Why humans run the world | Yuval Noah Harari | TED

4,307,062 views ・ 2015-07-24

TED


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Prevoditelj: Stjepan Mateljan Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG
00:13
Seventy-thousand years ago, our ancestors were insignificant animals.
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Prije 70.000 godina, naši su preci bili beznačajne životinje.
00:18
The most important thing to know about prehistoric humans
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Najvažnija stvar za znati o pretpovijesnim ljudima
00:22
is that they were unimportant.
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je kako su bili nevažni.
00:24
Their impact on the world was not much greater than that of jellyfish
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Njihov utjecaj na svijet nije bio puno veći od onog meduza
00:29
or fireflies or woodpeckers.
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ili krijesnica ili djetlića.
00:32
Today, in contrast, we control this planet.
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Danas, nasuprot, kontroliramo ovaj planet.
00:36
And the question is:
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A pitanje je:
00:38
How did we come from there to here?
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Kako smo došli od tamo do ovdje?
00:41
How did we turn ourselves from insignificant apes,
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Kako smo promijenili sebe od beznačajnih majmuna,
00:45
minding their own business in a corner of Africa,
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koji brinu svoju brigu u kutku Afrike,
00:48
into the rulers of planet Earth?
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u gospodare planeta Zemlje?
00:51
Usually, we look for the difference between us and all the other animals
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Obično, gledamo razlike između nas i ostalih životinja
00:57
on the individual level.
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na razini jedinke.
00:59
We want to believe -- I want to believe --
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Želimo vjerovati -- ja želim vjerovati --
01:02
that there is something special about me,
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kako postoji nešto posebno glede mene,
glede mog tijela, glede mog mozga,
01:06
about my body, about my brain,
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što me čini toliko nadmoćnim psu ili svinji ili čimpanzi.
01:09
that makes me so superior to a dog or a pig, or a chimpanzee.
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01:15
But the truth is that, on the individual level,
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Ali istina je, na razini jedinke,
01:18
I'm embarrassingly similar to a chimpanzee.
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ja sam sramotno sličan čimpanzi.
A ako uzmete mene i čimpanzu te nas zajedno stavite na neki pusti otok,
01:22
And if you take me and a chimpanzee and put us together on some lonely island,
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01:27
and we had to struggle for survival to see who survives better,
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pa se moramo boriti za opstanak kako bi vidjeli tko će preživjeti bolje,
01:31
I would definitely place my bet on the chimpanzee, not on myself.
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ja bih se definitivno kladio na čimpanzu, ne na sebe.
01:37
And this is not something wrong with me personally.
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A to nije radi nečega pogrešnog kod mene samog.
01:40
I guess if they took almost any one of you, and placed you alone
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Pretpostavljam kad bi uzeli skoro bilo koga od vas, i smjestili vas same
01:44
with a chimpanzee on some island,
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sa čimpanzom na neki otok,
01:46
the chimpanzee would do much better.
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čimpanzi bi bilo puno bolje.
01:50
The real difference between humans and all other animals
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Prava razlika između ljudi i drugih životinja
nije na razini jedinke;
01:55
is not on the individual level;
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01:57
it's on the collective level.
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nalazi se na razini kolektiva.
01:59
Humans control the planet because they are the only animals
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Ljudi kontroliraju planet jer su jedina životinja
02:04
that can cooperate both flexibly and in very large numbers.
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koja može surađivati fleksibilno i u vrlo velikim brojevima.
Sad, ima i drugih životinja --
02:10
Now, there are other animals --
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02:11
like the social insects, the bees, the ants --
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poput društvenih insekata, pčela, mrava --
koje mogu surađivati u velikim brojevima, ali to ne mogu činiti fleksibilno.
02:15
that can cooperate in large numbers, but they don't do so flexibly.
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Njihova je suradnja vrlo rigidna.
02:20
Their cooperation is very rigid.
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Postoji zapravo samo jedan način na koji košnica može funkcionirati.
02:23
There is basically just one way in which a beehive can function.
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02:27
And if there's a new opportunity or a new danger,
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A ako se ukaže nova prilika ili nova opasnost,
pčele ne mogu preinačiti društveni sustav preko noći.
02:31
the bees cannot reinvent the social system overnight.
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02:35
They cannot, for example, execute the queen
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Ne mogu, primjerice, smaknuti kraljicu
02:38
and establish a republic of bees,
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te ustanoviti pčelinju republiku,
02:40
or a communist dictatorship of worker bees.
