Why humans run the world | Yuval Noah Harari | TED

4,495,088 views ใƒป 2015-07-24

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: David Forrai
00:13
Seventy-thousand years ago, our ancestors were insignificant animals.
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ืœืคื ื™ 70,000 ืฉื ื”, ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช.
00:18
The most important thing to know about prehistoric humans
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื,
00:22
is that they were unimportant.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืœื-ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
00:24
Their impact on the world was not much greater than that of jellyfish
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ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช,
00:29
or fireflies or woodpeckers.
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ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืื• ื ืงืจื™ื.
00:32
Today, in contrast, we control this planet.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืื ื• ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช.
00:36
And the question is:
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื:
00:38
How did we come from there to here?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืขื“ ื”ืœื•ื?
00:41
How did we turn ourselves from insignificant apes,
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ืื™ืš ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžืงื•ืคื™ื ืœื-ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื,
00:45
minding their own business in a corner of Africa,
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ืฉืžืชืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืคื™ื ื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
00:48
into the rulers of planet Earth?
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ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืืจืฅ?
00:51
Usually, we look for the difference between us and all the other animals
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ื‘ื“"ื› ืื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช
00:57
on the individual level.
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ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
00:59
We want to believe -- I want to believe --
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ - ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ -
01:02
that there is something special about me,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื™,
ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™, ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™,
01:06
about my body, about my brain,
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01:09
that makes me so superior to a dog or a pig, or a chimpanzee.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื™ ื›ื” ื ืขืœื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื›ืœื‘, ืœื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื• ืœืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”.
01:15
But the truth is that, on the individual level,
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ืืš ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช,
01:18
I'm embarrassingly similar to a chimpanzee.
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ืื ื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืš ืœืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”.
01:22
And if you take me and a chimpanzee and put us together on some lonely island,
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ื•ืื ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื™ ืขื ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื™ ื‘ื•ื“ื“,
01:27
and we had to struggle for survival to see who survives better,
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื ื• ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื™ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืจื•ื“,
01:31
I would definitely place my bet on the chimpanzee, not on myself.
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ืื ื™ ืžื”ืžืจ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื’ืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”, ืœื ืขืœื™.
01:37
And this is not something wrong with me personally.
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ื•ืœื ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืืฆืœื™ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
01:40
I guess if they took almost any one of you, and placed you alone
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืื™ืœื• ืœืงื—ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื
ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืืชื›ื ืœื‘ื“ ืขื ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”, ืขืœ ืื™ ื‘ื•ื“ื“,
01:44
with a chimpanzee on some island,
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01:46
the chimpanzee would do much better.
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ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกืชื“ืจืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:50
The real difference between humans and all other animals
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช
ืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช,
01:55
is not on the individual level;
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01:57
it's on the collective level.
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ืืœื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
01:59
Humans control the planet because they are the only animals
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ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื
02:04
that can cooperate both flexibly and in very large numbers.
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ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื“.
02:10
Now, there are other animals --
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช -
02:11
like the social insects, the bees, the ants --
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื ืžืœื™ื -
02:15
that can cooperate in large numbers, but they don't do so flexibly.
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ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืืš ืœื ื‘ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช.
02:20
Their cooperation is very rigid.
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ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืืฆืœื ื ื•ืงืฉื” ืžืื“.
ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื•ื•ืจืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืคืงื“.
02:23
There is basically just one way in which a beehive can function.
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02:27
And if there's a new opportunity or a new danger,
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ื•ื›ืฉืฆืฆื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืื• ืกื›ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
02:31
the bees cannot reinvent the social system overnight.
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ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
02:35
They cannot, for example, execute the queen
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืืช ื”ืžืœื›ื”
02:38
and establish a republic of bees,
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ื•ืœื™ื™ืกื“ ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:40
or a communist dictatorship of worker bees.
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ืื• ืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช.
