John Searle: Our shared condition -- consciousness

Prevoditelj: Martina Valković Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

I'm going to talk about consciousness.

Govorit ću o svijesti.

Why consciousness?

Zašto o svijesti?

Well, it's a curiously neglected subject,

Pa, to je začudno zanemarena tema,

both in our scientific and our philosophical culture.

i u našoj znanstvenoj i u našoj filozofskoj kulturi.

Now why is that curious?

Zašto je to začudno?

Well, it is the most important aspect of our lives

Pa, to je najvažniji aspekt naših života

for a very simple, logical reason,

iz vrlo jednostavnog, logičkog razloga,

namely, it's a necessary condition on anything

naime, nužni uvjet da bi išta

being important in our lives that we're conscious.

bilo važno u našim životima, jest da smo svjesni.

You care about science, philosophy, music, art, whatever --

Stalo vam je do znanosti, glazbe, umjetnosti, čega god --

it's no good if you're a zombie or in a coma, right?

no to ne vrijedi ako ste zombi ili ako ste u komi, zar ne?

So consciousness is number one.

Zato je svijest broj jedan.

The second reason is that when people do

Drugi je razlog to što, kad se ljudi konačno počnu

get interested in it, as I think they should,

zanimati za svijest, kao što smatram da trebaju,

they tend to say the most appalling things.

imaju tendenciju govoriti najužasnije stvari.

And then, even when they're not saying appalling things

I onda, čak i kad ne govore najužasnije stvari

and they're really trying to do serious research,

i kad zaista pokušavaju ozbiljno istraživati,

pa, bilo je sporo. Progres je bio spor.

well, it's been slow. Progress has been slow.

When I first got interested in this, I thought, well,

Kada me je ovo počelo zanimati, mislio sam, pa,

it's a straightforward problem in biology.

to je jednostavan problem u biologiji.

Let's get these brain stabbers to get busy and figure out

Neka oni što bodu mozgove počnu raditi i shvate kako

how it works in the brain.

to radi u mozgu.

So I went over to UCSF and I talked to all

Tako sam otišao u UCSF i razgovarao sa

svim neurobiolozima ondje,

the heavy-duty neurobiologists there,

and they showed some impatience,

i pokazali su nestrpljenje,

as scientists often do when you ask them embarrassing questions.

kao što to znanstvenici često čine kada im postavljate neugodna pitanja.

But the thing that struck me is, one guy said in exasperation,

No, ono što me iznenadilo je, jedan je čovjek ogorčeno rekao,

a very famous neurobiologist, he said, "Look,

jako poznat neurobiolog, rekao je, "Gledaj,

in my discipline it's okay to be interested in consciousness,

u mojoj disciplini u redu je interesirati se za svijest,

but get tenure first. Get tenure first."

no prvo moraš dobiti poziciju. Prvo dobij poziciju."

Now I've been working on this for a long time.

Radio sam na ovome dugo vrijeme.

I think now you might actually get tenure

Mislim da bi sada i mogli dobiti poziciju

by working on consciousness.

radeći na svijesti.

If so, that's a real step forward.

Ako je tako, onda je to pravi korak unaprijed.

Okay, now why then is this curious reluctance

Zašto postoji taj čudan otpor

and curious hostility to consciousness?

i čudno neprijateljstvo prema svijesti?

Well, I think it's a combination of two features

Mislim da je to kombinacija dvije odlike

of our intellectual culture

naše intelektualne kulture

that like to think they're opposing each other

koje vole misliti da su suprotne jedna drugoj,

but in fact they share a common set of assumptions.

no u stvari dijele isti set pretpostavki.

One feature is the tradition of religious dualism:

Jedna odlika je tradicija religioznog dualizma:

Consciousness is not a part of the physical world.

Svijest nije dio fizičkog svijeta.

It's a part of the spiritual world.

Ona je dio duhovnog svijeta.

It belongs to the soul,

Pripada duši,

and the soul is not a part of the physical world.

a duša nije dio fizičkog svijeta.

That's the tradition of God, the soul and immortality.

To je tradicija Boga, duše i besmrtnosti.

There's another tradition that thinks it's opposed to this

Postoji i druga tradicija koja misli da je

but accepts the worst assumption.

suprotna, no prihvaća najgoru pretpostavku.

That tradition thinks that we are heavy-duty scientific materialists:

Ta tradicija misli da smo tvrdi znanstveni materijalisti:

Consciousness is not a part of the physical world.

Svijest nije dio fizičkog svijeta.

Either it doesn't exist at all, or it's something else,

Ili uopće ne postoji, ili je nešto drugo,

a computer program or some damn fool thing,

kompjuterski program ili neka druga stvar,

but in any case it's not part of science.

ali u svakom slučaju nije dio znanosti.

And I used to get in an argument that really gave me a stomachache.

I ulazio sam u raspravu od koje me trbuh bolio.

Here's how it went.

Išla je ovako.