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ili komunističku diktaturu pčela radilica.
02:44
Other animals, like the social mammals --
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Druge životinje, poput društvenih sisavaca --
02:46
the wolves, the elephants, the dolphins, the chimpanzees --
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vukova, slonova, dupina, čimpanzi --
02:50
they can cooperate much more flexibly,
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one mogu surađivati puno fleksibilnije,
02:53
but they do so only in small numbers,
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ali to čine samo u malim brojevima,
02:56
because cooperation among chimpanzees
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jer se suradnja među čimpanzama
02:59
is based on intimate knowledge, one of the other.
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temelji na bliskom međusobnom poznanstvu.
03:03
I'm a chimpanzee and you're a chimpanzee,
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Ja sam čimpanza i ti si čimpanza,
03:06
and I want to cooperate with you.
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i ja želim surađivati s tobom.
03:08
I need to know you personally.
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Moram te poznavati osobno.
Kakva si ti čimpanza?
03:11
What kind of chimpanzee are you?
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03:12
Are you a nice chimpanzee?
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Jesi li ti ljubazna čimpanza?
03:14
Are you an evil chimpanzee?
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Jesi li ti zla čimpanza?
03:15
Are you trustworthy?
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Jesi li pouzdana?
03:17
If I don't know you, how can I cooperate with you?
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Ako te ne znam, kako mogu surađivati s tobom?
03:21
The only animal that can combine the two abilities together
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Jedina životinja koja može spojiti te dvije sposobnosti
03:25
and cooperate both flexibly and still do so in very large numbers
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te surađivati i fleksibilno a ipak u velikim brojevima
03:30
is us, Homo sapiens.
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smo mi, Homo sapiens.
03:32
One versus one, or even 10 versus 10,
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Jedan na jedan, čak i 10 na 10,
čimpanze mogu biti bolje od nas.
03:37
chimpanzees might be better than us.
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Ali, ako smjestite 1.000 ljudi protiv 1.000 čimpanzi,
03:40
But, if you pit 1,000 humans against 1,000 chimpanzees,
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03:45
the humans will win easily, for the simple reason
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ljudi će lako pobijediti, iz jednostavnog razloga
03:48
that a thousand chimpanzees cannot cooperate at all.
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što tisuću čimpanzi uopće ne može surađivati.
03:53
And if you now try to cram 100,000 chimpanzees
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A ako sad pokušate ugurati 100.000 čimpanzi
03:57
into Oxford Street, or into Wembley Stadium,
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u Oxford Street, ili na Wembley stadion,
ili trg Tienanmen ili Vatikan,
04:01
or Tienanmen Square or the Vatican,
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04:03
you will get chaos, complete chaos.
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dobit ćete kaos, potpuni kaos.
04:06
Just imagine Wembley Stadium with 100,000 chimpanzees.
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Samo zamislite stadion na Wembleyu sa 100.000 čimpanzi.
04:10
Complete madness.
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Potpuno ludilo.
04:12
In contrast, humans normally gather there in tens of thousands,
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Nasuprot, ljudi se normalno okupljaju tamo u desecima tisuća,
04:18
and what we get is not chaos, usually.
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i što dobijemo nije kaos, obično.
04:21
What we get is extremely sophisticated and effective networks of cooperation.
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Što dobijemo su krajnje profinjene i učinkovite mreže suradnje.
04:28
All the huge achievements of humankind throughout history,
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Sva ogromna postignuća ljudskog roda kroz povijest,
bila to gradnja piramida ili let na mjesec,
04:33
whether it's building the pyramids or flying to the moon,
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04:36
have been based not on individual abilities,
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bila su temeljena ne na sposobnostima pojedinca
nego na toj sposobnosti fleksibilne suradnje u velikim brojevima.
04:39
but on this ability to cooperate flexibly in large numbers.
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04:43
Think even about this very talk that I'm giving now:
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Mislite čak i o upravo ovom govoru koji vam trenutno pružam:
Stojim ovdje ispred publike od oko 300 ili 400 ljudi,
04:47
I'm standing here in front of an audience of about 300 or 400 people,
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većina vas meni ste potpuni stranci.
04:53
most of you are complete strangers to me.
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04:56
Similarly, I don't really know all the people who have organized
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Jednako, zapravo i ne znam sve ljude koji su organizirali
05:01
and worked on this event.