02:44
Other animals, like the social mammals --
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื -
02:46
the wolves, the elephants, the dolphins, the chimpanzees --
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ื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื, ื”ืคื™ืœื™ื, ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื -
02:50
they can cooperate much more flexibly,
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ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:53
but they do so only in small numbers,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
02:56
because cooperation among chimpanzees
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ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื
02:59
is based on intimate knowledge, one of the other.
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ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื”.
03:03
I'm a chimpanzee and you're a chimpanzee,
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ืื ืื ื™ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื•ืืชื” ืฉื™ืžื ืคื–ื”,
03:06
and I want to cooperate with you.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื™ืชืš.
03:08
I need to know you personally.
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ืขืœื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชืš ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ืืชื”?
03:11
What kind of chimpanzee are you?
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03:12
Are you a nice chimpanzee?
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ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื ื—ืžื“?
03:14
Are you an evil chimpanzee?
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ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ืจืข?
03:15
Are you trustworthy?
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ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ืš?
03:17
If I don't know you, how can I cooperate with you?
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ืื ืื™ื ื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชืš, ืื™ืš ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืื™ืชืš ืคืขื•ืœื”?
03:21
The only animal that can combine the two abilities together
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ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืžื–ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
03:25
and cooperate both flexibly and still do so in very large numbers
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ื•ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
03:30
is us, Homo sapiens.
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ื”ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื•, ื”ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก.
03:32
One versus one, or even 10 versus 10,
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ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืื—ื“, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• 10 ืขืœ 10,
03:37
chimpanzees might be better than us.
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ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื•.
03:40
But, if you pit 1,000 humans against 1,000 chimpanzees,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืฆื™ื‘ื• 1,000 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ืœ 1,000 ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื,
03:45
the humans will win easily, for the simple reason
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ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื ืฆื—ื• ื‘ืงืœื•ืช, ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”
03:48
that a thousand chimpanzees cannot cooperate at all.
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ืฉืืœืฃ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
03:53
And if you now try to cram 100,000 chimpanzees
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ื•ืื ืชื ืกื• ืœื“ื—ื•ืก 100,000 ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื
03:57
into Oxford Street, or into Wembley Stadium,
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ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ืื• ื‘ืื™ืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ "ื•ื•ืžื‘ืœื™",
04:01
or Tienanmen Square or the Vatican,
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ืื• ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ืื• ื‘ื•ื•ืชื™ืงืŸ,
04:03
you will get chaos, complete chaos.
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ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืชื•ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื•, ืื ื“ืœืจืžื•ืกื™ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช.
04:06
Just imagine Wembley Stadium with 100,000 chimpanzees.
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ื ืกื• ืจืง ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ "ื•ื•ืžื‘ืœื™" ืžืœื ื‘-100,000 ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื.
04:10
Complete madness.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื’ืžื•ืจ.
04:12
In contrast, humans normally gather there in tens of thousands,
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืืกืฃ ืฉื ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื,
04:18
and what we get is not chaos, usually.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืชื•ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื•, ื‘ื“"ื›.
04:21
What we get is extremely sophisticated and effective networks of cooperation.
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ืืœื ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ-ืคืขื•ืœื”.
04:28
All the huge achievements of humankind throughout history,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
04:33
whether it's building the pyramids or flying to the moon,
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ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื” ืืœ ื”ื™ืจื—,
04:36
have been based not on individual abilities,
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ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช,
ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื–ื•, ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
04:39
but on this ability to cooperate flexibly in large numbers.
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04:43
Think even about this very talk that I'm giving now:
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืžืฉ, ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจืฆื” ื›ืจื’ืข:
04:47
I'm standing here in front of an audience of about 300 or 400 people,
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ื›ืืŸ, ืžื•ืœ ืงื”ืœ ื‘ืŸ 300-400 ืื™ืฉ,
04:53
most of you are complete strangers to me.
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ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืชื›ื ื–ืจื™ื ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™.
04:56
Similarly, I don't really know all the people who have organized
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ื›ืš ื’ื ืื™ื ื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
ืฉืื™ืจื’ื ื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ื–ื” ื•ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœื™ื•.
05:01
and worked on this event.
