John Searle: Our shared condition -- consciousness

207,593 views ใƒป 2013-07-22

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Gemma Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : June Lee
00:12
I'm going to talk about consciousness.
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์ €๋Š” ์˜์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด ๋ณผ๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
Why consciousness?
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์™œ ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์ด๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
00:16
Well, it's a curiously neglected subject,
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์ข€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ์ด๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
00:19
both in our scientific and our philosophical culture.
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๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜ ์ฒ ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:22
Now why is that curious?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์™œ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
00:24
Well, it is the most important aspect of our lives
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๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
00:27
for a very simple, logical reason,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
namely, it's a necessary condition on anything
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์˜์‹์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ํ•˜๋Š”
00:32
being important in our lives that we're conscious.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
You care about science, philosophy, music, art, whatever --
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๊ณผํ•™, ์ฒ ํ•™, ์Œ์•…, ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์–ด๋„
00:37
it's no good if you're a zombie or in a coma, right?
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์ข€๋น„๋‚˜ ํ˜ผ์ˆ˜์ƒํƒœ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒํ•œํ…Œ๋Š” ์†Œ์šฉ์ด ์—†์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
00:41
So consciousness is number one.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜์‹์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
The second reason is that when people do
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
00:46
get interested in it, as I think they should,
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์˜์‹์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
00:48
they tend to say the most appalling things.
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๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
And then, even when they're not saying appalling things
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ํ„ฐ๋ฌด๋‹ˆ์—†๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
00:53
and they're really trying to do serious research,
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์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„
๋ณ„ ์ง„์ „์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
well, it's been slow. Progress has been slow.
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00:59
When I first got interested in this, I thought, well,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋Š๊ผˆ์„ ๋•Œ
01:02
it's a straightforward problem in biology.
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์˜์‹์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:04
Let's get these brain stabbers to get busy and figure out
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€
01:07
how it works in the brain.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:08
So I went over to UCSF and I talked to all
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ UCSF์— ๊ฐ€์„œ (UCSF: ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™, ์ƒŒํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ”)
์Ÿ์Ÿํ•œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆด์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
the heavy-duty neurobiologists there,
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01:11
and they showed some impatience,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
01:13
as scientists often do when you ask them embarrassing questions.
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚œ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณดํ†ต ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
01:16
But the thing that struck me is, one guy said in exasperation,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ถ„๊ฐœํ•ด์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
01:20
a very famous neurobiologist, he said, "Look,
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์•„์ฃผ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์˜€์ฃ .
01:22
in my discipline it's okay to be interested in consciousness,
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"์ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์˜์‹์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑด ์ข‹์ง€๋งŒ
01:26
but get tenure first. Get tenure first."
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๋จผ์ € ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์„ธ์š”. ์ข…์‹ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ง์„ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์šฐ์„ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
01:29
Now I've been working on this for a long time.
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์ €๋Š” ์˜์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
I think now you might actually get tenure
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์˜์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
01:34
by working on consciousness.
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์ข…์‹  ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
If so, that's a real step forward.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์ง„๋ณด์ฃ .
01:38
Okay, now why then is this curious reluctance
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™œ ์˜์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ๊ฐ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ
01:41
and curious hostility to consciousness?
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ ๋Œ€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
01:43
Well, I think it's a combination of two features
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์ง€์  ๋ฌธํ™”์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€
01:45
of our intellectual culture
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ํŠน์ง• ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
that like to think they're opposing each other
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์„œ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋˜๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
01:50
but in fact they share a common set of assumptions.
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์‹ค์€ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ์ „์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
One feature is the tradition of religious dualism:
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์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ๋Š” ์ข…๊ต์  ์ด์›๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
Consciousness is not a part of the physical world.
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์˜์‹์€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
02:01
It's a part of the spiritual world.
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์ •์‹ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:03
It belongs to the soul,
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์˜์‹์€ ์˜ํ˜ผ์— ์†ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
02:04
and the soul is not a part of the physical world.
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์˜ํ˜ผ์€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:07
That's the tradition of God, the soul and immortality.
