John Searle: Our shared condition -- consciousness

208,756 views ใƒป 2013-07-22

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
I'm going to talk about consciousness.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
00:15
Why consciousness?
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ืœืžื” ืชื•ื“ืขื”?
00:16
Well, it's a curiously neglected subject,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืžื•ื–ื ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจ,
00:19
both in our scientific and our philosophical culture.
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ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืื—ื“.
00:22
Now why is that curious?
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ื›ืขืช, ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ?
00:24
Well, it is the most important aspect of our lives
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื” ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
00:27
for a very simple, logical reason,
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ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”,
00:29
namely, it's a necessary condition on anything
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ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื–ื” ืชื ืื™ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
00:32
being important in our lives that we're conscious.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื•.
00:34
You care about science, philosophy, music, art, whatever --
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ื ืžื”ืžื“ืข, ืžืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”, ื•ืืžื ื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” --
00:37
it's no good if you're a zombie or in a coma, right?
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื ืืชื” ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™, ืื• ื‘ืชืจื“ืžืช. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:41
So consciousness is number one.
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ืื– ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ 1.
00:43
The second reason is that when people do
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื
00:46
get interested in it, as I think they should,
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ืžืขื•ื ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื, ืœื“ืขืชื™
00:48
they tend to say the most appalling things.
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ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื—ืจื™ื“ื™ื
00:51
And then, even when they're not saying appalling things
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ื•ืื–, ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื—ืจื™ื“ื™ื
00:53
and they're really trying to do serious research,
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื—ืงืจ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ,
ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืœืื˜, ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช.
00:56
well, it's been slow. Progress has been slow.
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00:59
When I first got interested in this, I thought, well,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ืืช ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ื˜ื•ื‘,
01:02
it's a straightforward problem in biology.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
01:04
Let's get these brain stabbers to get busy and figure out
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ื”ื‘ื” ื•ื ื’ื™ื™ืก ื“ื•ืงืจื ื™ ืžื•ื— ืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืจื—ื• ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•
01:07
how it works in the brain.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื•ื—.
01:08
So I went over to UCSF and I talked to all
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ืื– ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื‘ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืฆื™ืกืงื•, ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขื ื›ืœ
ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื,
01:10
the heavy-duty neurobiologists there,
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01:11
and they showed some impatience,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื• ืงืฆืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช,
01:13
as scientists often do when you ask them embarrassing questions.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ื›ื•ืช.
01:16
But the thing that struck me is, one guy said in exasperation,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื“ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื‘ืจื ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืืžืจ ื‘ื›ืขืก,
01:20
a very famous neurobiologist, he said, "Look,
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ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืžืื“ ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ: "ืชืจืื”,
01:22
in my discipline it's okay to be interested in consciousness,
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœื™, ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื”,
01:26
but get tenure first. Get tenure first."
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ืืš ืงื‘ืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืงื‘ืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ.
01:29
Now I've been working on this for a long time.
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ื›ืขืช, ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
01:32
I think now you might actually get tenure
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ืขืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช
01:34
by working on consciousness.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
01:35
If so, that's a real step forward.
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ืื ื›ืš, ื–ื”ื• ืžืžืฉ ืฆืขื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
01:38
Okay, now why then is this curious reluctance
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื›ืŸ, ืœืžื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืจืชื™ืขื” ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช
01:41
and curious hostility to consciousness?
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืœืชื•ื“ืขื”?
01:43
Well, I think it's a combination of two features
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื
01:45
of our intellectual culture
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
01:47
that like to think they're opposing each other
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ืฉืžืขื“ื™ืคื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”
01:50
but in fact they share a common set of assumptions.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช.
01:53
One feature is the tradition of religious dualism:
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ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ื“ืชื™:
01:57
Consciousness is not a part of the physical world.
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ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืื™ื ื ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ืกื™.
02:01
It's a part of the spiritual world.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™.
02:03
It belongs to the soul,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื ืฉืžื”,
02:04
and the soul is not a part of the physical world.
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ื•ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ื ื ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ืกื™.