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05:03
I don't know the pilot and the crew members of the plane
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืก ื•ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก
05:07
that brought me over here, yesterday, to London.
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ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื ื”, ืืชืžื•ืœ, ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ.
05:11
I don't know the people who invented and manufactured
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื•
05:15
this microphone and these cameras, which are recording what I'm saying.
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ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ืฉืžืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ.
05:20
I don't know the people who wrote all the books and articles
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื
05:23
that I read in preparation for this talk.
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ืฉืงืจืืชื™, ื›ื”ื›ื ื” ืœื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื–ืืช.
05:26
And I certainly don't know all the people
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ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
05:29
who might be watching this talk over the Internet,
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
05:32
somewhere in Buenos Aires or in New Delhi.
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ืื™-ืฉื, ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื•ืก ืื™ื™ืจืก ืื• ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื“ืœื”ื™.
05:36
Nevertheless, even though we don't know each other,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”,
05:39
we can work together to create this global exchange of ideas.
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ืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
05:46
This is something chimpanzees cannot do.
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05:49
They communicate, of course,
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื,
05:50
but you will never catch a chimpanzee traveling to some distant chimpanzee band
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืชืžืฆืื• ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ืฉื ื•ืกืขืช ืœืื™ื–ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช
05:56
to give them a talk about bananas or about elephants,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ื”ืจืฆืื” ืขืœ ื‘ื ื ื•ืช ืื• ืขืœ ืคื™ืœื™ื,
06:00
or anything else that might interest chimpanzees.
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ืื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื.
06:05
Now cooperation is, of course, not always nice;
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ-ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื—ืžื“;
06:08
all the horrible things humans have been doing throughout history --
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืขื•ืœืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” -
06:12
and we have been doing some very horrible things --
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ื•ืื ื• ืืžื ื ืขื•ืœืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ -
06:15
all those things are also based on large-scale cooperation.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ-ืคืขื•ืœื” ืจื—ื‘-ื”ื™ืงืฃ.
06:20
Prisons are a system of cooperation;
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ื‘ืชื™-ื›ืœื ื”ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ-ืคืขื•ืœื”;
06:23
slaughterhouses are a system of cooperation;
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ื‘ืชื™-ืžื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ-ืคืขื•ืœื”;
06:26
concentration camps are a system of cooperation.
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ืžื—ื ื•ืช-ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ-ืคืขื•ืœื”.
06:29
Chimpanzees don't have slaughterhouses and prisons and concentration camps.
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ืœืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™-ืžื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืชื™-ื›ืœื ื•ืžื—ื ื•ืช-ืจื™ื›ื•ื–.
06:36
Now suppose I've managed to convince you perhaps that yes,
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืชื›ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืื›ืŸ,
06:40
we control the world because we can cooperate flexibly in large numbers.
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ืื ื• ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
06:45
The next question that immediately arises
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื–ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืงืจืŸ
06:48
in the mind of an inquisitive listener is:
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06:51
How, exactly, do we do it?
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ื”ื™ื: ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช?
06:54
What enables us alone, of all the animals, to cooperate in such a way?
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ืžื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืžื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ืืช?
07:01
The answer is our imagination.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ืขื•ืฆื” ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
07:04
We can cooperate flexibly with countless numbers of strangers,
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ืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืขื ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ื–ืจื™ื
07:10
because we alone, of all the animals on the planet,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจืง ืื ื•, ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœื™-ืื“ืžื•ืช,
07:14
can create and believe fictions, fictional stories.
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ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื™ื.
07:19
And as long as everybody believes in the same fiction,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื›ื•ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื™ื”,
07:23
everybody obeys and follows the same rules,
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžืฆื™ื™ืชื™ื ืœืื•ืชื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื,
07:27
the same norms, the same values.
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ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื•ืื•ืชื ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื.
07:30
All other animals use their communication system
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ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ
07:34
only to describe reality.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
07:37
A chimpanzee may say, "Look! There's a lion, let's run away!"
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ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ: "ื”ื ื” ืืจื™ื”! ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ืจื—!"
07:41
Or, "Look! There's a banana tree over there! Let's go and get bananas!"