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i radili na ovom događaju.
05:03
I don't know the pilot and the crew members of the plane
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Ne znam pilota ni članove posade na avionu
05:07
that brought me over here, yesterday, to London.
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koji me doveo ovdje, jučer, u London.
05:11
I don't know the people who invented and manufactured
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Ne znam ljude koji su izumili i proizveli
ovaj mikrofon i ove kamere, koje snimaju što govorim.
05:15
this microphone and these cameras, which are recording what I'm saying.
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Ne znam ljude koji su napisali sve knjige i članke
05:20
I don't know the people who wrote all the books and articles
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05:23
that I read in preparation for this talk.
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koje sam pročitao u pripremi za ovaj govor.
05:26
And I certainly don't know all the people
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I sigurno ne znam sve ljude
05:29
who might be watching this talk over the Internet,
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koji bi mogli gledati ovaj govor putem Interneta,
05:32
somewhere in Buenos Aires or in New Delhi.
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negdje u Buenos Airesu ili u New Delhiju.
Ipak, čak iako ne znamo jedni druge,
05:36
Nevertheless, even though we don't know each other,
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05:39
we can work together to create this global exchange of ideas.
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možemo zajedno raditi kako bismo stvorili ovu globalnu razmjenu ideja.
To je nešto što čimpanze ne mogu učiniti.
05:46
This is something chimpanzees cannot do.
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One komuniciraju, naravno,
05:49
They communicate, of course,
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05:50
but you will never catch a chimpanzee traveling to some distant chimpanzee band
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ali nikad nećete uloviti čimpanzu kako putuje nekom udaljenom čoporu čimpanzi
05:56
to give them a talk about bananas or about elephants,
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kako bi im održao govor o bananama ili o slonovima,
06:00
or anything else that might interest chimpanzees.
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ili čemu već drugom što bi moglo interesirati čimpanze.
06:05
Now cooperation is, of course, not always nice;
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Sad suradnja nije, naravno, uvijek lijepa;
06:08
all the horrible things humans have been doing throughout history --
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sve strašne stvari koje su ljudi činili kroz povijest --
06:12
and we have been doing some very horrible things --
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a činili smo neke vrlo strašne stvari --
06:15
all those things are also based on large-scale cooperation.
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sve te stvari se također temelje na suradnji velikih razmjera.
06:20
Prisons are a system of cooperation;
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Zatvori su sustav suradnje;
06:23
slaughterhouses are a system of cooperation;
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Klaonice su sustav suradnje;
06:26
concentration camps are a system of cooperation.
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Koncentracijski kampovi su sustav suradnje.
06:29
Chimpanzees don't have slaughterhouses and prisons and concentration camps.
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Čimpanze nemaju klaonice ni zatvore ni koncentracijske kampove.
06:36
Now suppose I've managed to convince you perhaps that yes,
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Sad pretpostavimo kako sam uspio uvjeriti vas kako možda da,
mi kontroliramo svijet stoga što možemo fleksibilno surađivati u velikim brojevima.
06:40
we control the world because we can cooperate flexibly in large numbers.
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06:45
The next question that immediately arises
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Slijedeće pitanje koje odmah nastaje
06:48
in the mind of an inquisitive listener is:
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u umu radoznalog slušatelja je:
06:51
How, exactly, do we do it?
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Kako, točno, mi to činimo?
Što nam to omogućuje, nama među svim životinjama, surađivati na takav način?
06:54
What enables us alone, of all the animals, to cooperate in such a way?
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07:01
The answer is our imagination.
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Odgovor je naša mašta.
07:04
We can cooperate flexibly with countless numbers of strangers,
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Možemo surađivati fleksibilno sa bezbrojnim strancima,
07:10
because we alone, of all the animals on the planet,
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jer samo mi, od svih životinja na planeti,
možemo stvarati i vjerovati izmišljotine, izmišljene priče.
07:14
can create and believe fictions, fictional stories.
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07:19
And as long as everybody believes in the same fiction,
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I sve dok svi vjeruju u iste izmišljotine,
07:23
everybody obeys and follows the same rules,
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svi će se povinovati i slijediti ista pravila,
07:27
the same norms, the same values.
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iste norme, iste vrijednosti.
07:30
All other animals use their communication system
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Sve druge životinje koriste svoj sustav komunikacije
07:34
only to describe reality.
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samo za opisati stvarnost.
07:37
A chimpanzee may say, "Look! There's a lion, let's run away!"
