Why humans run the world | Yuval Noah Harari | TED

4,435,281 views ใƒป 2015-07-24

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jina Bae ๊ฒ€ํ† : Inseok Song
00:13
Seventy-thousand years ago, our ancestors were insignificant animals.
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7๋งŒ ๋…„์ „,์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ๋“ค์€ ํ•˜์ฐฎ์€ ์ข…์กฑ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:18
The most important thing to know about prehistoric humans
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์„ ์‚ฌ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
00:22
is that they were unimportant.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์กด์žฌ์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
00:24
Their impact on the world was not much greater than that of jellyfish
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์„ธ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๋Œ€๋‹จ์น˜ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
ํ•ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ, ๊ฐœ๋˜ฅ๋ฒŒ๋ž˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋”ฑ๋‹ค๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค์š”.
00:29
or fireflies or woodpeckers.
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00:32
Today, in contrast, we control this planet.
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—” ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
And the question is:
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์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ์ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์™”๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
How did we come from there to here?
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00:41
How did we turn ourselves from insignificant apes,
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ํ•˜์ฐฎ์€ ์œ ์ธ์›์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:45
minding their own business in a corner of Africa,
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ผ๋งŒ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์“ฐ๋˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
00:48
into the rulers of planet Earth?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ž๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:51
Usually, we look for the difference between us and all the other animals
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๋ณดํ†ต ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์—์„œ,
00:57
on the individual level.
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๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์ฐพ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
We want to believe -- I want to believe --
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์ €๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
that there is something special about me,
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์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”.
์ œ ๋ชธ์—๋„, ์ œ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์—๋„์š”.
01:06
about my body, about my brain,
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01:09
that makes me so superior to a dog or a pig, or a chimpanzee.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ €๋ฅผ ์นจํŒฌ์น˜, ๋ผ์ง€๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:15
But the truth is that, on the individual level,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ
01:18
I'm embarrassingly similar to a chimpanzee.
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์ €๋Š” ๋‹นํ˜น์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์นจํŒฌ์น˜์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
And if you take me and a chimpanzee and put us together on some lonely island,
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์ €์™€ ์นจํŒฌ์น˜๋ฅผ ์™ธ๋”ด์„ฌ์— ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‘๊ณ 
01:27
and we had to struggle for survival to see who survives better,
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฒจ๋ฃฌ๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:31
I would definitely place my bet on the chimpanzee, not on myself.
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์ „ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฑธ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ์š”.
01:37
And this is not something wrong with me personally.
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
I guess if they took almost any one of you, and placed you alone
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ์•„๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๊ณจ๋ผ์„œ
์™ธ๋”ด์„ฌ์— ์นจํŒฌ์ง€์™€ ๋‹จ๋‘˜์ด ๋‘”๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:44
with a chimpanzee on some island,
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01:46
the chimpanzee would do much better.
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์นจํŒฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ž˜ ํ•ด๋‚ผ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
The real difference between humans and all other animals
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์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์ง„์งœ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š”
01:55
is not on the individual level;
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๊ฐœ๋ณ„์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด์ฃ .
01:57
it's on the collective level.
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01:59
Humans control the planet because they are the only animals
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ์ขŒ์šฐํ•˜์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋“ค๋งŒ์ด ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
02:04
that can cooperate both flexibly and in very large numbers.
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ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
02:10
Now, there are other animals --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:11
like the social insects, the bees, the ants --
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ณค์ถฉ์ธ ๋ฒŒ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์š”.
02:15
that can cooperate in large numbers, but they don't do so flexibly.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์ฃ .
02:20
Their cooperation is very rigid.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ˜‘๋™์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ์ด ์—†์ฃ .
02:23
There is basically just one way in which a beehive can function.
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๋ฒŒ์ง‘์ด ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹จ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์ฃ .
02:27
And if there's a new opportunity or a new danger,
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ํ˜น์‹œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐํšŒ๋‚˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™€๋„
02:31
the bees cannot reinvent the social system overnight.
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๋ฒŒ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์žฌ๊ฑด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ .