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ืื•: "ื”ื ื” ืขืฅ ื‘ื ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงื˜ื•ืฃ ื‘ื ื ื•ืช!"
07:45
Humans, in contrast, use their language not merely to describe reality,
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
07:52
but also to create new realities, fictional realities.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฆื™ืื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืžืฆื™ืื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช.
07:57
A human can say, "Look, there is a god above the clouds!
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ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ: "ืชืจืื•! ื™ืฉ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืžืขืœ ืœืขื ื ื™ื!
08:01
And if you don't do what I tell you to do,
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"ื•ืื ืœื ืชืขืฉื• ื›ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™,
08:03
when you die, God will punish you and send you to hell."
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"ืื–ื™ ื›ืฉืชืžื•ืชื•, ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืชื›ื ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ืืชื›ื ืœื’ื”ื™ื ื•ื.
08:06
And if you all believe this story that I've invented,
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"ื•ืื ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื”ืžืฆืืชื™,
08:10
then you will follow the same norms and laws and values,
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"ื”ืจื™ ืฉืชืฆื™ื™ืชื• ืœืื•ืชื ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช, ื›ืœืœื™ื ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื
08:14
and you can cooperate.
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"ื•ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื."
08:16
This is something only humans can do.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืจืง ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
08:19
You can never convince a chimpanzee to give you a banana
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื‘ื ื ื”, ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื”:
08:23
by promising him, "... after you die, you'll go to chimpanzee heaven ..."
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"ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืชืžื•ืช, ืชื’ื™ืข ืœื’ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื...
08:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:27
"... and you'll receive lots and lots of bananas for your good deeds.
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"...ื•ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื ื•ืช ื›ื’ืžื•ืœ ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
08:31
So now give me this banana."
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"ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื ื”."
08:32
No chimpanzee will ever believe such a story.
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ืืฃ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืืžื™ืŸ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ื–ื”.
08:35
Only humans believe such stories,
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ืจืง ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
08:38
which is why we control the world,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
08:40
whereas the chimpanzees are locked up in zoos and research laboratories.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื ื™-ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช-ืžื—ืงืจ.
08:46
Now you may find it acceptable that yes,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ืกื‘ื™ืจ, ืฉืื›ืŸ,
08:49
in the religious field, humans cooperate by believing in the same fictions.
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื“ืช, ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื™ืฉืชืคื• ืคืขื•ืœื”
ืžืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืช:
08:56
Millions of people come together to build a cathedral or a mosque
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืืกืคื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืงืชื“ืจืœื” ืื• ืžืกื’ื“,
ืื• ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืกืข-ืฆืœื‘ ืื• ื’'ื™ื”ืื“, ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
09:01
or fight in a crusade or a jihad, because they all believe in the same stories
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09:06
about God and heaven and hell.
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ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ ื•ื’ื”ื™ื ื•ื.
09:09
But what I want to emphasize is that exactly the same mechanism
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ
09:15
underlies all other forms of mass-scale human cooperation,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™,
09:21
not only in the religious field.
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื“ืช.
09:23
Take, for example, the legal field.
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™.
09:26
Most legal systems today in the world are based on a belief in human rights.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื.
09:33
But what are human rights?
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ืืš ืžื”ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื?
09:35
Human rights, just like God and heaven, are just a story that we've invented.
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"ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื", ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• "ืืœื•ื”ื™ื" ื•"ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ", ื”ืŸ ืจืง ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžืฆืื ื•.
09:40
They are not an objective reality;
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช;
09:42
they are not some biological effect about homo sapiens.
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก.
09:46
Take a human being, cut him open, look inside,
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ืงื—ื• ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืชืคืชื—ื• ืื•ืชื•, ืชืฆื™ืฆื• ืคื ื™ืžื”,
09:50
you will find the heart, the kidneys, neurons, hormones, DNA,
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ืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ืœื‘, ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ืืช ื”ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื“ื "ื,
09:55
but you won't find any rights.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืชืžืฆืื• ืฉื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช.