02:07
That's the tradition of God, the soul and immortality.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื•ื”ืืœืžื•ื•ืช.
02:11
There's another tradition that thinks it's opposed to this
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ื™ืฉ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืื—ืจืช ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœื–ื”
02:13
but accepts the worst assumption.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:15
That tradition thinks that we are heavy-duty scientific materialists:
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ืžืกื•ืจืช ื–ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืžืื“:
02:19
Consciousness is not a part of the physical world.
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ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืื™ื ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ืกื™.
02:22
Either it doesn't exist at all, or it's something else,
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ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›ืœืœ, ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ,
02:25
a computer program or some damn fool thing,
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ืชื•ื›ื ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”,
02:28
but in any case it's not part of science.
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ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื“ืข.
02:31
And I used to get in an argument that really gave me a stomachache.
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ื•ื ื”ื’ืชื™ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื›ืื‘ ื‘ื˜ืŸ.
02:33
Here's how it went.
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ื”ื ื”, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื”ืชื ื”ืœ.
02:35
Science is objective, consciousness is subjective,
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ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
02:39
therefore there cannot be a science of consciousness.
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ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืข ืฉืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
02:42
Okay, so these twin traditions are paralyzing us.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื– ืฉืชื™ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืชืื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืฉืชืงื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื•,
02:48
It's very hard to get out of these twin traditions.
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ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžืฉืชื™ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื•.
02:51
And I have only one real message in this lecture,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืจืง ืžืกืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืžืฉื™ ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ื–ื•,
02:54
and that is, consciousness is a biological phenomenon
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ื•ื”ื•ื, ืฉืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
02:58
like photosynthesis, digestion, mitosis --
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ื›ืžื• ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”, ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืงื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื --
03:01
you know all the biological phenomena -- and once you accept that,
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ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช - ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
03:05
most, though not all, of the hard problems
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ืจื•ื‘, ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
03:08
about consciousness simply evaporate.
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ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืชื•ื“ืขื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืžื•ื’ื•ืช.
03:10
And I'm going to go through some of them.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ.
03:12
Okay, now I promised you to tell you some
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ืขืช ืื ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื
03:14
of the outrageous things said about consciousness.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจื• ืขืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
03:17
One: Consciousness does not exist.
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ืื—ื“: ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
03:21
It's an illusion, like sunsets.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืืฉืœื™ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืงื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
03:23
Science has shown sunsets and rainbows are illusions.
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ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืฉืงื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืงืฉืชื•ืช ื‘ืขื ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืืฉืœื™ื•ืช.
03:28
So consciousness is an illusion.
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ืื– ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืืฉืœื™ื™ื”.
03:30
Two: Well, maybe it exists, but it's really something else.
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื: ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
03:33
It's a computer program running in the brain.
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ื–ื• ืชื•ื›ื ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืจืฆื” ื‘ืžื•ื—.
03:37
Three: No, the only thing that exists is really behavior.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ: ืœื, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.
03:41
It's embarrassing how influential behaviorism was,
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ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ืš ื›ืžื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื‘ื™ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืจื™ื–ื
03:44
but I'll get back to that.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื–ื”.
03:46
And four: Maybe consciousness exists,
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ื•ืืจื‘ืข: ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช,
03:48
but it can't make any difference to the world.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืžืฉื”ื•?
03:51
How could spirituality move anything?
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03:53
Now, whenever somebody tells me that, I think,
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ื›ืขืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™ ืืช ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
03:55
you want to see spirituality move something?
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ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื™ืขื” ืžืฉื”ื•?
ื”ื‘ื˜. ืื ื™ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื™ื“ื™,
03:58
Watch. I decide consciously to raise my arm,
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04:01
and the damn thing goes up. (Laughter)
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉ ืขื•ืœื” ืœืžืขืœื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:03
Furthermore, notice this:
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ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœื–ื”:
04:07
We do not say, "Well, it's a bit like the weather in Geneva.
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ืื ื• ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื’'ื ื‘ื”.
