Why you think you're right -- even if you're wrong | Julia Galef

2,175,731 views ใƒป 2016-08-08

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
So I'd like you to imagine for a moment
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœืจื’ืข
00:15
that you're a soldier in the heat of battle.
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ืฉืืชื ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืœื”ื˜ ื”ืงืจื‘.
00:18
Maybe you're a Roman foot soldier or a medieval archer
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื ืจื•ืžื™ ืื• ืงืฉืช ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื
00:22
or maybe you're a Zulu warrior.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืœื•ื—ื ื–ื•ืœื•.
00:24
Regardless of your time and place, there are some things that are constant.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื›ื, ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื.
00:28
Your adrenaline is elevated,
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ื”ืื“ืจื ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืขื•ืœื”.
00:30
and your actions are stemming from these deeply ingrained reflexes,
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ื•ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืจืคืœืงืกื™ื ืืœื” ืฉื˜ื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืขืžื•ืง.
00:35
reflexes rooted in a need to protect yourself and your side
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ืจืคืœืงืกื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฉืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื›ื ื•ืขืœ ืืœื” ืฉืœืฆื™ื“ื›ื
00:39
and to defeat the enemy.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘.
00:42
So now, I'd like you to imagine playing a very different role,
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“,
00:46
that of the scout.
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ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื™ืจ.
00:48
The scout's job is not to attack or defend.
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ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื’ืฉืฉ ืื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ืฃ ืื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ,
00:51
The scout's job is to understand.
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ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื’ืฉืฉ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ,
00:54
The scout is the one going out,
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ื”ืกื™ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”,
00:56
mapping the terrain, identifying potential obstacles.
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ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื,
01:00
And the scout may hope to learn that, say, there's a bridge
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื™ืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ืฉ ื’ืฉืจ
01:04
in a convenient location across a river.
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ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื ื•ื— ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื ื”ืจ.
01:06
But above all, the scout wants to know what's really there,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ, ื”ืกื™ื™ืจ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ืžืฆื ืฉื,
01:09
as accurately as possible.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
01:12
And in a real, actual army, both the soldier and the scout are essential.
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ื•ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืืžื™ืชื™, ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื™ืจ ื”ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื.
01:17
But you can also think of each of these roles as a mindset --
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื• ื›ืขืœ ื“ืคื•ืก ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” --
01:22
a metaphor for how all of us process information and ideas
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ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื” ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
01:26
in our daily lives.
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.
01:28
What I'm going to argue today is that having good judgment,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื˜ื•ื‘,
01:32
making accurate predictions, making good decisions,
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ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช, ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช
01:35
is mostly about which mindset you're in.
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ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
01:38
To illustrate these mindsets in action,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืœื” ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”,
01:41
I'm going to take you back to 19th-century France,
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืœืฆืจืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19,
01:45
where this innocuous-looking piece of paper
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ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืคื™ืกืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ืชืžื™ืžื” ืœืžืจืื”
01:48
launched one of the biggest political scandals in history.
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ื’ืจืžื” ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
01:51
It was discovered in 1894 by officers in the French general staff.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื‘-1894 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™.
01:56
It was torn up in a wastepaper basket,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืจื•ืขื” ืœื’ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืœ ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช,
01:59
but when they pieced it back together,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ืื•ืชื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
02:01
they discovered that someone in their ranks
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื
02:03
had been selling military secrets to Germany.
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ืžื›ืจ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
02:06
So they launched a big investigation,
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ืื– ื”ื ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
02:08
and their suspicions quickly converged on this man,
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ื•ื”ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื”
02:12
Alfred Dreyfus.
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ืืœืคืจื“ ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก.
02:14
He had a sterling record,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืขื‘ืจ ืœืœื ืจื‘ื‘,
02:16
no past history of wrongdoing, no motive as far as they could tell.
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ืœื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ืžืช ืขื•ื•ืœ, ื•ืœื ืžื ื™ืข ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ.
02:20
But Dreyfus was the only Jewish officer at that rank in the army,
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื’ื” ื›ื–ื• ื‘ืฆื‘ื,
02:25
and unfortunately at this time, the French Army was highly anti-Semitic.
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ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ื•ื, ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ ืžืื•ื“.