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Čimpanza može reći: "Gle! Tamo je lav, bježimo!"
07:41
Or, "Look! There's a banana tree over there! Let's go and get bananas!"
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Ili: "Gle! Tamo je stablo banane! Hajdemo uzeti banane!"
07:45
Humans, in contrast, use their language not merely to describe reality,
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Ljudi, nasuprot, koriste svoj jezik ne tek za opisivanje stvarnosti,
07:52
but also to create new realities, fictional realities.
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već također i kako bi stvorili nove stvarnosti, izmišljene stvarnosti.
07:57
A human can say, "Look, there is a god above the clouds!
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Ljudsko biće može reći: "Gle, tamo je bog iznad oblaka!"
08:01
And if you don't do what I tell you to do,
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A ako ne učiniš ono što ti kažem da učiniš,
08:03
when you die, God will punish you and send you to hell."
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kad umreš, Bog će te kazniti i poslati te u pakao."
08:06
And if you all believe this story that I've invented,
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I ako svi vjerujete u ovu priču koju sam izmislio,
08:10
then you will follow the same norms and laws and values,
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tada ćete slijediti iste norme i zakone i vrijednosti,
08:14
and you can cooperate.
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i možete surađivati.
08:16
This is something only humans can do.
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To je nešto što samo ljudi mogu.
08:19
You can never convince a chimpanzee to give you a banana
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Nikad nećete moći uvjeriti čimpanzu da vam da bananu
obećajući joj: "... nakon što umreš, ići ćeš u raj za čimpanze ..."
08:23
by promising him, "... after you die, you'll go to chimpanzee heaven ..."
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08:26
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
08:27
"... and you'll receive lots and lots of bananas for your good deeds.
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"... i primiti ćeš puno i prepuno banana za svoja dobra djela.
08:31
So now give me this banana."
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Pa mi hajde sada daj ovu bananu."
08:32
No chimpanzee will ever believe such a story.
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Nijedna čimpanza neće povjerovati u takvu priču.
08:35
Only humans believe such stories,
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Samo ljudi vjeruju u takve priče,
08:38
which is why we control the world,
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što je razlog zašto mi kontroliramo svijet,
08:40
whereas the chimpanzees are locked up in zoos and research laboratories.
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dok su čimpanze zaključane u zoološkim vrtovima i laboratorijima.
08:46
Now you may find it acceptable that yes,
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Sad, može vam biti prihvatljivo kako da,
08:49
in the religious field, humans cooperate by believing in the same fictions.
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u polju religije, ljudi surađuju vjerujući u iste izmišljotine.
Milijuni ljudi se udružuju kako bi sagradili katedralu ili džamiju
08:56
Millions of people come together to build a cathedral or a mosque
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ili se borili u križarskom ratu ili džihadu, jer svi vjeruju u iste priče
09:01
or fight in a crusade or a jihad, because they all believe in the same stories
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09:06
about God and heaven and hell.
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o Bogu i raju i paklu.
09:09
But what I want to emphasize is that exactly the same mechanism
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Ali što želim naglasiti je kako se točno isti mehanizam
09:15
underlies all other forms of mass-scale human cooperation,
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nalazi i ispod svih ostalih oblika ljudske suradnje masivnih razmjera,
ne samo u polju religije.
09:21
not only in the religious field.
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09:23
Take, for example, the legal field.
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Uzmite, na primjer, polje prava.
09:26
Most legal systems today in the world are based on a belief in human rights.
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Većina pravnih sustava danas na svijetu temeljeni su na vjeri u ljudska prava.
09:33
But what are human rights?
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Ali što su ljudska prava?
09:35
Human rights, just like God and heaven, are just a story that we've invented.
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Ljudska su prava, baš poput Boga i raja, samo priča koju smo izmislli.
09:40
They are not an objective reality;
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Ona nisu objektivna stvarnost;
09:42
they are not some biological effect about homo sapiens.
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ona nisu neka biološka posljedica oko homo sapiensa.
09:46
Take a human being, cut him open, look inside,
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Uzmite ljudsko biće, rasporite ga, pogledajte unutra,
09:50
you will find the heart, the kidneys, neurons, hormones, DNA,
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naći ćete srce, bubrege, neurone, hormone, DNA,
09:55
but you won't find any rights.
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ali nećete naći nikakva prava.