04:11
Some days it goes up and some days it doesn't go up."
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ื™ืฉ ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ืฉ ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื."
04:14
No. It goes up whenever I damn well want it to.
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ืœื, ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื›ืš.
04:16
Okay. I'm going to tell you how that's possible.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™.
ื›ืขืช, ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ืชืชื™ ืœื›ื ื”ื’ื“ืจื”.
04:19
Now, I haven't yet given you a definition.
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04:22
You can't do this if you don't give a definition.
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ืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืื ืื™ื ื›ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ืจื”.
04:24
People always say consciousness is very hard to define.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื”.
04:27
I think it's rather easy to define
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื ืงืœื” ืžืื“ ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื”
04:29
if you're not trying to give a scientific definition.
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ืื ืื™ื ื›ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืชืช ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช.
04:32
We're not ready for a scientific definition,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
04:34
but here's a common-sense definition.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจ.
04:36
Consciousness consists of all those states of feeling
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ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉ
04:38
or sentience or awareness.
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ื”ื—ื™ืฉื” ืื• ื”ื”ื›ืจื”.
04:40
It begins in the morning when you wake up from a dreamless sleep,
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ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืžืฉื™ื ื” ื ื˜ื•ืœืช ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช,
04:44
and it goes on all day until you fall asleep
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขื“ ืฉืืชื ื ืจื“ืžื™ื
04:47
or die or otherwise become unconscious.
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ืื• ืžืชื™ื, ืื• ื ืขืฉื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ื›ืจื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
04:50
Dreams are a form of consciousness on this definition.
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ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ื•.
04:53
Now, that's the common-sense definition. That's our target.
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ื›ืขืช, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจ. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
04:56
If you're not talking about that, you're not talking about consciousness.
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ืื ืื™ื ื›ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืื™ื ื›ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
04:59
But they think, "Well, if that's it, that's an awful problem.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, "ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื‘ืœ ืื ื–ื” ื›ืš, ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื™ื•ืžื”.
05:03
How can such a thing exist as part of the real world?"
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ืื™ืš ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™?"
05:07
And this, if you've ever had a philosophy course,
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ื•ื–ื”, ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืœืงื—ืชื ืงื•ืจืก ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”,
05:09
this is known as the famous mind-body problem.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื’ื•ืฃ-ื ืคืฉ.
05:12
I think that has a simple solution too. I'm going to give it to you.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜. ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืื•ืชื•.
05:15
And here it is: All of our conscious states, without exception,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื: ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืœื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ื›ืœืœ,
05:19
are caused by lower-level neurobiological processes in the brain,
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ื ื’ืจืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื‘ืจืžื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:25
and they are realized in the brain
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ื•ื”ื ืžืžื•ืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
05:27
as higher-level or system features.
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ื›ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:29
It's about as mysterious as the liquidity of water.
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ื–ื” ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืžื• ื”ื ื–ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื.
05:32
Right? The liquidity is not an extra juice squirted out
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื”ื ื–ื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื ื•ื–ืœ ืฉื ื™ืชื– ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
05:36
by the H2O molecules.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช H2O .
05:37
It's a condition that the system is in.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ืžืฆืืช.
05:40
And just as the jar full of water can go from liquid to solid
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆื ืฆื ืช ืžืœืื” ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื ื•ื–ืœ ืœืžื•ืฆืง
05:45
depending on the behavior of the molecules,
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ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช,
ื›ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื”
05:48
so your brain can go from a state of being conscious
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05:50
to a state of being unconscious,
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ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื›ืจื”.
05:52
depending on the behavior of the molecules.
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ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
05:55
The famous mind-body problem is that simple.
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ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื’ื•ืฃ-ื ืคืฉ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
05:59
All right? But now we get into some harder questions.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ? ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื•ืช.
06:03
Let's specify the exact features of consciousness,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”,
06:06
so that we can then answer those four objections
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืื– ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœืืจื‘ืข ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืŸ
06:09
that I made to it.
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ืฉื”ืขืœื™ืชื™.
