
So we started with a question:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:58
Do they love us?
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
19:01
We're going to ask another question.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:04
Are we capable of using what we have
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
19:09
to care enough to simply let them continue?
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4173
์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ์ € ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
19:16
Thank you very much.
330
1156725
1341
๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:18
(Applause)
331
1158090
5640
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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