09:58
The only place you find rights are in the stories
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Jedino mjesto gdje pronalazite prava je u pričama
koje smo izmislili i širili tijekom zadnjih nekoliko stoljeća.
10:02
that we have invented and spread around over the last few centuries.
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10:06
They may be very positive stories, very good stories,
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One mogu biti vrlo pozitivne priče, vrlo dobre priče,
10:11
but they're still just fictional stories that we've invented.
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ali i dalje su tek izmaštane priče koje smo izmislili.
10:15
The same is true of the political field.
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Stvar je ista u polju politike.
10:18
The most important factors in modern politics are states and nations.
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Najvažniji faktori u modernoj politici su države i nacije.
10:25
But what are states and nations?
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Ali što su države i nacije?
10:27
They are not an objective reality.
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One nisu objektivna stvarnost.
10:29
A mountain is an objective reality.
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Planina je objektivna stvarnost.
10:32
You can see it, you can touch it, you can even smell it.
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Možete ju vidjeti, možete ju dotaknuti, možete ju čak i namirisati.
10:36
But a nation or a state,
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Ali nacija ili država,
poput Izraela ili Irana ili Francuske ili Njemačke,
10:38
like Israel or Iran or France or Germany,
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10:41
this is just a story that we've invented
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to je samo priča koju smo izmislili
10:44
and became extremely attached to.
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1974
i postali uz nju jako vezani.
10:46
The same is true of the economic field.
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Stvar je ista u polju ekonomije.
10:49
The most important actors today in the global economy
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Najvažniji čimbenici danas u globalnoj ekonomiji
10:53
are companies and corporations.
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su trgovačka društva i korporacije.
10:56
Many of you today, perhaps, work for a corporation,
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Puno vas danas, možda, radi za korporaciju,
kakva je Google ili Toyota ili McDonald's.
11:00
like Google or Toyota or McDonald's.
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11:03
What exactly are these things?
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Što su točno te stvari?
11:05
They are what lawyers call legal fictions.
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One su što odvjetnici nazivaju legalnim fikcijama.
11:10
They are stories invented and maintained
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To su priče izmišljene i održavane
11:13
by the powerful wizards we call lawyers.
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od moćnih čarobnjaka koje nazivamo odvjetnici.
11:17
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
11:18
And what do corporations do all day?
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A što korporacije rade po čitav dan?
Uglavnom, pokušavaju stvoriti novac.
11:22
Mostly, they try to make money.
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11:25
Yet, what is money?
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Ipak, što je novac?
11:26
Again, money is not an objective reality; it has no objective value.
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Opet, novac nije objektivna stvarnost; nema objektivnu vrijednost.
11:31
Take this green piece of paper, the dollar bill.
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Uzmite ovaj zeleni list papira, novčanicu dolara.
11:35
Look at it -- it has no value.
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Pogledajte ju -- nema vrijednost.
11:37
You cannot eat it, you cannot drink it,
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Ne možete je pojesti, ne možete je popiti,
11:39
you cannot wear it.
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ne možete je obući.
11:41
But then came along these master storytellers --
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Ali tada su nadošli ti majstori pripovjedači --
11:45
the big bankers,
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veliki bankari,
11:47
the finance ministers,
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ministri financija,
11:48
the prime ministers --
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premijeri --
i pričaju nam vrlo uvjerljivu priču:
11:50
and they tell us a very convincing story:
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11:52
"Look, you see this green piece of paper?
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"Gledajte, vidite li ovaj zeleni komad papira?
11:54
It is actually worth 10 bananas."
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On zapravo vrijedi 10 banana."
11:57
And if I believe it, and you believe it,
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Te ako ja u to vjerujem, i vi u to vjerujete
11:59
and everybody believes it,
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i svi u to vjeruju,
12:01
it actually works.
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to zbilja prolazi.
Mogu uzeti ovaj bezvrijedni komad papira,
12:03
I can take this worthless piece of paper,
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otići u supermarket,
12:06
go to the supermarket,
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12:07
give it to a complete stranger whom I've never met before,
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dati ga potpunom neznancu kojeg nikad ranije nisam sreo,
12:11
and get, in exchange, real bananas which I can actually eat.
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i dobiti, u zamjenu, prave banane koje zaista mogu pojesti.
12:16
This is something amazing.
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To je nešto zapanjujuće.
12:18
You could never do it with chimpanzees.
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Ne biste nikad to mogli uraditi sa čimpanzama.