06:10
Well, the first feature is, it's real and irreducible.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื–ื” ืืžื™ืชื™, ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืื•ืชื”.
06:14
You can't get rid of it.
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืžื ื”.
06:16
You see, the distinction between reality and illusion
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืืฉืœื™ื”
06:20
is the distinction between how things
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ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื
06:23
consciously seem to us and how they really are.
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ื ืจืื™ื ืœื ื• ื‘ืžื•ื“ืข ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช.
06:27
It consciously seems like there's --
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ื‘ืžื•ื“ืข ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ...
06:29
I like the French "arc-en-ciel" โ€”
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. ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื” - "arc-en-ciel" (ืงืฉืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื) ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ โ€”
06:30
it seems like there's an arch in the sky,
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ื.
06:33
or it seems like the sun is setting over the mountains.
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ืื• ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉื•ืงืขืช ืžืขืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื.
06:36
It consciously seems to us, but that's not really happening.
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ื‘ืžื•ื“ืข ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืงื•ืจื”.
06:39
But for that distinction between
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ
06:41
how things consciously seem and how they really are,
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ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื“ืข, ื•ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช
06:44
you can't make that distinction for the very existence of consciousness,
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ืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื”,
06:48
because where the very existence of consciousness is concerned,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”,
06:52
if it consciously seems to you that you are conscious,
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ืื ื‘ืžื•ื“ืข ื ืจืื” ืœืš ืฉืืชื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื”.
06:55
you are conscious.
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ืืชื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื”.
06:57
I mean, if a bunch of experts come to me and say,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืืœื™ื™ ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
07:00
"We are heavy-duty neurobiologists and we've done a study
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"ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืขืจื›ื ื• ืžื—ืงืจ
ืขืœื™ืš, ืกื™ืจืœ, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื”.
07:03
of you, Searle, and we're convinced you are not conscious,
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07:05
you are a very cleverly constructed robot,"
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ืืชื” ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ืžืื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžื”,"
ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื”ืืœื” ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?"
07:08
I don't think, "Well, maybe these guys are right, you know?"
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07:11
I don't think that for a moment, because, I mean,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืจื’ืข, ืžืฉื•ื, ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ,
07:13
Descartes may have made a lot of mistakes, but he was right about this.
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ื“ืงืืจื˜ ืขืฉื” ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฆื“ืง ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”.
07:16
You cannot doubt the existence of your own consciousness.
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ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœืš.
07:19
Okay, that's the first feature of consciousness.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
ื”ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื•ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืžืฆื ื–ืืช.
07:22
It's real and irreducible.
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07:23
You cannot get rid of it by showing that it's an illusion
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ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืžื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื’ืชื” ื›ืืฉืœื™ื™ื”
07:27
in a way that you can with other standard illusions.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขื ืืฉืœื™ื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
07:30
Okay, the second feature is this one
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. ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื•
07:32
that has been such a source of trouble to us,
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•,
07:35
and that is, all of our conscious states
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ื•ื”ื™ื, ืฉืœื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•
07:37
have this qualitative character to them.
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ื–ื”.
07:40
There's something that it feels like to drink beer
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื”
07:42
which is not what it feels like to do your income tax
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ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื›ืžื• ืฉื–ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœื›ื
07:45
or listen to music, and this qualitative feel
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ืื• ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœืžื•ืกื™ืงื”, ื•ืจื’ืฉ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื–ื”
07:48
automatically generates a third feature,
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ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช,
07:51
namely, conscious states are by definition subjective
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ,ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื
07:55
in the sense that they only exist as experienced
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืจืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ื ื—ื•ื•
07:58
by some human or animal subject,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื“ื ืื• ื‘ืขืœ-ื—ื™ื™ื,
08:00
some self that experiences them.
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ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื.
08:02
Maybe we'll be able to build a conscious machine.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ืจื”.
08:04
Since we don't know how our brains do it,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”
08:06
we're not in a position, so far, to build a conscious machine.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืขืžื“ื”, ืขื“ ื›ื”, ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ืจื”.