02:35
They cannot, for example, execute the queen
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์™•๋ฒŒ์„ ์ฒ˜ํ˜•ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:38
and establish a republic of bees,
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๋ฒŒ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์„ ์„ธ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ .
02:40
or a communist dictatorship of worker bees.
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๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฒŒ์˜ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋…์žฌ ์ •๊ถŒ์„ ์„ธ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ .
02:44
Other animals, like the social mammals --
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๋Š‘๋Œ€, ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ, ๊ณ ๋ž˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์นจํŒฌ์ง€ ๊ฐ™์€
02:46
the wolves, the elephants, the dolphins, the chimpanzees --
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ‘œ์œ ๋ฅ˜์ธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€
02:50
they can cooperate much more flexibly,
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๋” ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜
02:53
but they do so only in small numbers,
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๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
because cooperation among chimpanzees
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์นจํŒฌ์น˜๋“ค์˜ ํ˜‘๋™์€ ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ์ง€์‹์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์˜ˆ์š”.
02:59
is based on intimate knowledge, one of the other.
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03:03
I'm a chimpanzee and you're a chimpanzee,
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์ €์™€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์นจํŒฌ์น˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:06
and I want to cooperate with you.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„๋•Œ
03:08
I need to know you personally.
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ์•„์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
What kind of chimpanzee are you?
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์นจํŒฌ์ง€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์ฐฉํ•œ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
03:12
Are you a nice chimpanzee?
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03:14
Are you an evil chimpanzee?
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๋‚˜์œ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
03:15
Are you trustworthy?
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03:17
If I don't know you, how can I cooperate with you?
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
03:21
The only animal that can combine the two abilities together
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๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ํ•ฉ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
03:25
and cooperate both flexibly and still do so in very large numbers
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๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์—ฌ๋„ ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ์€
03:30
is us, Homo sapiens.
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์˜ค์ง ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ . ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ์‚ฌํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค์š”.
03:32
One versus one, or even 10 versus 10,
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์ผ ๋Œ€์ผ, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์‹ญ๋Œ€ ์‹ญ์—์„œ
03:37
chimpanzees might be better than us.
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์นจํŒฌ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
But, if you pit 1,000 humans against 1,000 chimpanzees,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 1000๋ช…์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ์นจํŒฌ์น˜ 1000๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋งž๋ถ™์ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:45
the humans will win easily, for the simple reason
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ธธ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
that a thousand chimpanzees cannot cooperate at all.
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์ฒœ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋“ค์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
03:53
And if you now try to cram 100,000 chimpanzees
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์‹ญ๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ์˜ฅ์Šคํฌ๋“œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฟ์—
03:57
into Oxford Street, or into Wembley Stadium,
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๋˜๋Š” ์›ธ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์— ์‘ค์…”๋„ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”.
04:01
or Tienanmen Square or the Vatican,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ํ…Œ์—๋„ค๋ฉ˜ ๊ด‘์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”ํ‹ฐ์นธ์—์š”.
04:03
you will get chaos, complete chaos.
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์žฌ๋‚œ์„ ๋งž์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์žฌ๋‚œ์ด์š”.
04:06
Just imagine Wembley Stadium with 100,000 chimpanzees.
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์›ธ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์นจํŒฌ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
04:10
Complete madness.
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์™„์ „ ๋ฏธ์นœ์ง“์ด์ฃ . ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋งŒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ๊ณณ์— ๋ชจ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
04:12
In contrast, humans normally gather there in tens of thousands,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณดํ†ต ๊ฒช๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:18
and what we get is not chaos, usually.
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04:21
What we get is extremely sophisticated and effective networks of cooperation.
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์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์˜ ์žฅ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
All the huge achievements of humankind throughout history,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ด๋ค„์ง„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์—…์ ๋“ค,
04:33
whether it's building the pyramids or flying to the moon,
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ํ”ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฑด์„ค, ๋‹ฌ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ ์ค‘
04:36
have been based not on individual abilities,
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘” ๊ฒƒ์ด์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
but on this ability to cooperate flexibly in large numbers.
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๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:43
Think even about this very talk that I'm giving now:
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์ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
04:47
I'm standing here in front of an audience of about 300 or 400 people,
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์ €๋Š” 300-400 ๋ช… ์ •๋„์˜ ์ฒญ์ค‘๋“ค ์•ž์— ์„œ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
most of you are complete strangers to me.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‚ฏ์„  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์ฃ .