12:20
Chimpanzees trade, of course:
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1945
Čimpanze trguju, naravno:
12:22
"Yes, you give me a coconut, I'll give you a banana."
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2750
"Da, ti mi daš kokosov orah, ja ti dam bananu."
12:25
That can work.
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To može proći.
12:26
But, you give me a worthless piece of paper
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Ali, ti mi daš bezvrijedni komad papira
12:29
and you except me to give you a banana?
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2014
i očekuješ da ti ja dam bananu?
12:31
No way!
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Nema šanse!
12:32
What do you think I am, a human?
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Za što me držiš, za čovjeka?
12:34
(Laughter)
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2373
(Smijeh)
12:36
Money, in fact, is the most successful story
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4119
Novac, zapravo, je najuspješnija priča
koju su ljudi ikad izmislili i ispričali,
12:41
ever invented and told by humans,
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12:43
because it is the only story everybody believes.
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jer to je jedina priča u koju svi vjeruju.
12:48
Not everybody believes in God,
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2790
Svatko ne vjeruje u Boga,
12:51
not everybody believes in human rights,
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3025
svatko ne vjeruje u ljudska prava,
12:54
not everybody believes in nationalism,
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2785
svatko ne vjeruje u nacionalizam,
12:57
but everybody believes in money, and in the dollar bill.
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ali svatko vjeruje u novac, i u novčanicu dolara.
13:01
Take, even, Osama Bin Laden.
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Uzmite, čak, Osamu Bin Ladena.
13:03
He hated American politics and American religion
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3687
Mrzio je Američku politiku i Američku religiju
13:07
and American culture,
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i Američku kulturu,
13:08
but he had no objection to American dollars.
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ali nije imao prigovora na Američke dolare.
13:11
He was quite fond of them, actually.
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Jako im je bio privržen, zapravo.
13:13
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
Zaključak:
13:16
To conclude, then:
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13:17
We humans control the world because we live in a dual reality.
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Mi ljudi kontroliramo svijet jer živimo u dvojnoj stvarnosti.
13:24
All other animals live in an objective reality.
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Sve druge životinje žive u objektivnoj stvarnosti.
13:28
Their reality consists of objective entities,
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Njihova se stvarnost sastoji od objektivnih entiteta,
13:33
like rivers and trees and lions and elephants.
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poput rijeka i drveća i lavova i slonova.
Mi ljudi, mi također živimo u objektivnoj stvarnosti.
13:38
We humans, we also live in an objective reality.
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13:41
In our world, too, there are rivers and trees and lions and elephants.
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U našem svijetu također postoje rijeke i drveće i lavovi i slonovi.
13:47
But over the centuries,
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Ali kroz stoljeća,
13:49
we have constructed on top of this objective reality
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4727
sagradili smo povrh te objektivne stvarnosti
drugi sloj izmišljene stvarnosti,
13:54
a second layer of fictional reality,
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13:57
a reality made of fictional entities,
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stvarnosti sastavljene od izmišljenih entiteta,
poput nacija, poput bogova, poput novca, poput korporacija.
14:01
like nations, like gods, like money, like corporations.
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14:06
And what is amazing is that as history unfolded,
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4634
A što je zapanjujuće je kako je tijekom razvoja povijesti
ta izmišljena stvarnost postajala sve moćnija i moćnija
14:11
this fictional reality became more and more powerful
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14:16
so that today, the most powerful forces in the world
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tako da danas, najmoćnije sile u svijetu su
ti izmišljeni entiteti.
14:21
are these fictional entities.
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1965
14:23
Today, the very survival of rivers and trees and lions and elephants
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Danas, samo preživljavanje rijeka i drveća i lavova i slonova
14:30
depends on the decisions and wishes of fictional entities,
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ovisi o odlukama i željama izmišljenih entiteta,
14:35
like the United States, like Google, like the World Bank --
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4537
poput Sjedinjenih država, poput Googla, poput Svjetske banke --
14:40
entities that exist only in our own imagination.
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entiteta koji postoje samo u našoj mašti.
14:44
Thank you.
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Hvala Vam.
(Pljesak)
14:46
(Applause)
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14:56
Bruno Giussani: Yuval, you have a new book out.
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Bruno Giussani: Yuval, izašla ti je nova knjiga.
14:58
After Sapiens, you wrote another one,
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Nakon Sapiensa, napisao si i drugu,
15:00
and it's out in Hebrew, but not yet translated into ...
