The genius of the London Tube Map | Small Thing Big Idea, a TED series

393,331 views ใƒป 2018-11-03

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Krystian Aparta Reviewer: Camille Martรญnez
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Avi Kilmanovich ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:12
The history of civilization, in some ways, is a history of maps:
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ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืคื•ืช:
00:16
How have we come to understand the world around us?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•?
00:19
One of the most famous maps works because it really isn't a map at all.
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ืื—ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื” ืžืคื”.
00:23
[Small thing. Big idea.]
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[ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ. ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ]
00:27
[Michael Bierut on the London Tube Map]
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[ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ื˜ ืขืœ ืžืคืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ]
00:29
The London Underground came together in 1908,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืชื” ื‘-1908,
00:32
when eight different independent railways merged
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ื›ืฉืฉืžื•ื ื” ืงื•ื•ื™ ืจื›ื‘ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•,
00:35
to create a single system.
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ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื—ืช.
00:37
They needed a map to represent that system
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ืขืœื” ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืคื” ืฉืชืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช
00:39
so people would know where to ride.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืœืืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืข.
00:41
The map they made is complicated.
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ื”ืžืคื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช.
00:44
You can see rivers, bodies of water, trees and parks --
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื” ื ื”ืจื•ืช, ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื, ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืคืืจืงื™ื --
00:47
the stations were all crammed together at the center of the map,
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ื”ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืฆื•ืคืคื• ืœื”ืŸ ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืคื”,
00:50
and out in the periphery, there were some that couldn't even fit on the map.
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ื•ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืงืคื™ ื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืœืœ ืœื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืžืคื”.
00:53
So the map was geographically accurate, but maybe not so useful.
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ืื– ื”ืžืคื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช, ืืš ืœื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ืžื“ื™.
00:58
Enter Harry Beck.
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ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืืจื™ ื‘ืง.
00:59
Harry Beck was a 29-year-old engineering draftsman
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ื”ืืจื™ ื‘ืง ื”ื™ื” ืฉืจื˜ื˜ ื”ื ื“ืกื™ ื‘ืŸ 29
01:03
who had been working on and off for the London Underground.
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ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ.
01:06
And he had a key insight,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช,
01:07
and that was that people riding underground in trains
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ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข,
01:11
don't really care what's happening aboveground.
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ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืžืื“ ืžืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
01:13
They just want to get from station to station --
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืชื—ื ื” ืœืชื—ื ื” --
01:16
"Where do I get on? Where do I get off?"
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"ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœืขืœื•ืช? ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœืจื“ืช?"
01:18
It's the system that's important, not the geography.
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”.
01:21
He's taken this complicated mess of spaghetti,
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ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ืืช ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ื”ืกืคื’ื˜ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืš ื”ื–ื”
01:24
and he's simplified it.
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ื•ืคื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืชื•.
01:25
The lines only go in three directions:
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ื”ืงื•ื™ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“:
01:27
they're horizontal, they're vertical, or they're 45 degrees.
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ื”ื ืื•ืคืงื™ื™ื, ื”ื ืื ื›ื™ื™ื, ืื• ืฉื”ื ื‘ื–ื•ื™ืช ื‘ืช 45 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
01:31
Likewise, he spaced the stations equally,
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื ื•ืช,
01:34
he's made every station color correspond to the color of the line,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื‘ืขืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืœืงื•ื•ื™ื,
01:38
and he's fixed it all so that it's not really a map anymore.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืš ืฉื–ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืคื”.
01:42
What it is is a diagram,
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืชืจืฉื™ื,
01:44
just like circuitry,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืžืขื’ืœ ื—ืฉืžืœื™,
01:45
except the circuitry here isn't wires conducting electrons,
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ืจืง ืฉื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื ืขื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื,
01:49
it's tubes containing trains conducting people from place to place.
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ืืœื ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื ืขื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื.
01:53
In 1933, the Underground decided, at last, to give Harry Beck's map a try.
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ื‘-1933 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช, ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ, ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื™ ื‘ืง.
01:59
The Underground did a test run of a thousand of these maps, pocket-size.
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ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ื“ืคื™ืกื” ื›ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืืœืฃ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคื”, ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื™ืก.
02:02
They were gone in one hour.
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ื”ื ืื–ืœื• ืชื•ืš ืฉืขื”.
02:04
They realized they were onto something,
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ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉื”ื•
02:05
they printed 750,000 more,
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ื•ื”ื“ืคื™ืกื• 750,000 ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
02:08
and this is the map that you see today.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืžืคื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
02:10
Beck's design really became the template
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ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ืง ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช
02:13
for the way we think of metro maps today.
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ืœืื™ืš ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืชื—ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื.
02:15
Tokyo, Paris, Berlin, Sรฃo Paulo, Sydney, Washington, D.C. --
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ื˜ื•ืงื™ื•, ืคืจื™ืก, ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ืกืื• ืคืื•ืœื•, ืกื™ื“ื ื™, ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” --
02:20
all of them convert complex geography
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ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžืžื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช
02:23
into crisp geometry.
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ืœื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื ืงื™ื”.
02:25
All of them use different colors to distinguish between lines,
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ื‘ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ื,
02:28
all of them use simple symbols to distinguish between types of stations.
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ื‘ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืžืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:32
They all are part of a universal language, seemingly.
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ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืชื” ืฉืคื” ื›ืœืœ-ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
02:35
I bet Harry Beck wouldn't have known what a user interface was,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืชื ืœืš ืฉื”ืืจื™ ื‘ืง ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืžื”ื• ืžืžืฉืง ืžืฉืชืžืฉ,
02:39
but that's really what he designed
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื™ืฆื‘
02:41
and he really took that challenge and broke it down to three principles
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืคื™ืจืง ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช
02:45
that I think can be applied in nearly any design problem.
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ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืช.
02:47
First one is focus.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืงื•ื“.
02:49
Focus on who you're doing this for.
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ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘.
02:51
The second principle is simplicity.
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ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช.
02:53
What's the shortest way to deliver that need?
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ืžื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืฆืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืขื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืงื™ื™ื?
02:56
Finally, the last thing is:
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื:
02:58
Thinking in a cross-disciplinary way.
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ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช.
03:00
Who would've thought that an electrical engineer
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ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืžื”ื ื“ืก ื—ืฉืžืœ
03:03
would be the person to hold the key
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื ืฉื™ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ
03:05
to unlock what was then one of the most complicated systems in the world --
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ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื– ืื—ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื --
03:10
all started by one guy with a pencil and an idea.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืขื ืขืคืจื•ืŸ ื•ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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