04:56
Similarly, I don't really know all the people who have organized
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์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„, ์ €๋Š” ์ด ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ•œ
05:01
and worked on this event.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์•Œ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
I don't know the pilot and the crew members of the plane
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์–ด์ œ ์ €๋ฅผ ์ด ๊ณณ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐ๋ ค๋‹ค ์ค€
05:07
that brought me over here, yesterday, to London.
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๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์Šน๋ฌด์›๋“ค๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
I don't know the people who invented and manufactured
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์ด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ์™€ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
this microphone and these cameras, which are recording what I'm saying.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ €์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋…นํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:20
I don't know the people who wrote all the books and articles
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด์ œ ์ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋˜
05:23
that I read in preparation for this talk.
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์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์“ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
And I certainly don't know all the people
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๋ช…๋ฐฑํžˆ๋„ ์ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
05:29
who might be watching this talk over the Internet,
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์‹œ์ฒญํ•  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์ฃ .
05:32
somewhere in Buenos Aires or in New Delhi.
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๋ถ€์—๋…ธ์Šค์•„์ด๋ ˆ์Šค๋‚˜ ๋‰ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์—์„œ์š”.
05:36
Nevertheless, even though we don't know each other,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชป ํ•จ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
05:39
we can work together to create this global exchange of ideas.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์˜๊ฒฌ ๊ต๋ฅ˜์˜ ์žฅ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
This is something chimpanzees cannot do.
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์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
They communicate, of course,
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ทธ๋“ค๋„ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:50
but you will never catch a chimpanzee traveling to some distant chimpanzee band
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋“ค์ด ๋จผ ๊ณณ์˜ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ
05:56
to give them a talk about bananas or about elephants,
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๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋‚˜์™€ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ ค ์—ฌ์ •์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ .
06:00
or anything else that might interest chimpanzees.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋„์š”.
06:05
Now cooperation is, of course, not always nice;
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
all the horrible things humans have been doing throughout history --
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์ผ์„ ์ €์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ์™”์ฃ .
06:12
and we have been doing some very horrible things --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์ผ์„ ์ €์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
all those things are also based on large-scale cooperation.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์•„์ฃผ ํฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘์ฃ .
06:20
Prisons are a system of cooperation;
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๊ฐ์˜ฅ์€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
slaughterhouses are a system of cooperation;
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๋„์‚ด์žฅ๋„ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ด์ฃ .
06:26
concentration camps are a system of cooperation.
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๊ฐ•์ œ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ๋„ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
Chimpanzees don't have slaughterhouses and prisons and concentration camps.
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์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋Š” ๋„์‚ด์žฅ๋„ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ๋„ ๊ฐ•์ œ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ๋„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์•Š์ฃ .
06:36
Now suppose I've managed to convince you perhaps that yes,
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์•„๋งˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์ด์ œ ๋‚ฉ๋“๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
06:40
we control the world because we can cooperate flexibly in large numbers.
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๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
The next question that immediately arises
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ํƒ๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ์‹  ์ฒญ์ค‘๋ถ„๋“ค์ด
06:48
in the mind of an inquisitive listener is:
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์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€
06:51
How, exactly, do we do it?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด๋‚ผ๊นŒ? ์ผ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
What enables us alone, of all the animals, to cooperate in such a way?
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ์ด
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
07:01
The answer is our imagination.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ต์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
We can cooperate flexibly with countless numbers of strangers,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋‚ฏ์„ ์ด๋“ค๊ณผ
์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:10
because we alone, of all the animals on the planet,
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์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ์ด
07:14
can create and believe fictions, fictional stories.
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์†Œ์„ค๊ณผ ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
07:19
And as long as everybody believes in the same fiction,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ํ•œ
07:23
everybody obeys and follows the same rules,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ทœ์œจ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ฃ .
07:27
the same norms, the same values.
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๊ฐ™์€ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€๋“ค์„์š”.
07:30
All other animals use their communication system
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ
07:34
only to describe reality.