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์‹ , ์˜ํ˜ผ, ๋ถˆ๋ฉธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
There's another tradition that thinks it's opposed to this
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์ด์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
02:13
but accepts the worst assumption.
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์ตœ์•…์˜ ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
That tradition thinks that we are heavy-duty scientific materialists:
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์ฆ‰, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์œ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
Consciousness is not a part of the physical world.
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์˜์‹์€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ,
02:22
Either it doesn't exist at all, or it's something else,
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์˜์‹์€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณ„๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:25
a computer program or some damn fool thing,
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์ฐฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
02:28
but in any case it's not part of science.
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๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
And I used to get in an argument that really gave me a stomachache.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณจ์น˜ ์•„ํ”ˆ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์— ํœ˜๋ง๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
02:33
Here's how it went.
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์ž, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
Science is objective, consciousness is subjective,
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๊ณผํ•™์€ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ด๊ณ , ์˜์‹์€ ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ด๋‹ค.
02:39
therefore there cannot be a science of consciousness.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์˜์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์€ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค.
02:42
Okay, so these twin traditions are paralyzing us.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์˜ด์ง๋‹ฌ์‹น๋„ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
It's very hard to get out of these twin traditions.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ „ํ†ต์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
And I have only one real message in this lecture,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ผญ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€
02:54
and that is, consciousness is a biological phenomenon
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์˜์‹์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
like photosynthesis, digestion, mitosis --
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๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์†Œํ™”์ž‘์šฉ, ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„์—ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:01
you know all the biological phenomena -- and once you accept that,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์•„์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด
03:05
most, though not all, of the hard problems
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์˜์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์€
03:08
about consciousness simply evaporate.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
And I'm going to go through some of them.
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์ด์ œ ๊ทธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•ด ๋ณด๋„๋กํ•˜์ง€์š”.
03:12
Okay, now I promised you to tell you some
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ
03:14
of the outrageous things said about consciousness.
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ํ„ฐ๋ฌด๋‹ˆ ์—†๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
One: Consciousness does not exist.
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์ฒซ์งธ, ์˜์‹์€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
03:21
It's an illusion, like sunsets.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋…ธ์„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฐฉ์‹œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
Science has shown sunsets and rainbows are illusions.
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๊ณผํ•™์€ ์ผ๋ชฐ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์ฐฉ์‹œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฆ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
So consciousness is an illusion.
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์˜์‹ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฐฉ์‹œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:30
Two: Well, maybe it exists, but it's really something else.
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๋‘˜์งธ, ์˜์‹์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋‚˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
03:33
It's a computer program running in the brain.
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๋จธ๋ฆฟ ์†์—์„œ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ฃ .
03:37
Three: No, the only thing that exists is really behavior.
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์…‹์งธ, ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ ํ–‰๋™์ด๋‹ค.
03:41
It's embarrassing how influential behaviorism was,
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ํ–‰๋™์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‹นํ˜น์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šธ ์ง€๊ฒฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
but I'll get back to that.
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
03:46
And four: Maybe consciousness exists,
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๋„ท์งธ, ์˜์‹์ด ์กด์žฌํ• ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋‚˜
03:48
but it can't make any difference to the world.
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์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค.
์ •์‹ ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
03:51
How could spirituality move anything?
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03:53
Now, whenever somebody tells me that, I think,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด
03:55
you want to see spirituality move something?
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ”์„ ๋“ค์–ด ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
Watch. I decide consciously to raise my arm,
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04:01
and the damn thing goes up. (Laughter)
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๊ทธ๋žฌ๋”๋‹ˆ ์ •๋ง ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์š”. (์›ƒ์Œ)
04:03
Furthermore, notice this:
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๋” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฐฌ ๊ฒƒ์€
04:07
We do not say, "Well, it's a bit like the weather in Geneva.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ . "๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ œ๋„ค๋ฐ”์˜ ๋‚ ์”จ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
04:11
Some days it goes up and some days it doesn't go up."
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์–ด๋–ค ๋‚ ์€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋‚ ์€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”."