09:58
The only place you find rights are in the stories
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื• ืชืžืฆืื• ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
10:02
that we have invented and spread around over the last few centuries.
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ืฉื”ืžืฆืื ื• ื•ื”ืคืฆื ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
10:06
They may be very positive stories, very good stories,
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžืื“, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื“,
10:11
but they're still just fictional stories that we've invented.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืง ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฆืื ื•.
10:15
The same is true of the political field.
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ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”.
10:18
The most important factors in modern politics are states and nations.
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ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื”ื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืžื•ืช.
10:25
But what are states and nations?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืžื•ืช?
10:27
They are not an objective reality.
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ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
10:29
A mountain is an objective reality.
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ื”ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
10:32
You can see it, you can touch it, you can even smell it.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืชื•, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื•, ืืคืฉืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืจื™ื— ืื•ืชื•.
10:36
But a nation or a state,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ืื•ืžื”,
10:38
like Israel or Iran or France or Germany,
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ื›ืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื™ืจืŸ, ืฆืจืคืช ืื• ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
10:41
this is just a story that we've invented
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ืืœื• ืจืง ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฆืื ื•
10:44
and became extremely attached to.
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ื•ืฉืืœื™ื”ื ื ืงืฉืจื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
10:46
The same is true of the economic field.
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ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
10:49
The most important actors today in the global economy
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ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
10:53
are companies and corporations.
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ื”ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื.
10:56
Many of you today, perhaps, work for a corporation,
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืชืื’ื™ื“,
11:00
like Google or Toyota or McDonald's.
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ื›ืžื• "ื’ื•ื’ืœ", "ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื”" ืื• "ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก".
11:03
What exactly are these things?
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ืžื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
11:05
They are what lawyers call legal fictions.
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ื”ื ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืจื›ื™-ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช".
11:10
They are stories invented and maintained
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ืืœื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆืื• ื•ืชื•ื—ื–ืงื•
11:13
by the powerful wizards we call lawyers.
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ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ื ื”ืื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืขื•ืจื›ื™-ื“ื™ืŸ".
11:17
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:18
And what do corporations do all day?
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ื•ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื?
11:22
Mostly, they try to make money.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ.
11:25
Yet, what is money?
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ืืš ืžื”ื• ื›ืกืฃ?
11:26
Again, money is not an objective reality; it has no objective value.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื’ื ื›ืกืฃ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช;
ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืขืจืš ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
11:31
Take this green piece of paper, the dollar bill.
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ืงื—ื• ืืช ืคื™ืกืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ.
11:35
Look at it -- it has no value.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื” - ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื›ืœ ืขืจืš.
11:37
You cannot eat it, you cannot drink it,
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ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื•ืชื”, ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืื•ืชื”,
11:39
you cannot wear it.
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ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื”.
11:41
But then came along these master storytellers --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื‘ืื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™-ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืฉืคื™ื ื”ืืœื” --
11:45
the big bankers,
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ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
11:47
the finance ministers,
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ืฉืจื™ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ,
11:48
the prime ministers --
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ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” --
11:50
and they tell us a very convincing story:
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ื•ื”ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉื›ื ืข ืžืื“:
11:52
"Look, you see this green piece of paper?
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"ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืคื™ืกืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื”ื–ืืช?
11:54
It is actually worth 10 bananas."
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"ื“ืขื• ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื” 10 ื‘ื ื ื•ืช."
11:57
And if I believe it, and you believe it,
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ื•ืื ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื•ื’ื ืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš,
11:59
and everybody believes it,
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ื•ืื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš,
12:01
it actually works.
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืขื•ื‘ื“.
12:03
I can take this worthless piece of paper,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืคื™ืกืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื—ืกืจืช-ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื–ืืช,
12:06
go to the supermarket,
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ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžืจื›ื•ืœ,
12:07
give it to a complete stranger whom I've never met before,
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ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื” ืœื–ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ,
12:11
and get, in exchange, real bananas which I can actually eat.
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ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื ื ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืœืื›ื•ืœ.