02:29
They compared Dreyfus's handwriting to that on the memo
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ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ื• ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก ืœื–ื” ืฉื‘ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ
02:32
and concluded that it was a match,
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืื,
02:34
even though outside professional handwriting experts
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“
02:37
were much less confident in the similarity,
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ.
02:40
but never mind that.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื–ื”.
02:41
They went and searched Dreyfus's apartment,
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ื”ื ื”ืœื›ื• ื•ืขืจื›ื• ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก,
02:43
looking for any signs of espionage.
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ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ.
02:45
They went through his files, and they didn't find anything.
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ื”ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื•ืœื ืžืฆืื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ.
02:48
This just convinced them more that Dreyfus was not only guilty,
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ื–ื” ืจืง ืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก ืœื ืจืง ื”ื™ื” ืืฉื,
02:51
but sneaky as well, because clearly he had hidden all of the evidence
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ืืœื ื’ื ืขืจืžื•ืžื™, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช
02:54
before they had managed to get to it.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื•.
02:57
Next, they went and looked through his personal history
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ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื ื™ืฆืื• ื•ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื•
02:59
for any incriminating details.
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ืื—ืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืคืœื™ืœื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื.
03:02
They talked to his teachers,
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ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขื ืžื•ืจื™ื•,
03:03
they found that he had studied foreign languages in school,
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ืฉืคื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
03:06
which clearly showed a desire to conspire with foreign governments
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช
03:10
later in life.
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ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:11
His teachers also said that Dreyfus was known for having a good memory,
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ืžื•ืจื™ื• ื’ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘,
03:18
which was highly suspicious, right?
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:20
You know, because a spy has to remember a lot of things.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ื™ ืžืจื’ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:24
So the case went to trial, and Dreyfus was found guilty.
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ืื– ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืœืš ืœืžืฉืคื˜, ื•ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก ื ืžืฆื ืืฉื,
03:28
Afterwards, they took him out into this public square
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ื™ื›ืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื–ื•
03:32
and ritualistically tore his insignia from his uniform
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ื•ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ื•ืช ืชืœืฉื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื•
03:35
and broke his sword in two.
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ื•ืฉื‘ืจื• ืืช ื—ืจื‘ื• ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื.
03:37
This was called the Degradation of Dreyfus.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืงืจื ื”ื”ืฉืคืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก.
03:40
And they sentenced him to life imprisonment
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ื•ื’ื–ืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ืžืืกืจ ืขื•ืœื
03:43
on the aptly named Devil's Island,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื ื”ืฉื ื”ื”ื•ืœื: ืื™ ื”ืฉื“ื™ื,
03:46
which is this barren rock off the coast of South America.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืกืœืข ืฆื—ื™ื— ื–ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
03:49
So there he went, and there he spent his days alone,
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ืื– ืœืฉื ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš, ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื™ืžื™ื• ืœื‘ื“,
03:53
writing letters and letters to the French government
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ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืฆืจืคืช
03:55
begging them to reopen his case so they could discover his innocence.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคืฆื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื—ืคื•ืชื•
03:59
But for the most part, France considered the matter closed.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืจื•ื‘, ืฆืจืคืช ืจืืชื” ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืกื’ื•ืจ.
04:03
One thing that's really interesting to me about the Dreyfus Affair
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก
04:07
is this question of why the officers were so convinced
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื
04:11
that Dreyfus was guilty.
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ืฉื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ืืฉื.
04:13
I mean, you might even assume that they were setting him up,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืชื ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื”ืชื ื›ืœ ืœื•,
04:16
that they were intentionally framing him.
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื•.
04:18
But historians don't think that's what happened.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”.
04:20
As far as we can tell,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ,
04:21
the officers genuinely believed that the case against Dreyfus was strong.
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ื”ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื ืฉื”ืชื™ืง ื ื’ื“ ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ื—ื–ืง.
04:26
Which makes you wonder:
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื ืœืชื”ื•ืช:
04:28
What does it say about the human mind
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื™ื ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
04:30
that we can find such paltry evidence
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืจืื™ื•ืช ื›ื” ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืขืจืš
04:33
to be compelling enough to convict a man?
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ืžืฉื›ื ืขื•ืช ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืจืฉื™ืข ืื“ื?
04:36
Well, this is a case of what scientists call "motivated reasoning."