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๊ทธ์ € ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
A chimpanzee may say, "Look! There's a lion, let's run away!"
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์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋Š” "๋ด! ์ €๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€์žˆ์–ด, ๋„๋ง๊ฐ€์ž!" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
Or, "Look! There's a banana tree over there! Let's go and get bananas!"
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ํ˜น์€ "๋ด! ์ €๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด! ๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค์ž!"๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
07:45
Humans, in contrast, use their language not merely to describe reality,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ ๋งŒ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
but also to create new realities, fictional realities.
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07:57
A human can say, "Look, there is a god above the clouds!
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”. "๋ด์š”, ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์œ„์— ์‹ ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
08:01
And if you don't do what I tell you to do,
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:03
when you die, God will punish you and send you to hell."
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ฃฝ๊ณ ๋‚œ ํ›„, ์‹ ์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์˜ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
08:06
And if you all believe this story that I've invented,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:10
then you will follow the same norms and laws and values,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”, ๋ฒ• ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅผ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:14
and you can cooperate.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ˜‘๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
This is something only humans can do.
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์ธ๊ฐ„๋งŒ์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:19
You can never convince a chimpanzee to give you a banana
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์นจํŒฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋„๋ก ๋‚ฉ๋“ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
by promising him, "... after you die, you'll go to chimpanzee heaven ..."
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"๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์„ ๋•Œ ๋„ˆ๋Š” ์นจํŒฌ์ง€ ์ฒœ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ๊ฑฐ์•ผ"๋ผ๊ณ  ์•ฝ์†ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ์š”.
08:26
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:27
"... and you'll receive lots and lots of bananas for your good deeds.
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"๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋„ˆ์˜ ์„ ํ–‰์— ๋•์— ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ.
08:31
So now give me this banana."
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ ด."
08:32
No chimpanzee will ever believe such a story.
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์–ด๋–ค ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋„ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
08:35
Only humans believe such stories,
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์ธ๊ฐ„๋งŒ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
which is why we control the world,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:40
whereas the chimpanzees are locked up in zoos and research laboratories.
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋“ค์€ ๋™๋ฌผ์›์ด๋‚˜ ์‹คํ—˜์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์— ๊ฐ‡ํ˜€์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
08:46
Now you may find it acceptable that yes,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•„๋งˆ ์ข…๊ต์˜ ์žฅ์—์„œ
08:49
in the religious field, humans cooperate by believing in the same fictions.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
08:56
Millions of people come together to build a cathedral or a mosque
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๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์„ฑ๋‹น์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์›์˜ ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•˜๊ณ 
๋˜๋Š” ์‹ญ์ž๊ตฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์žํ•˜๋“œ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ์‹ธ์› ์ฃ .
09:01
or fight in a crusade or a jihad, because they all believe in the same stories
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
09:06
about God and heaven and hell.
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์‹ ๊ณผ ์ฒœ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€์˜ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
09:09
But what I want to emphasize is that exactly the same mechanism
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€
์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
underlies all other forms of mass-scale human cooperation,
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์žฅ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ์•„๋ž˜ ๋†“์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ์š”.
09:21
not only in the religious field.
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์ข…๊ต์˜ ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
Take, for example, the legal field.
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์˜ˆ๋กœ์จ, ๋ฒ•์„ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
09:26
Most legal systems today in the world are based on a belief in human rights.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฒ• ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
์ธ๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:33
But what are human rights?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ๊ถŒ์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
09:35
Human rights, just like God and heaven, are just a story that we've invented.
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์ธ๊ถŒ์€ ์‹ ๊ณผ ์ฒœ๊ตญ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์–ด๋‚ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜์ฃ .
09:40
They are not an objective reality;
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์‹ค์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
09:42
they are not some biological effect about homo sapiens.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํ˜ธ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:46
Take a human being, cut him open, look inside,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ฃ . ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•ด์„œ ์•ˆ์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด
09:50
you will find the heart, the kidneys, neurons, hormones, DNA,
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์‹ฌ์žฅ, ์‹ ์žฅ, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ,ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ, DNA ๋“ฑ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
but you won't find any rights.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ .
09:58
The only place you find rights are in the stories
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๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ณณ์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์†์ด์ฃ .