08:10
Okay. Another feature of consciousness
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”
08:13
is that it comes in unified conscious fields.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื›ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ื“ื™ื.
08:17
So I don't just have the sight of the people in front of me
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ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืจืง ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื•ืœื™
08:20
and the sound of my voice and the weight of my shoes
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื™, ื•ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™
08:22
against the floor, but they occur to me
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ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจืฆืคื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ืจื™ื ืœื™
08:25
as part of one single great conscious field
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ื›ืจื” ืžื•ืคืœื ืื—ื“
08:28
that stretches forward and backward.
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ืฉืžืฉืชืจืข ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื•ืจื”.
08:30
That is the key to understanding
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ื‘ื ืช
08:32
the enormous power of consciousness.
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
08:34
And we have not been able to do that in a robot.
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜.
08:37
The disappointment of robotics derives from the fact
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ื”ืื›ื–ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
08:40
that we don't know how to make a conscious robot,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื”,
08:42
so we don't have a machine that can do this kind of thing.
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ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”.
08:45
Okay, the next feature of consciousness,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”,
08:48
after this marvelous unified conscious field,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื“ื” ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ ื”ื ืคืœื ื”ื–ื”,
08:51
is that it functions causally in our behavior.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
08:54
I gave you a scientific demonstration by raising my hand,
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ื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื‘ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™,
08:57
but how is that possible?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™?
08:58
How can it be that this thought in my brain
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืžื•ื—ื™
09:02
can move material objects?
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื’ืฉืžื™ื™ื?
09:04
Well, I'll tell you the answer.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”..
09:06
I mean, we don't know the detailed answer,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช.
09:08
but we know the basic part of the answer, and that is,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื,
09:11
there is a sequence of neuron firings,
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ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื,
09:13
and they terminate where the acetylcholine
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ื•ื”ื ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืืฆื˜ื™ืœื›ื•ืœื™ืŸ
09:16
is secreted at the axon end-plates of the motor neurons.
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ืžื•ืคืจืฉ ืžื”ืœื•ื—ื™ื•ืช-ื”ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืงืกื•ืŸ (ื™ืฆื™ืื•ืŸ) ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
09:19
Sorry to use philosophical terminology here,
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ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช.
09:21
but when it's secreted at the axon end-plates of the motor neurons,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคืจืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืงืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื,
09:25
a whole lot of wonderful things happen in the ion channels
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืคืœืื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื
09:28
and the damned arm goes up.
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ื•ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ืขื•ืœื” ืœืžืขืœื”.
09:30
Now, think of what I told you.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืœื›ื.
09:32
One and the same event,
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ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ืขืฆืžื•,
09:34
my conscious decision to raise my arm
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ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื™ื“ื™
09:37
has a level of description where it has all of these
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ื™ืฉ ืจืžืช ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื ืžืฆืื•ืช
09:39
touchy-feely spiritual qualities.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ื•ืช-ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช .
09:42
It's a thought in my brain, but at the same time,
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ื–ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืžื•ื—ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
09:44
it's busy secreting acetylcholine
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ื”ื•ื ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืืฆื˜ื™ืœื›ื•ืœื™ืŸ
09:46
and doing all sorts of other things
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ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืžืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช
09:48
as it makes its way from the motor cortex
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09:50
down through the nerve fibers in the arm.
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ืœืžื˜ื” ื“ืจืš ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื–ืจื•ืข.
09:53
Now, what that tells us is that our traditional vocabularies
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ื›ืขืช, ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื, ืฉืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืœื ื•
09:57
for discussing these issues are totally obsolete.
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ืฉืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
10:00
One and the same event has a level of description
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ืœืื•ืชื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ืขืฆืžื• ื™ืฉ ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจ
10:03
where it's neurobiological, and another level of description
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช , ื•ืจืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจ
10:06
where it's mental, and that's a single event,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื ื˜ืืœื™ืช, ื•ื–ื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ื™ื—ื™ื“,
10:09
and that's how nature works. That's how it's possible
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืคื•ืขืœ. ื–ื” ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™
10:11
for consciousness to function causally.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืœืชืคืงื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื™ื‘ืชื™.