04:14
No. It goes up whenever I damn well want it to.
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์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ , ์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ธ์ œ๋“ ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์ฃ .
04:16
Okay. I'm going to tell you how that's possible.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
Now, I haven't yet given you a definition.
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04:22
You can't do this if you don't give a definition.
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๋จผ์ € ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ค์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
People always say consciousness is very hard to define.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์˜์‹์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
04:27
I think it's rather easy to define
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์ €๋Š” ์‰ฝ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
if you're not trying to give a scientific definition.
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๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:32
We're not ready for a scientific definition,
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๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์—” ์•„์ง ์ด๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
but here's a common-sense definition.
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์ƒ์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋ณด์ฃ .
04:36
Consciousness consists of all those states of feeling
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์˜์‹์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋Š๋‚Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ,
04:38
or sentience or awareness.
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์ž๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
04:40
It begins in the morning when you wake up from a dreamless sleep,
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์˜์‹์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ‘น ์ž๊ณ  ๊นจ์–ด๋‚œ ์•„์นจ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
04:44
and it goes on all day until you fall asleep
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์ž ๋“ค ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€
04:47
or die or otherwise become unconscious.
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๋˜๋Š” ์ฃฝ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์˜์‹ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
Dreams are a form of consciousness on this definition.
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์ด ์ •์˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ฟˆ๋„ ์˜์‹์˜ ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
Now, that's the common-sense definition. That's our target.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์‹์ ์ธ ์ •์˜์ฃ . ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ด๊ณ ์š”.
04:56
If you're not talking about that, you're not talking about consciousness.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์˜์‹์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ชป ๋ณธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:59
But they think, "Well, if that's it, that's an awful problem.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋ณด์ฃ .
05:03
How can such a thing exist as part of the real world?"
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"๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค๊ฒŒ ํ˜„์‹ค ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€?"
05:07
And this, if you've ever had a philosophy course,
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์ฒ ํ•™์„ ๋ฐฐ์šด ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์•„์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
this is known as the famous mind-body problem.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋งˆ์Œ-๋ชธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ฃ .
05:12
I think that has a simple solution too. I'm going to give it to you.
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ์•Œ๋ ค ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
05:15
And here it is: All of our conscious states, without exception,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์˜์‹ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์™ธ ์—†์ด
05:19
are caused by lower-level neurobiological processes in the brain,
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๋‡Œ์˜ ์ €์ฐจ์›์  ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ
05:25
and they are realized in the brain
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๊ณ ์ฐจ์› ๋˜๋Š” ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ
05:27
as higher-level or system features.
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๋‡Œ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
It's about as mysterious as the liquidity of water.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ฌผ์˜ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ๋งŒํผ ์‹ ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
Right? The liquidity is not an extra juice squirted out
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์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋ž˜์š”? ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌผ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋ฟœ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š”
05:36
by the H2O molecules.
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์—ฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์•ก์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
05:37
It's a condition that the system is in.
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๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
And just as the jar full of water can go from liquid to solid
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐฌ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
05:45
depending on the behavior of the molecules,
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์•ก์ฒด์—์„œ ๊ณ ์ฒด๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด
๋‡Œ๋„ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
05:48
so your brain can go from a state of being conscious
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05:50
to a state of being unconscious,
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์˜์‹์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ
05:52
depending on the behavior of the molecules.
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์˜์‹์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€” ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
The famous mind-body problem is that simple.
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๊ทธ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋งˆ์Œ-๋ชธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
All right? But now we get into some harder questions.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
06:03
Let's specify the exact features of consciousness,
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์˜์‹์˜ ํŠน์ง•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์งš์–ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
06:06
so that we can then answer those four objections
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋˜ 4 ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐ˜๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
06:09
that I made to it.
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๋‹ต์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:10
Well, the first feature is, it's real and irreducible.
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์ฒซ์งธ ํŠน์ง•์€ ์˜์‹์ด ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ชผ๊ฐค ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
You can't get rid of it.
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์—†์•จ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
You see, the distinction between reality and illusion
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ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ์ฐฉ์‹œ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š”
06:20
is the distinction between how things
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์˜์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
06:23
consciously seem to us and how they really are.