10:02
that we have invented and spread around over the last few centuries.
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์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ํผ๋œจ๋ฆฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด์š”.
10:06
They may be very positive stories, very good stories,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ข‹์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
but they're still just fictional stories that we've invented.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜์ฃ .
10:15
The same is true of the political field.
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์ •์น˜๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:18
The most important factors in modern politics are states and nations.
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ •์น˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
But what are states and nations?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ฃผ์™€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
10:27
They are not an objective reality.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์‹ค์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
A mountain is an objective reality.
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์‚ฐ์€ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์‹ค์ฒด์ด์ฃ .
10:32
You can see it, you can touch it, you can even smell it.
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๋ณด๊ณ  ๋งŒ์ง€๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋งก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:36
But a nation or a state,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:38
like Israel or Iran or France or Germany,
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์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜, ์ด๋ž€, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋˜๋Š” ๋…์ผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€
10:41
this is just a story that we've invented
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๊ณ  ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์• ์ •์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ๋œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜์ฃ .
10:44
and became extremely attached to.
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10:46
The same is true of the economic field.
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๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:49
The most important actors today in the global economy
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์—ญ์€
10:53
are companies and corporations.
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๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ๋ฒ•์ธ๋‹จ์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:56
Many of you today, perhaps, work for a corporation,
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์•„๋งˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์—…์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
11:00
like Google or Toyota or McDonald's.
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๊ตฌ๊ธ€์ด๋‚˜ ๋„์š”ํƒ€ ํ˜น์€ ๋งฅ๋„๋‚ ๋“œ ๊ฐ™์€์š”.
11:03
What exactly are these things?
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
11:05
They are what lawyers call legal fictions.
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๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ฒ•์  ์˜์ œ(ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ์†Œ์„ค)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
11:10
They are stories invented and maintained
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์‚ฌ๊ฐ€
11:13
by the powerful wizards we call lawyers.
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:18
And what do corporations do all day?
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๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์ข…์ผ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
11:22
Mostly, they try to make money.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„, ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒŒ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
11:25
Yet, what is money?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋ˆ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
11:26
Again, money is not an objective reality; it has no objective value.
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๋ˆ์€ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์‹ค์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
Take this green piece of paper, the dollar bill.
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์ด ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ญ์‹œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ฃ .
11:35
Look at it -- it has no value.
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๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฌด ๊ฐ€์น˜๋„ ์—†์ฃ .
11:37
You cannot eat it, you cannot drink it,
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๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ๋งˆ์‹ค ์ˆ˜๋„, ์ž…์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์–ด์š”.
11:39
you cannot wear it.
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11:41
But then came along these master storytellers --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‹ฌ์ธ์ธ ํฐ ์€ํ–‰๋“ค์ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋ถ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
the big bankers,
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11:47
the finance ministers,
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์ž์‚ฐ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด์š”. ์ˆ˜์ƒ๋“ค์ด์š”.
11:48
the prime ministers --
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11:50
and they tell us a very convincing story:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํ™•์‹ ์— ์ฐฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
11:52
"Look, you see this green piece of paper?
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"๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์ด ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์ข…์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด์ฃ ?
11:54
It is actually worth 10 bananas."
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์ด๊ฑด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ 10๊ฐœ ๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฐ’์–ด์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
11:57
And if I believe it, and you believe it,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ๋ฏฟ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋‘๋“ค ๋ฏฟ์ฃ .
11:59
and everybody believes it,
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12:01
it actually works.
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์ด๊ฑด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:03
I can take this worthless piece of paper,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ฐ€์น˜์—†๋Š” ์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ 
12:06
go to the supermarket,
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์ˆ˜ํผ๋งˆ์ผ“์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚œ์  ์—†๋Š”
12:07
give it to a complete stranger whom I've never met before,
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์„  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฑธ ์ฃผ๊ณ 
12:11
and get, in exchange, real bananas which I can actually eat.
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ, ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:16
This is something amazing.
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๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ผ์ด์ฃ . ์นจํŒฌ์ง€์™€๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ด์˜ˆ์š”.
12:18
You could never do it with chimpanzees.