12:16
This is something amazing.
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ื–ื”ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืคืœื.
12:18
You could never do it with chimpanzees.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื–ื” ืขื ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื.
12:20
Chimpanzees trade, of course:
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžืกื—ืจ;
12:22
"Yes, you give me a coconut, I'll give you a banana."
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"ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืื’ื•ื– ืงื•ืงืก ื•ืืชืŸ ืœืš ื‘ื ื ื”."
12:25
That can work.
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ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—.
12:26
But, you give me a worthless piece of paper
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ืื‘ืœ... "ืืชื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืคื™ืกืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ื—ืกืจืช-ืขืจืš,
12:29
and you except me to give you a banana?
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"ื•ืžืฆืคื” ืฉืืชืŸ ืœืš ื‘ื ื ื”?
12:31
No way!
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"ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™!
12:32
What do you think I am, a human?
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"ืžื” ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื™, ื‘ืŸ-ืื“ื?"
12:34
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:36
Money, in fact, is the most successful story
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ื”ื›ืกืฃ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฆืœื—
12:41
ever invented and told by humans,
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ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ื•ืกื™ืคืจื• ืื™-ืคืขื,
12:43
because it is the only story everybody believes.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื•.
12:48
Not everybody believes in God,
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ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื,
12:51
not everybody believes in human rights,
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ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื,
12:54
not everybody believes in nationalism,
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ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช,
12:57
but everybody believes in money, and in the dollar bill.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื‘ืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ.
13:01
Take, even, Osama Bin Laden.
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ืงื—ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ืื•ืกืžื” ื‘ืŸ-ืœืื“ืŸ.
13:03
He hated American politics and American religion
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื™ื, ืืช ื”ื“ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช
13:07
and American culture,
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ื•ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช,
13:08
but he had no objection to American dollars.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืฉื•ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื™ื.
13:11
He was quite fond of them, actually.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื.
13:13
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:16
To conclude, then:
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ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืื ื›ืŸ:
13:17
We humans control the world because we live in a dual reality.
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ืื ื•, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื”.
13:24
All other animals live in an objective reality.
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ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
13:28
Their reality consists of objective entities,
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ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื™ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
13:33
like rivers and trees and lions and elephants.
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ื›ืžื• ื ื”ืจื•ืช, ืขืฆื™ื, ืืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืœื™ื.
13:38
We humans, we also live in an objective reality.
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ื’ื ืื ื•, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
13:41
In our world, too, there are rivers and trees and lions and elephants.
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ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ื™ืฉ ื ื”ืจื•ืช, ืขืฆื™ื, ืืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืœื™ื.
13:47
But over the centuries,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช
13:49
we have constructed on top of this objective reality
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ื”ืงืžื ื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช
ืจื•ื‘ื“ ืฉื ื™, ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื”,
13:54
a second layer of fictional reality,
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13:57
a reality made of fictional entities,
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ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื™ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช,
14:01
like nations, like gods, like money, like corporations.
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ื›ืžื• ืื•ืžื•ืช, ืืœื™ื, ื›ืกืฃ, ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื.
14:06
And what is amazing is that as history unfolded,
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ื•ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ื ื ืงืคื•,
14:11
this fictional reality became more and more powerful
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ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ืคื›ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ,
14:16
so that today, the most powerful forces in the world
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
14:21
are these fictional entities.
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ื”ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช.
14:23
Today, the very survival of rivers and trees and lions and elephants
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื ื”ืจื•ืช, ืขืฆื™ื, ืืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืœื™ื
14:30
depends on the decisions and wishes of fictional entities,
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช
14:35
like the United States, like Google, like the World Bank --
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ื›ืžื• ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, "ื’ื•ื’ืœ", ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ --
14:40
entities that exist only in our own imagination.
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ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื ื•.
14:44
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:46
(Applause)
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ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื’'ื™ื•ืกืื ื™: ื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ืคืจืกืžืช ืกืคืจ ื—ื“ืฉ.
14:56
Bruno Giussani: Yuval, you have a new book out.