10:14
Okay, now with that in mind,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื ื–ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ
10:17
with going through these various features of consciousness,
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ืขื ืžืขื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื”,
10:20
let's go back and answer some of those early objections.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื ืขื ื” ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืŸ.
10:23
Well, the first one I said was, consciousness doesn't exist,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื”, ืฉื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช,
10:26
it's an illusion. Well, I've already answered that.
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ื–ื• ืืฉืœื™ื”. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื ื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
10:28
I don't think we need to worry about that.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื. ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”.
10:30
But the second one had an incredible influence,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื ืชื™ืืžืŸ,
10:34
and may still be around, and that is,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื,
10:35
"Well, if consciousness exists, it's really something else.
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"ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
10:39
It's really a digital computer program running in your brain
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื
10:42
and that's what we need to do to create consciousness
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
10:45
is get the right program.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
10:46
Yeah, forget about the hardware. Any hardware will do
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ื›ืŸ, ืชืฉื›ื—ื• ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจื”. ื›ืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
10:49
provided it's rich enough and stable enough to carry the program."
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ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื™ืจ ื“ื™ื• ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื“ื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื”."
10:52
Now, we know that that's wrong.
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ื›ืขืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
10:55
I mean, anybody who's thought about computers at all
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื›ืœืœ ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
10:58
can see that that's wrong, because computation
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืชื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื
11:00
is defined as symbol manipulation,
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ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืกืžืœ,
11:03
usually thought of as zeros as ones, but any symbols will do.
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ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘-0 ื•-1 , ืืš ื›ืœ ืกืžืœ ื™ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช .
11:05
You get an algorithm that you can program
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ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ
11:09
in a binary code, and that's the defining trait
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ื‘ืงื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™, ื•ื–ื• ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื”
11:12
of the computer program.
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ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘.
11:14
But we know that that's purely syntactical. That's symbolic.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจื™ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ. ื–ื” ืกืžืœื™.
11:18
We know that actual human consciousness has something more than that.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ืœืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:22
It's got a content in addition to the syntax.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ.
11:25
It's got a semantics.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืกืžื ื˜ื™ืงื”-
11:26
Now that argument, I made that argument 30 --
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ื›ืขืช, ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” 30...
11:29
oh my God, I don't want to think about it โ€”
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ื”ื• ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”-
11:30
more than 30 years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-30 ืฉื ื”
11:31
but there's a deeper argument implicit in what I've told you,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉืชืžืข ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืฉืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื,
11:34
and I want to tell you that argument briefly, and that is,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืฆืจื”, ื•ื”ื•ื,
11:37
consciousness creates an observer-independent reality.
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ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืœื•ื™ืช ืฆื•ืคื”.
11:42
It creates a reality of money, property, government,
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ, ืจื›ื•ืฉ, ืžืžืฉืœื”,
11:45
marriage, CERN conferences,
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ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื›ื ืกื™ื ืฉืœ CERN,
11:49
cocktail parties and summer vacations,
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ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ,
11:52
and all of those are creations of consciousness.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
11:54
Their existence is observer-relative.
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ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืœืฆื•ืคื”.
11:57
It's only relative to conscious agents that a piece of paper
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ื–ื” ืจืง ื™ื—ืกื™ ืœืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื—ืชื™ื›ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ
12:01
is money or that a bunch of buildings is a university.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ืื• ืฉื›ืžื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”.
12:04
Now, ask yourself about computation.
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ื›ืขืช, ืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘.
12:07
Is that absolute, like force and mass and gravitational attraction?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜, ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ื— ื•ื”ืžืกื” ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”?
12:11
Or is it observer-relative?
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ืื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ื—ืกื™-ืœืฆื•ืคื”?
12:13
Well, some computations are intrinsic.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื
12:17
I add two plus two to get four.
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ืื ื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืจื‘ืข.
12:19
That's going on no matter what anybody thinks.