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12:20
Chimpanzees trade, of course:
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋„ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
12:22
"Yes, you give me a coconut, I'll give you a banana."
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"๊ทธ๋ž˜, ์ฝ”์ฝ”๋„›์„ ์ฃผ๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ค„๊ป˜"
12:25
That can work.
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์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
12:26
But, you give me a worthless piece of paper
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์น˜์—†๋Š” ์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ 
12:29
and you except me to give you a banana?
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๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด?
12:31
No way!
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๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜์ง€! ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์•ผ? ์ธ๊ฐ„?
12:32
What do you think I am, a human?
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12:34
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:36
Money, in fact, is the most successful story
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ˆ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ด์ฃ .
12:41
ever invented and told by humans,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ง€์–ด๋‚ธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘์—์š”.
12:43
because it is the only story everybody believes.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:48
Not everybody believes in God,
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์„ ์„ฌ๊ธฐ์ง„ ์•Š์ฃ .
12:51
not everybody believes in human rights,
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฏฟ์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
not everybody believes in nationalism,
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์ง„ ์•Š์•„์š”.
12:57
but everybody believes in money, and in the dollar bill.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜์ฃ .
13:01
Take, even, Osama Bin Laden.
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์˜ค์‚ฌ๋งˆ ๋นˆ ๋ผ๋ด์„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
13:03
He hated American politics and American religion
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์น˜์™€ ์ข…๊ต๋ฅผ ์‹ซ์–ดํ–ˆ์ฃ .
13:07
and American culture,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋„์š”.
13:08
but he had no objection to American dollars.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ด์˜๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ .
13:11
He was quite fond of them, actually.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฝค ์ข‹์•„ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
13:13
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
13:16
To conclude, then:
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๋์œผ๋กœ: ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ด์ค‘์  ํ˜„์‹ค ์†์—์„œ
13:17
We humans control the world because we live in a dual reality.
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์‚ด๊ธฐ์— ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:24
All other animals live in an objective reality.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์‹ค์— ์‚ด์ฃ .
13:28
Their reality consists of objective entities,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์€ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์‹ค์ฒด๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์žˆ์ฃ .
13:33
like rivers and trees and lions and elephants.
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๊ฐ•, ๋‚˜๋ฌด ,์‚ฌ์ž ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋กœ์š”.
13:38
We humans, we also live in an objective reality.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ํ˜„์‹ค์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:41
In our world, too, there are rivers and trees and lions and elephants.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—๋„ ๊ฐ•, ๋‚˜๋ฌด, ์‚ฌ์ž, ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
13:47
But over the centuries,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ํ˜„์‹ค์— ๋ง์”Œ์šธ
13:49
we have constructed on top of this objective reality
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13:54
a second layer of fictional reality,
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ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์  ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
a reality made of fictional entities,
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ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์‹ค์ฒด๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ํ˜„์‹ค์ด์š”.
14:01
like nations, like gods, like money, like corporations.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€, ์‹ , ๋ˆ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์—…์ฒด๊ฐ™์€๊ฒƒ ๋“ค์„์š”.
14:06
And what is amazing is that as history unfolded,
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์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐํ˜€์ฃผ๋“ฏ, ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€
14:11
this fictional reality became more and more powerful
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์ด ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์  ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋“ค์ด ๋”์šฑ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:16
so that today, the most powerful forces in the world
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ์€
14:21
are these fictional entities.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์  ์‹ค์ฒด๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:23
Today, the very survival of rivers and trees and lions and elephants
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ฐ•,๋‚˜๋ฌด, ์‚ฌ์ž, ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ์กด์€
14:30
depends on the decisions and wishes of fictional entities,
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ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์  ์‹ค์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ์˜๋„์™€ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:35
like the United States, like Google, like the World Bank --
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ๊ตฌ๊ธ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰๊ฐ™์€์š”.
14:40
entities that exist only in our own imagination.
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์˜ค์ง ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ์ƒ์†์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ฒด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์š”.
14:44
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:46
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
14:56
Bruno Giussani: Yuval, you have a new book out.
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๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋…ธ: ์œ ๋ฒŒ์”จ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฑ…์„ ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ•˜์…จ์ฃ .