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์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ชจ์Šต์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
It consciously seems like there's --
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ฃ .
06:29
I like the French "arc-en-ciel" โ€”
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ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด๋กœ '๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐœ'๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
06:30
it seems like there's an arch in the sky,
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ํ•˜๋Š˜์— ์•„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
06:33
or it seems like the sun is setting over the mountains.
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ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
It consciously seems to us, but that's not really happening.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์˜์‹์— ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€ ์‹ค์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
But for that distinction between
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์„
06:41
how things consciously seem and how they really are,
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๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
06:44
you can't make that distinction for the very existence of consciousness,
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์˜์‹์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
because where the very existence of consciousness is concerned,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜์‹์˜ ์กด์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งŒํผ์€
06:52
if it consciously seems to you that you are conscious,
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์˜์‹์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋‚„ ๋•Œ
06:55
you are conscious.
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์‹ค์ œ ์˜์‹์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
I mean, if a bunch of experts come to me and say,
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์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
07:00
"We are heavy-duty neurobiologists and we've done a study
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์ด๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์˜์‹์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
of you, Searle, and we're convinced you are not conscious,
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07:05
you are a very cleverly constructed robot,"
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ๋กœ๋ด‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "
์ €๋Š” "๊ธ€์Ž„, ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งž์„๊ฑฐ์•ผ?" ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
I don't think, "Well, maybe these guys are right, you know?"
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07:11
I don't think that for a moment, because, I mean,
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์ €๋Š” ํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
Descartes may have made a lot of mistakes, but he was right about this.
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๋ฐ์นด๋ฅดํŠธ๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์€ ๋งž์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
You cannot doubt the existence of your own consciousness.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜์‹์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์˜์‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:19
Okay, that's the first feature of consciousness.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜์‹์˜ ์ฒซ์งธ ํŠน์ง•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‹ค์ œ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ชผ๊ฐค ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:22
It's real and irreducible.
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07:23
You cannot get rid of it by showing that it's an illusion
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฐฉ์‹œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์˜์‹์„ ์ฐฉ์‹œ๋กœ ์น˜๋ถ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
07:27
in a way that you can with other standard illusions.
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์—†์•จ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
Okay, the second feature is this one
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŠน์ง•์€
07:32
that has been such a source of trouble to us,
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์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๊ณจ์น˜๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
07:35
and that is, all of our conscious states
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์ฆ‰, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์˜์‹ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š”
07:37
have this qualitative character to them.
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๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
There's something that it feels like to drink beer
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๋งฅ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹ค ๋•Œ์˜ ๋Š๋‚Œ์€
07:42
which is not what it feels like to do your income tax
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์†Œ๋“์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ๋•Œ๋‚˜
07:45
or listen to music, and this qualitative feel
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์Œ์•…์„ ๋“ค์„ ๋•Œ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ฃ .
07:48
automatically generates a third feature,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ด ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
namely, conscious states are by definition subjective
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์ฆ‰, ์˜์‹ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
in the sense that they only exist as experienced
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€
07:58
by some human or animal subject,
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๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
08:00
some self that experiences them.
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์˜์‹์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:02
Maybe we'll be able to build a conscious machine.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
08:04
Since we don't know how our brains do it,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
08:06
we're not in a position, so far, to build a conscious machine.
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์•„์ง์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
Okay. Another feature of consciousness
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์˜์‹์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์ง•์€
08:13
is that it comes in unified conscious fields.
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ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ์˜์‹ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:17
So I don't just have the sight of the people in front of me
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ ์•ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค,
08:20
and the sound of my voice and the weight of my shoes
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์ œ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์„ ๋ฐŸ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋งŒ
08:22
against the floor, but they occur to me
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์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
08:25
as part of one single great conscious field
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์•ž๋’ค๋ฅผ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋Š”
08:28
that stretches forward and backward.
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ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ์˜์‹์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
That is the key to understanding
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ
08:32
the enormous power of consciousness.
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์˜์‹์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํž˜์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด์‡ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
And we have not been able to do that in a robot.