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื”ื• ืžืงืจื” ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื ื›"ื”ื ืžืงืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”."
04:40
It's this phenomenon in which our unconscious motivations,
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ื–ื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
04:43
our desires and fears,
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ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
04:45
shape the way we interpret information.
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ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข.
04:48
Some information, some ideas, feel like our allies.
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ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
04:51
We want them to win. We want to defend them.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื ืฆื—ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
04:54
And other information or ideas are the enemy,
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ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ืื—ืจ ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ืื•ื™ื‘,
04:56
and we want to shoot them down.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืื•ืชื.
04:59
So this is why I call motivated reasoning, "soldier mindset."
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื”ื ืžืงืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” "ื“ืคื•ืก ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœ."
05:03
Probably most of you have never persecuted
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ื›ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชื ื›ืœืชื
05:07
a French-Jewish officer for high treason,
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ืœืงืฆื™ืŸ ืฆืจืคืชื™-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื”,
05:09
I assume,
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—ื”,
05:10
but maybe you've followed sports or politics, so you might have noticed
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืขืงื‘ืชื ืื—ืจื™ ืืจื•ืขื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืื• ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื›ืš ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื ืชื
05:15
that when the referee judges that your team committed a foul,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืขื‘ื™ืจื”,
05:19
for example,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
05:21
you're highly motivated to find reasons why he's wrong.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขื”,
05:24
But if he judges that the other team committed a foul -- awesome!
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืขื‘ื™ืจื” -- ื ืคืœื!
05:27
That's a good call, let's not examine it too closely.
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ื–ื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื ื‘ื•ื ื”, ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืžืง.
05:30
Or, maybe you've read an article or a study
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืงืจืืชื ืžืืžืจ ืื• ืžื—ืงืจ
05:32
that examined some controversial policy,
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ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืงื•ื•ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช,
05:35
like capital punishment.
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ื›ืžื• ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื•ื•ืช,
05:37
And, as researchers have demonstrated,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืื•,
05:39
if you support capital punishment
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ืื ืืชื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื•ื•ืช
05:41
and the study shows that it's not effective,
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ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
05:44
then you're highly motivated to find all the reasons
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช
05:47
why the study was poorly designed.
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื’ืจื•ืขื”.
05:49
But if it shows that capital punishment works,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืจืื” ืฉืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“,
05:51
it's a good study.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื—ืงืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
05:53
And vice versa: if you don't support capital punishment, same thing.
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ื•ืœื”ืคืš: ืื ืื™ื ื›ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื•ื•ืช, ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ.
05:56
Our judgment is strongly influenced, unconsciously,
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ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข
05:59
by which side we want to win.
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ืžื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฆื—.
06:02
And this is ubiquitous.
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ื•ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
06:03
This shapes how we think about our health, our relationships,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื ื•, ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
06:07
how we decide how to vote,
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ืื™ืš ื ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข,
06:08
what we consider fair or ethical.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืื• ืžื•ืกืจื™.
06:12
What's most scary to me about motivated reasoning
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”
06:14
or soldier mindset,
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ืื• ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœ,
06:15
is how unconscious it is.
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ื–ื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข.
06:17
We can think we're being objective and fair-minded
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืฉื•ื—ื“ื™ื
06:20
and still wind up ruining the life of an innocent man.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื—ืฃ ืžืคืฉืข.
06:25
However, fortunately for Dreyfus, his story is not over.
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ืขื ื–ืืช ืœืžื–ืœื• ืฉืœ ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ืœื ื ื’ืžืจ.
06:27
This is Colonel Picquart.
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ื–ื”ื• ืงื•ืœื•ื ืœ ืคื™ืงืืจ
06:29
He's another high-ranking officer in the French Army,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื“ืจื’ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™,
06:31
and like most people, he assumed Dreyfus was guilty.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก ืืฉื.
06:34
Also like most people in the army, he was at least casually anti-Semitic.
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ื’ื ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ ืœื ืžื•ืฆื”ืจ.
06:39
But at a certain point, Picquart began to suspect:
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืคื™ืงืืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื“:
06:43
"What if we're all wrong about Dreyfus?"
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"ืžื” ืื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก?"