14:58
After Sapiens, you wrote another one,
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์‚ฌํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์‹  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฑ…์ด์š”.
15:00
and it's out in Hebrew, but not yet translated into ...
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ํžˆ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์–ด๋กœ ์“ฐ์—ฌ์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ ์•„์ง ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ณธ์ด ์—†๋„ค์š”..
15:02
Yuval Noah Harari: I'm working on the translation as we speak.
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์œ ๋ฐœ: ๋งํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ณธ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
BG: In the book, if I understand it correctly,
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๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋…ธ: ์ด ์ฑ…์—์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:08
you argue that the amazing breakthroughs that we are experiencing right now
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „์€
15:13
not only will potentially make our lives better,
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์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€๋งŒ
15:16
but they will create -- and I quote you --
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋ง์„ ์ธ์šฉํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡์ฃ .
15:18
"... new classes and new class struggles, just as the industrial revolution did."
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"์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ–ˆ๋“ฏ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณ„๊ธ‰๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ"
15:22
Can you elaborate for us?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์ฃผ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
15:24
YNH: Yes. In the industrial revolution,
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์œ ๋ฐœ: ๋„ค, ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…์—์„œ
15:26
we saw the creation of a new class of the urban proletariat.
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋„์‹œ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์ฃ .
15:31
And much of the political and social history of the last 200 years involved
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์ง€๋‚œ 200๋…„์˜ ์ •์น˜์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
15:36
what to do with this class, and the new problems and opportunities.
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๊ณ„๊ธ‰๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐํšŒ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์™€ ์—ฐ๋ฅ˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
15:40
Now, we see the creation of a new massive class of useless people.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์“ธ๋ชจ์—†๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์˜ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ์žˆ์ฃ .
15:44
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
15:46
As computers become better and better in more and more fields,
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ๋” ์ข‹์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋ก
15:51
there is a distinct possibility that computers will out-perform us
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:56
in most tasks and will make humans redundant.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ผ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ์“ธ๋ชจ์—†๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:59
And then the big political and economic question
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21์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€
16:02
of the 21st century will be,
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"์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ญ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ๊ฐ€?"๊ฒ ์ฃ .
16:05
"What do we need humans for?",
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16:07
or at least, "What do we need so many humans for?"
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๋˜๋Š” "๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ๊ฐ€?"์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:10
BG: Do you have an answer in the book?
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๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋…ธ: ์ฑ…์— ๊ทธ ํ•ด๋‹ต์„ ์“ฐ์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
16:13
YNH: At present, the best guess we have is to keep them happy
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์œ ๋ฐœ: ํ˜„์žฌ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ถ”์ธก์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
16:17
with drugs and computer games ...
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์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์œผ๋กœ์š”.
16:19
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
16:20
but this doesn't sound like a very appealing future.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง€์ง„ ์•Š์ฃ .
16:23
BG: Ok, so you're basically saying in the book and now,
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๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋…ธ: ์ข‹์•„์š”. ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ฑ…์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ
16:26
that for all the discussion about the growing evidence
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๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
16:28
of significant economic inequality, we are just kind of at the beginning
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๊ทธ์ € ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผ ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ ?
16:32
of the process?
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16:34
YNH: Again, it's not a prophecy;
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์œ ๋ฐœ: ์ด๊ฑด ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:35
it's seeing all kinds of possibilities before us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
16:39
One possibility is this creation of a new massive class of useless people.
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์“ธ๋ชจ์—†๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์ด ํƒ„์ƒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ
16:44
Another possibility is the division of humankind
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€
16:47
into different biological castes,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
16:50
with the rich being upgraded into virtual gods,
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์ž๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋˜๊ณ 
16:55
and the poor being degraded to this level of useless people.
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์ž๋Š” ์“ธ๋ชจ์—†๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:59
BG: I feel there is another TED talk coming up in a year or two.
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๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋…ธ: 1, 2๋…„ ๋’ค ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ํ•ด์ฃผ์‹ค ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”.
๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:02
Thank you, Yuval, for making the trip.
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์œ ๋ฐœ: ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:04
YNH: Thanks!
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17:05
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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