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ืื—ืจื™ "ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช" ื›ืชื‘ืช ืขื•ื“ ืกืคืจ,
14:58
After Sapiens, you wrote another one,
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15:00
and it's out in Hebrew, but not yet translated into ...
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืืš ื˜ืจื ืชื•ืจื’ื...
15:02
Yuval Noah Harari: I'm working on the translation as we speak.
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ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื ื— ื”ืจืจื™: ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื.
15:05
BG: In the book, if I understand it correctly,
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ื‘"ื’': ื‘ืกืคืจ, ืื ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
ืืชื” ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื
15:08
you argue that the amazing breakthroughs that we are experiencing right now
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15:13
not only will potentially make our lives better,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
ืืœื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ - ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ืื•ืชืš:
15:16
but they will create -- and I quote you --
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15:18
"... new classes and new class struggles, just as the industrial revolution did."
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"...ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขืฉืชื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช."
15:22
Can you elaborate for us?
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ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืจื˜ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•?
15:24
YNH: Yes. In the industrial revolution,
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ื™ื "ื”: ื›ืŸ. ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช,
15:26
we saw the creation of a new class of the urban proletariat.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™,
15:31
And much of the political and social history of the last 200 years involved
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ 200 ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ื’ืขื” ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื”
15:36
what to do with this class, and the new problems and opportunities.
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ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
15:40
Now, we see the creation of a new massive class of useless people.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืกืจื™-ืชื•ืขืœืช.
15:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื,
15:46
As computers become better and better in more and more fields,
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15:51
there is a distinct possibility that computers will out-perform us
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ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ืขืœื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื
15:56
in most tasks and will make humans redundant.
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ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื™ื™ืชื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
15:59
And then the big political and economic question
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ื•ืื–, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
16:02
of the 21st century will be,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21 ืชื”ื™ื”:
16:05
"What do we need humans for?",
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"ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื” ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื?"
16:07
or at least, "What do we need so many humans for?"
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช: "ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื” ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื?"
16:10
BG: Do you have an answer in the book?
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ื‘"ื’': ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืกืคืจืš?
16:13
YNH: At present, the best guess we have is to keep them happy
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ื™ื "ื”: ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื”, ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉื”ื ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื
16:17
with drugs and computer games ...
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกืžื™ื ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘...
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:19
(Laughter)
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16:20
but this doesn't sound like a very appealing future.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ืขืชื™ื“ ืงื•ืกื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
16:23
BG: Ok, so you're basically saying in the book and now,
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ื‘"ื’': ืื– ื‘ืขืฆื, ืืชื” ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจืš ื•ื›ืืŸ,
16:26
that for all the discussion about the growing evidence
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ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช
16:28
of significant economic inequality, we are just kind of at the beginning
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™-ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื™ื›ืจ ืื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
16:32
of the process?
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ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš?
16:34
YNH: Again, it's not a prophecy;
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ื™ื "ื”: ืฉื•ื‘, ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื”,
16:35
it's seeing all kinds of possibilities before us.
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ืืœื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
16:39
One possibility is this creation of a new massive class of useless people.
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ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืกืจื™-ืชื•ืขืœืช.
16:44
Another possibility is the division of humankind
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ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืคืฆืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
16:47
into different biological castes,
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ืœืงืืกื˜ื•ืช (ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช) ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
16:50
with the rich being upgraded into virtual gods,
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ื›ืฉื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชื“ืจื’ื™ื ืœืžืขืžื“ ืืœื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ,
16:55
and the poor being degraded to this level of useless people.
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœืจืžืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืกืจื™-ืชื•ืขืœืช.
16:59
BG: I feel there is another TED talk coming up in a year or two.
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ื‘"ื’': ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื”ืจืฆืืช TEDx ื ื•ืกืคืช ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื”-ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื.
17:02
Thank you, Yuval, for making the trip.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš, ื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ืขืœ ืฉื”ื’ืขืช ืืœื™ื ื•.
ื™ื "ื”: ืชื•ื“ื”!
17:04
YNH: Thanks!
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:05
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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