06:46
What happened was, he had discovered evidence
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืจืื™ื•ืช
06:48
that the spying for Germany had continued,
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ืฉื”ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืš,
06:51
even after Dreyfus was in prison.
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ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœื.
06:53
And he had also discovered that another officer in the army
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืœืงืฆื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืฆื‘ื
06:56
had handwriting that perfectly matched the memo,
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ื”ื™ื” ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ ืฉืชืื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ,
06:59
much closer than Dreyfus's handwriting.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก.
07:02
So he brought these discoveries to his superiors,
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•
07:06
but to his dismay, they either didn't care
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืชื“ื”ืžืชื•, ืื• ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื›ืคืช ืœื”ื
07:09
or came up with elaborate rationalizations to explain his findings,
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ืื• ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื•,
07:13
like, "Well, all you've really shown, Picquart, is that there's another spy
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ื›ืžื• "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ืจืื™ืช ืคื™ืงืืจ, ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžืจื’ืœ
07:18
who learned how to mimic Dreyfus's handwriting,
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ืฉืœืžื“ ืื™ืš ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก,
07:21
and he picked up the torch of spying after Dreyfus left.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ืœืคื™ื“ ื”ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก ืขื–ื‘.
07:25
But Dreyfus is still guilty."
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฉื. "
07:27
Eventually, Picquart managed to get Dreyfus exonerated.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืคื™ืงืืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ื™ื›ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก.
07:30
But it took him 10 years,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืœื• 10 ืฉื ื™ื,
07:32
and for part of that time, he himself was in prison
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ื•ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœื
07:35
for the crime of disloyalty to the army.
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ื‘ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืฆื‘ื.
07:38
A lot of people feel like Picquart can't really be the hero of this story
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืคื™ืงืืจ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื”
07:44
because he was an anti-Semite and that's bad, which I agree with.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™, ื•ื–ื” ืจืข, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ืžื” ืื™ืชื•.
07:49
But personally, for me, the fact that Picquart was anti-Semitic
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืคื™ืงืืจ ื”ื™ื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™
07:53
actually makes his actions more admirable,
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ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืขืจืฆื™ื,
07:56
because he had the same prejudices, the same reasons to be biased
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช, ืื•ืชืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื—ื“
07:59
as his fellow officers,
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ื›ืžื• ืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ื”ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื,
08:01
but his motivation to find the truth and uphold it trumped all of that.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื•ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื”, ืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
08:07
So to me,
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ืื– ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™,
08:08
Picquart is a poster child for what I call "scout mindset."
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ืคื™ืงืืจ ื”ื•ื "ื™ืœื“ ื›ืจื–ื”" ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” "ื“ืคื•ืก ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ื™ืจ."
08:12
It's the drive not to make one idea win or another lose,
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ื–ื” ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืœื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืฆื— ืื• ืœืื—ืจ ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“,
08:16
but just to see what's really there
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ืืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงืจื” ืฉื
08:18
as honestly and accurately as you can,
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ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ,
08:21
even if it's not pretty or convenient or pleasant.
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ื’ื ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืคื” ืื• ื ื•ื— ืื• ื ืขื™ื.
08:25
This mindset is what I'm personally passionate about.
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ื“ืคื•ืก ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชืจื’ืฉืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืžื ื•.
08:28
And I've spent the last few years examining and trying to figure out
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ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
08:33
what causes scout mindset.
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ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื™ืจ.
08:35
Why are some people, sometimes at least,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช,
08:39
able to cut through their own prejudices and biases and motivations
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ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื“ืจืš ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช, ื”ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
08:42
and just try to see the facts and the evidence
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช
08:45
as objectively as they can?
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื?
08:47
And the answer is emotional.
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ืช.
08:51
So, just as soldier mindset is rooted in emotions
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ืื–, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื“ืคื•ืก ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืžื•ืฉืจืฉ ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช
08:54
like defensiveness or tribalism,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื ืชื™ื•ืช ืื• ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
08:58
scout mindset is, too.
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ื›ืš ื’ื ื“ืคื•ืก ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ื™ืจ.
09:00
It's just rooted in different emotions.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉืจืฉ ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
09:02
For example, scouts are curious.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืกื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ืกืงืจื ื™ื.