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๋กœ๋ด‡์€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
08:37
The disappointment of robotics derives from the fact
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๋กœ๋ด‡ ๊ณตํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์‹ค๋ง์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ ์€
08:40
that we don't know how to make a conscious robot,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜์‹์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ค„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
08:42
so we don't have a machine that can do this kind of thing.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
Okay, the next feature of consciousness,
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์˜์‹์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์ง•์€
08:48
after this marvelous unified conscious field,
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์˜์‹์˜ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์™ธ์—๋„
08:51
is that it functions causally in our behavior.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒœ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž„์˜๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
I gave you a scientific demonstration by raising my hand,
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์ œ ์†์„ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ๋ ค์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
but how is that possible?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
08:58
How can it be that this thought in my brain
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๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์†์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ
09:02
can move material objects?
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๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์›€์ง์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
09:04
Well, I'll tell you the answer.
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๋‹ต์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
09:06
I mean, we don't know the detailed answer,
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์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‹ต์€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
09:08
but we know the basic part of the answer, and that is,
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋‹ต์€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
there is a sequence of neuron firings,
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ ์ ํ™”๋˜์–ด์„œ
09:13
and they terminate where the acetylcholine
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์šด๋™ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ถ•์ƒ‰ ๋Œ๊ธฐ ๋ง๋‹จ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ฉด
09:16
is secreted at the axon end-plates of the motor neurons.
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์•„์„ธํ‹ธ์ฝœ๋ฆฐ์ด ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
Sorry to use philosophical terminology here,
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์ฒ ํ•™์ ์ธ ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์ฃ„์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
but when it's secreted at the axon end-plates of the motor neurons,
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์šด๋™์‹ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ถ•์ƒ‰ ๋Œ๊ธฐ ๋ง๋‹จ์—์„œ ์•„์„ธํ‹ธ์ฝœ๋ฆฐ์ด ๋ถ„๋น„๋˜๋ฉด
09:25
a whole lot of wonderful things happen in the ion channels
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์ด์˜จ ์ฑ„๋„์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ
09:28
and the damned arm goes up.
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์ด ํŒ”์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:30
Now, think of what I told you.
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
09:32
One and the same event,
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
09:34
my conscious decision to raise my arm
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ํŒ”์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ ์˜์‹์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€
09:37
has a level of description where it has all of these
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ •์‹ ์ ์ธ
09:39
touchy-feely spiritual qualities.
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์ž์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
It's a thought in my brain, but at the same time,
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๋‡Œ ์†์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ์™€ ๋™์‹œ์—
09:44
it's busy secreting acetylcholine
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์•„์„ธํ‹ธ์ฝœ๋ฆฐ์„ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
09:46
and doing all sorts of other things
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์šด๋™ ํ”ผ์งˆ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์™€
ํŒ”์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ
09:48
as it makes its way from the motor cortex
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09:50
down through the nerve fibers in the arm.
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์˜จ๊ฐ– ์ผ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
Now, what that tells us is that our traditional vocabularies
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
09:57
for discussing these issues are totally obsolete.
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์–˜๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
One and the same event has a level of description
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์ด
10:03
where it's neurobiological, and another level of description
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๋˜๊ณ 
10:06
where it's mental, and that's a single event,
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์ •์‹ ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
and that's how nature works. That's how it's possible
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์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ์ฃ . ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
10:11
for consciousness to function causally.
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์˜์‹์ด ์ž„์˜๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
Okay, now with that in mind,
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์ด ์ ์„ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘๊ณ ,
10:17
with going through these various features of consciousness,
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์˜์‹์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช… ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ,
10:20
let's go back and answer some of those early objections.
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์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:23
Well, the first one I said was, consciousness doesn't exist,
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์ฒซ์งธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•์€ ์˜์‹์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์ธ๋ฐ์š”
10:26
it's an illusion. Well, I've already answered that.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ฐฉ์‹œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ ธ์ฃ .
10:28
I don't think we need to worry about that.