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ื•ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืื—ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
12:21
But when I haul out my pocket calculator
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืœืฃ ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืก ืฉืœื™
12:24
and do the calculation, the only intrinsic phenomenon
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ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
12:28
is the electronic circuit and its behavior.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœื•.
12:31
That's the only absolute phenomenon.
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ื–ื” ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช.
12:33
All the rest is interpreted by us.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื ื•.
12:35
Computation only exists relative to consciousness.
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ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื™ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืœืชื•ื“ืขื”.
12:39
Either a conscious agent is carrying out the computation,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ืžื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘,
12:42
or he's got a piece of machinery that admits of a computational interpretation.
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ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืžืืฉืจืช ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืช.
12:45
Now that doesn't mean computation is arbitrary.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™.
12:48
I spent a lot of money on this hardware.
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ื”ื•ืฆืืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื–ื•.
12:51
But we have this persistent confusion
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ืžืชืžืฉืš ื–ื”
12:53
between objectivity and subjectivity as features of reality
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
12:58
and objectivity and subjectivity as features of claims.
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ื•ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื.
13:01
And the bottom line of this part of my talk is this:
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ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื–ื•:
13:05
You can have a completely objective science,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื“ืข ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
13:08
a science where you make objectively true claims,
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ืžื“ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืืžืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
13:11
about a domain whose existence is subjective,
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ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
13:15
whose existence is in the human brain
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ืฉื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
13:18
consisting of subjective states of sentience
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื—ื™ืฉื”
13:20
or feeling or awareness.
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ืื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืื• ื”ื›ืจื”.
13:22
So the objection that you can't have an objective science of consciousness
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ืื– ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื“ืข ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”
13:26
because it's subjective and science is objective, that's a pun.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื–ื” ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื™ืœื™ื.
13:30
That's a bad pun on objectivity and subjectivity.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืขืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
13:33
You can make objective claims
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ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื›ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช
13:35
about a domain that is subjective in its mode of existence,
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ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœื•,
13:39
and indeed that's what neurologists do.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
13:41
I mean, you have patients that actually suffer pains,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื›ืื‘ื™ื,
13:43
and you try to get an objective science of that.
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ื•ืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื“ืข ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
13:46
Okay, I promised to refute all these guys,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชื™ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
13:48
and I don't have an awful lot of time left,
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
13:50
but let me refute a couple more of them.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืš ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื.
13:52
I said that behaviorism ought to be
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืจื™ื–ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
13:54
one of the great embarrassments of our intellectual culture,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื‘ื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
13:57
because it's refuted the moment you think about it.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ืคืจืš ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
14:00
Your mental states are identical with your behavior?
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš ื–ื”ื™ื ืขื ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœืš?
14:03
Well, think about the distinction between feeling a pain
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื‘
14:06
and engaging in pain behavior.
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ื•ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘.
14:08
I won't demonstrate pain behavior, but I can tell you
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืืคื’ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ืื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื
14:10
I'm not having any pains right now.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข.
14:12
So it's an obvious mistake. Why did they make the mistake?
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ืื– ื–ื• ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”. ืœืžื” ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช?
14:16
The mistake was โ€” and you can go back and read
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ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” โ€” ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœืงืจื•ื
14:18
the literature on this, you can see this over and over โ€”
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ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื›ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ โ€“
ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื
14:21
they think if you accept the irreducible existence
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14:24
of consciousness, you're giving up on science.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”, ืืชื” ืžื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืข.
14:27
You're giving up on 300 years of human progress
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ืืชื ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืœ 300 ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช
14:30
and human hope and all the rest of it.
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ื•ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ.
14:32
And the message I want to leave you with is,
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ื•ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ื”ื•ื
14:35
consciousness has to become accepted
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ืฉื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช
14:37
as a genuine biological phenomenon,
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ื›ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช,
14:40
as much subject to scientific analysis
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ื›ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื“ืขื™
14:42
as any other phenomenon in biology,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืชื•ืคืขื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
14:44
or, for that matter, the rest of science.
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ืื•, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื“ืข.
14:46
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
14:48
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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