09:05
They're more likely to say they feel pleasure
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ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื ื’
09:09
when they learn new information
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ
09:10
or an itch to solve a puzzle.
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ืื• ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื—ื™ื“ื”.
09:13
They're more likely to feel intrigued when they encounter something
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ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืกืชืงืจืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•
09:16
that contradicts their expectations.
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ืฉืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
09:19
Scouts also have different values.
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ืœืกื™ื™ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
09:21
They're more likely to say they think it's virtuous
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ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™
09:24
to test your own beliefs,
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ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืขืฆืžื›ื,
09:25
and they're less likely to say that someone who changes his mind
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ื•ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื•
09:29
seems weak.
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ืžืคื’ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืฉื”.
09:30
And above all, scouts are grounded,
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ื•ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ ืกื™ื™ืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืงืจืงืข
09:32
which means their self-worth as a person
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื• ืฉื”ืขืจืš ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืื“ื
09:36
isn't tied to how right or wrong they are about any particular topic.
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ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื ืื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžืกื•ื™ื.
09:42
So they can believe that capital punishment works.
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ืื– ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“.
09:45
If studies come out showing that it doesn't, they can say,
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ื•ืื ืžืชืคืจืกืžื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื, ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ
09:48
"Huh. Looks like I might be wrong. Doesn't mean I'm bad or stupid."
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"ื”ื”, ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื” ืื•ืœื™, ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืจืข ืื• ื˜ื™ืคืฉ"
09:53
This cluster of traits is what researchers have found --
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ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆืื• -
09:58
and I've also found anecdotally --
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ื•ื’ื ืื ื™ ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื™ --
10:00
predicts good judgment.
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ืฆื•ืคื” ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื˜ื•ื‘.
10:02
And the key takeaway I want to leave you with about those traits
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ื•ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจื›ื ืื™ืชื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื•
10:05
is that they're primarily not about how smart you are
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืชื
10:09
or about how much you know.
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ืื• ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
10:11
In fact, they don't correlate very much with IQ at all.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืชื•ืืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืื™ื™ ืงื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
10:14
They're about how you feel.
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ื”ื ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื.
10:16
There's a quote that I keep coming back to, by Saint-Exupรฉry.
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืื ื™ ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื•, ืžืืช ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืืงื–ื•ืคืจื™.
10:20
He's the author of "The Little Prince."
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ "ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืงื˜ืŸ".
10:22
He said, "If you want to build a ship,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืกืคื™ื ื”,
10:26
don't drum up your men to collect wood and give orders
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ืืœ ืชืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืื ืฉื™ืš ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืชืŸ ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช
10:30
and distribute the work.
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
10:32
Instead, teach them to yearn for the vast and endless sea."
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืชื’ืขื’ืข ืœืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™. "
10:38
In other words, I claim,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช,
10:40
if we really want to improve our judgment as individuals
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ืฉืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื
10:44
and as societies,
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ื•ื›ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช,
10:45
what we need most is not more instruction in logic
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื›ื™ ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื• ืื™ื ื• ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื”
10:49
or rhetoric or probability or economics,
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ืื• ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืื• ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช, ืื• ื›ืœื›ืœื”,
10:52
even though those things are quite valuable.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš,
10:54
But what we most need to use those principles well
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ืืœื ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
10:58
is scout mindset.
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ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืฉืฉ.
10:59
We need to change the way we feel.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื.
11:01
We need to learn how to feel proud instead of ashamed
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื•ืฉื”
11:05
when we notice we might have been wrong about something.
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื˜ืขื™ื ื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืžืฉื”ื•.
11:08
We need to learn how to feel intrigued instead of defensive
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ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืžืกื•ืงืจื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื’ื ืชื™ื™ื
11:11
when we encounter some information that contradicts our beliefs.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืกื•ืชืจ ืืช ืืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•.
11:16
So the question I want to leave you with is:
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืื™ืชื” ื”ื™ื:
11:19
What do you most yearn for?
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ืœืžื” ืืชื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื™ื™ื—ืœื™ื?
11:22
Do you yearn to defend your own beliefs?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืžื™ื™ื—ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื?
11:26
Or do you yearn to see the world as clearly as you possibly can?
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ืื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืžื™ื™ื—ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ?
11:30
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
11:31
(Applause)
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(ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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