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๊ทธ ์ ์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์•ˆ ์จ๋„ ๋  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:30
But the second one had an incredible influence,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•์€ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์คฌ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
10:34
and may still be around, and that is,
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:35
"Well, if consciousness exists, it's really something else.
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์ฆ‰, "์˜์‹์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ.
10:39
It's really a digital computer program running in your brain
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๋‡Œ์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€.
10:42
and that's what we need to do to create consciousness
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์˜์‹์„ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
10:45
is get the right program.
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์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ด.
10:46
Yeah, forget about the hardware. Any hardware will do
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์–ด๋–ค ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด๋“  ์ƒ๊ด€ ์—†์–ด.
10:49
provided it's rich enough and stable enough to carry the program."
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ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋Œ๋ฆด ๋งŒํผ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ์ข‹๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด๋ฉด ๋ผ."
10:52
Now, we know that that's wrong.
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์ด ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ํ‹€๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
I mean, anybody who's thought about computers at all
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
10:58
can see that that's wrong, because computation
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์ด ์ฃผ์žฅ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:00
is defined as symbol manipulation,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ ์กฐ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ
11:03
usually thought of as zeros as ones, but any symbols will do.
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๋ณดํ†ต 0์ด๋‚˜ 1์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ . ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:05
You get an algorithm that you can program
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2์ง„ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋กœ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
11:09
in a binary code, and that's the defining trait
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์ด ์ ์ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜
11:12
of the computer program.
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๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ์ฐจ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
But we know that that's purely syntactical. That's symbolic.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋””๊นŒ์ง€๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
We know that actual human consciousness has something more than that.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜์‹์€ ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ณต์žกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:22
It's got a content in addition to the syntax.
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ํ†ต์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์™ธ์—๋„
11:25
It's got a semantics.
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์˜๋ฏธ์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
11:26
Now that argument, I made that argument 30 --
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์ด ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ 30๋…„ ์ „์— ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
11:29
oh my God, I don't want to think about it โ€”
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์„ธ์ƒ์—, ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€๋„ ์•Š๋„ค์š”
11:30
more than 30 years ago,
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30 ์—ฌ ๋…„ ์ „์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
but there's a deeper argument implicit in what I've told you,
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์ œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ํ•จ์ถ•์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
and I want to tell you that argument briefly, and that is,
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
11:37
consciousness creates an observer-independent reality.
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์˜์‹์€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž์™€ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:42
It creates a reality of money, property, government,
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์˜์‹์€ ๋ˆ, ์žฌ์‚ฐ, ์ •๋ถ€๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
marriage, CERN conferences,
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๊ฒฐํ˜ผ, CERN ๋Œ€ํšŒ, (CERN: ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ž…์ž ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ)
11:49
cocktail parties and summer vacations,
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์นตํ…Œ์ผ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์™€ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ํœด๊ฐ€,
11:52
and all of those are creations of consciousness.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์˜์‹์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:54
Their existence is observer-relative.
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์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ฌผ์€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
It's only relative to conscious agents that a piece of paper
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์ข…์ด ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ๋Œ€ํ•™์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
12:01
is money or that a bunch of buildings is a university.
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์˜์‹์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์กด์žฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
Now, ask yourself about computation.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ๊ฐ€์š”?
12:07
Is that absolute, like force and mass and gravitational attraction?
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ํž˜, ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰, ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
12:11
Or is it observer-relative?
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๋˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
12:13
Well, some computations are intrinsic.
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
I add two plus two to get four.
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๊ฐ€๋ น 2 ๋”ํ•˜๊ธฐ 2๋Š” 4์ฃ .
12:19
That's going on no matter what anybody thinks.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋‚˜ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ฃ .
12:21
But when I haul out my pocket calculator
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋‚ด
12:24
and do the calculation, the only intrinsic phenomenon
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๋‘๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด, ์ „์ž ํšŒ๋กœ์™€ ๊ทธ ์ž‘๋™๋งŒ์ด
12:28
is the electronic circuit and its behavior.
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๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:31
That's the only absolute phenomenon.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์ด ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:33
All the rest is interpreted by us.
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•ด์„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
Computation only exists relative to consciousness.