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koja je izašla na Hebrejskom, ali još nije prevedena na ...
15:02
Yuval Noah Harari: I'm working on the translation as we speak.
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Yuval Noah Harari: Upravo radim na prijevodu.
15:05
BG: In the book, if I understand it correctly,
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BG: U knjizi, ako sam shvatio ispravno,
tvrdiš kako zapanjujući proboji kroz koje upravo prolazimo
15:08
you argue that the amazing breakthroughs that we are experiencing right now
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15:13
not only will potentially make our lives better,
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neće samo moguće učiniti naše živote boljima,
nego će i stvoriti -- citiram te --
15:16
but they will create -- and I quote you --
255
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2236
15:18
"... new classes and new class struggles, just as the industrial revolution did."
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4618
"... nove klase i nove klasne borbe, baš kako ih je stvorila i industrijska revolucija."
15:22
Can you elaborate for us?
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Možeš li nam pojasniti?
15:24
YNH: Yes. In the industrial revolution,
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1924
YNH: Da. U industrijskoj revoluciji,
15:26
we saw the creation of a new class of the urban proletariat.
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4902
vidjeli smo stvaranje nove klase urbanog proleterijata.
15:31
And much of the political and social history of the last 200 years involved
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5110
I puno političke i društvene povijesti zadnjih 200 godina bavi se
15:36
what to do with this class, and the new problems and opportunities.
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3626
što činiti s tom klasom, i novim problemima i prilikama.
15:40
Now, we see the creation of a new massive class of useless people.
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Sad, vidimo stvaranje nove masivne klase beskorisnih ljudi.
15:44
(Laughter)
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1001
(Smijeh)
Kako računala postaju bolja i bolja u više i više područja,
15:46
As computers become better and better in more and more fields,
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15:51
there is a distinct possibility that computers will out-perform us
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4892
postoji izrazita mogućnost kako će nas računala nadmašiti
15:56
in most tasks and will make humans redundant.
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3603
u većini zadataka te učiniti ljude suvišnima.
15:59
And then the big political and economic question
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A onda će veliko političko i ekonomsko pitanje
16:02
of the 21st century will be,
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21. stoljeća biti:
"Za što trebamo ljude?",
16:05
"What do we need humans for?",
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16:07
or at least, "What do we need so many humans for?"
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ili barem: "Za što trebamo toliko ljudi?"
16:10
BG: Do you have an answer in the book?
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BG: Imaš li odgovor u knjizi?
YNH: Trenutno, najbolje je nagađanje kako ih trebamo držati sretnima
16:13
YNH: At present, the best guess we have is to keep them happy
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16:17
with drugs and computer games ...
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1797
pomoću droge i video igara ...
(Smijeh)
16:19
(Laughter)
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1001
Ali to ne zvuči kao jako privlačna budućnost.
16:20
but this doesn't sound like a very appealing future.
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16:23
BG: Ok, so you're basically saying in the book and now,
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BG: Ok, dakle ti u biti tvrdiš u knjizi i sada,
kako uz svu raspravu oko rastućih dokaza
16:26
that for all the discussion about the growing evidence
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2786
16:28
of significant economic inequality, we are just kind of at the beginning
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o značajnoj ekonomskoj nejednakosti, mi smo tek nekako na početku
16:32
of the process?
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procesa?
16:34
YNH: Again, it's not a prophecy;
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1526
YNH: Ponovo, to nije proročanstvo;
16:35
it's seeing all kinds of possibilities before us.
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3943
to je gledanje svakakvih mogućnosti pred nama.
16:39
One possibility is this creation of a new massive class of useless people.
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Jedna je mogućnost to stvaranje nove masivne klase beskorisnih ljudi.
16:44
Another possibility is the division of humankind
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Druga je mogućnost podjela čovječanstva
16:47
into different biological castes,
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u različite biološke kaste,
16:50
with the rich being upgraded into virtual gods,
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gdje se bogati dograđuju u prividne bogove,
16:55
and the poor being degraded to this level of useless people.
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a siromašni snizuju do te razine beskorisnih ljudi.
16:59
BG: I feel there is another TED talk coming up in a year or two.
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BG: Osjećam kako nam novi TED talk dolazi za godinu ili dvije.
17:02
Thank you, Yuval, for making the trip.
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Hvala ti, Yuval, što si doputovao.
17:04
YNH: Thanks!
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YNH: Hvala!
17:05
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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