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๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€ ์˜์‹์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:39
Either a conscious agent is carrying out the computation,
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์˜์‹์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋“ ์ง€
12:42
or he's got a piece of machinery that admits of a computational interpretation.
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ํ•ด์„์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:45
Now that doesn't mean computation is arbitrary.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ์ž„์˜์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:48
I spent a lot of money on this hardware.
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๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ’์ด ์‹ผ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
12:51
But we have this persistent confusion
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ด€์„ฑ,
12:53
between objectivity and subjectivity as features of reality
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠน์ • ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ด€์„ฑ
12:58
and objectivity and subjectivity as features of claims.
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์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋Š˜ ํ˜ผ๋ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
And the bottom line of this part of my talk is this:
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์ œ ์–˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์š”์ง€๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:05
You can have a completely objective science,
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ณผํ•™์„ ๋‘๊ณ 
13:08
a science where you make objectively true claims,
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๊ฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ํ•˜๋˜,
13:11
about a domain whose existence is subjective,
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์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
whose existence is in the human brain
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๊ทธ ์˜์—ญ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‡Œ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
13:18
consisting of subjective states of sentience
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์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ, ๊ฐ์ •, ์ธ์ง€๋กœ
13:20
or feeling or awareness.
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์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
So the objection that you can't have an objective science of consciousness
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์˜์‹์€ ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณผํ•™์€ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ
13:26
because it's subjective and science is objective, that's a pun.
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์˜์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ํ‹€๋ ธ์ฃ .
13:30
That's a bad pun on objectivity and subjectivity.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ฐ๊ณผ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ด€์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ง์žฅ๋‚œ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜์ฃ .
13:33
You can make objective claims
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์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
13:35
about a domain that is subjective in its mode of existence,
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๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:39
and indeed that's what neurologists do.
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์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™์ž์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
13:41
I mean, you have patients that actually suffer pains,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ณ ํ†ต๋ฐ›๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
13:43
and you try to get an objective science of that.
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๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
Okay, I promised to refute all these guys,
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์œ„์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•ด๋ช…์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
13:48
and I don't have an awful lot of time left,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ ์—†๋„ค์š”.
13:50
but let me refute a couple more of them.
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋” ์„ค๋ช…์„ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:52
I said that behaviorism ought to be
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์ €๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง€์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ
13:54
one of the great embarrassments of our intellectual culture,
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ํ„ํ•˜์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
because it's refuted the moment you think about it.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ž˜๋ชป๋๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
14:00
Your mental states are identical with your behavior?
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์ •์‹ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ํ–‰๋™์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค?
14:03
Well, think about the distinction between feeling a pain
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
14:06
and engaging in pain behavior.
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๊ณ ํ†ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ–‰๋™ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
14:08
I won't demonstrate pain behavior, but I can tell you
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์œผ๋‚˜
14:10
I'm not having any pains right now.
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๋ถ„๋ฉดํ•œ ๊ฑด ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ์•ˆ ๋Š๋‚€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:12
So it's an obvious mistake. Why did they make the mistake?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ–‰๋™์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ํ‹€๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
14:16
The mistake was โ€” and you can go back and read
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๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์•Œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
14:18
the literature on this, you can see this over and over โ€”
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ง€์ ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”๋ฐ,
ํ–‰๋™์ฃผ์˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜์‹์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋ฉด
14:21
they think if you accept the irreducible existence
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14:24
of consciousness, you're giving up on science.
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๊ณผํ•™์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
14:27
You're giving up on 300 years of human progress
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด 300๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด๋ฃฌ ์ง„๋ณด์™€
14:30
and human hope and all the rest of it.
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ํฌ๋ง, ๊ทธ ์™ธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:32
And the message I want to leave you with is,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋ฆด ๋ง์”€์€
14:35
consciousness has to become accepted
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์˜์‹์ด ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ
14:37
as a genuine biological phenomenon,
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์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ,
14:40
as much subject to scientific analysis
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
14:42
as any other phenomenon in biology,
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๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ
14:44
or, for that matter, the rest of science.
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๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ถ„์„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:46
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:48
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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