Science is objective, consciousness is subjective,

Znanost je objektivna, svijest je subjektivna,

therefore there cannot be a science of consciousness.

dakle, ne može postojati znanost svijesti.

Okay, so these twin traditions are paralyzing us.

U redu, dakle, te blizanačke tradicije nas paraliziraju.

It's very hard to get out of these twin traditions.

Vrlo je teško izaći iz tih blizanačkih tradicija.

And I have only one real message in this lecture,

I imam samo jednu pravu poruku u ovom predavanju,

and that is, consciousness is a biological phenomenon

a to je, svijest je biološki fenomen

like photosynthesis, digestion, mitosis --

poput fotosinteze, probave, mitoze --

you know all the biological phenomena -- and once you accept that,

svih bioloških fenomena -- i jednom kad to prihvatite,

most, though not all, of the hard problems

većina, iako ne svi, velikih problema

about consciousness simply evaporate.

vezanih uz svijest, jednostavno nestane.

And I'm going to go through some of them.

I razmotrit ću neke od njih.

Okay, now I promised you to tell you some

U redu, obećao sam da ću vam ispričati neke

of the outrageous things said about consciousness.

od nečuvenih stvari izrečenih o svijesti.

One: Consciousness does not exist.

Prva: Svijest ne postoji.

It's an illusion, like sunsets.

To je iluzija, poput zalazaka sunca.

Science has shown sunsets and rainbows are illusions.

Znanost je pokazala da su zalasci sunca i duge iluzije.

So consciousness is an illusion.

Tako, svijest je iluzija.

Two: Well, maybe it exists, but it's really something else.

Druga: Pa, možda postoji, ali je zapravo nešto drugo.

It's a computer program running in the brain.

To je kompjuterski program u mozgu.

Three: No, the only thing that exists is really behavior.

Treća: Ne, jedina stvar koja zapravo postoji je ponašanje.

It's embarrassing how influential behaviorism was,

Sramotno je koliko je biheviorizam bio utjecajan,

but I'll get back to that.

no vratit ću se na to.

And four: Maybe consciousness exists,

I četvrta: Možda svijest postoji,

but it can't make any difference to the world.

no ne može učiniti nikakvu razliku u svijetu.

Kako bi duhovnost mogla išta pomaknuti?

How could spirituality move anything?

Now, whenever somebody tells me that, I think,

Kad god mi netko to kaže, pomislim,

you want to see spirituality move something?

želiš li vidjeti kako duhovnost nešto pomiče?

Pogledaj, svjesno odlučim podići svoju ruku,

Watch. I decide consciously to raise my arm,

and the damn thing goes up. (Laughter)

i vražja stvar ide gore. (smijeh)

Furthermore, notice this:

Štoviše, primijetite ovo:

We do not say, "Well, it's a bit like the weather in Geneva.

ne kažemo, "pa, to je pomalo kao vrijeme u Ženevi,

Some days it goes up and some days it doesn't go up."

nekada ide gore, a nekada ne."

No. It goes up whenever I damn well want it to.

Ne, ide gore kad god ja želim da ide.

Okay. I'm going to tell you how that's possible.

U redu, reći ću vam kako je to moguće.

Nisam vam još dao definiciju.

Now, I haven't yet given you a definition.

You can't do this if you don't give a definition.

Ne možete to učiniti ako ne date definiciju.

People always say consciousness is very hard to define.

Ljudi uvijek kažu da je svijest jako teško definirati.

I think it's rather easy to define

Ja mislim da ju je lako definirati,

if you're not trying to give a scientific definition.

ako ne pokušate dati znanstvenu definiciju.

We're not ready for a scientific definition,

Nismo spremni za znanstvenu definiciju,

but here's a common-sense definition.

no evo zdravorazumske definicije.

Consciousness consists of all those states of feeling

Svijest se sastoji od svih tih stanja osjećanja

or sentience or awareness.

ili osjeta ili svjesnosti.

It begins in the morning when you wake up from a dreamless sleep,

Počinje ujutro kad se probudite iz sna bez snova,

and it goes on all day until you fall asleep

i nastavlja se cijeli dan dok ne zaspete

or die or otherwise become unconscious.

ili umrete ili na drugi način postanete nesvjesni.

Dreams are a form of consciousness on this definition.

Snovi su oblik svijesti po ovoj definiciji.

Now, that's the common-sense definition. That's our target.

To je zdravorazumska definicija. To je naš cilj.

If you're not talking about that, you're not talking about consciousness.

Ako ne govorite o tome, ne govorite o svijesti.

But they think, "Well, if that's it, that's an awful problem.

Ali oni misle, "Ako je to to, onda je to užasan problem.

How can such a thing exist as part of the real world?"

Kako bi takva stvar mogla postojati kao dio stvarnog svijeta?"

And this, if you've ever had a philosophy course,

A ovo, ako ste ikada imali filozofiju

this is known as the famous mind-body problem.

kao predmet, je poznato kao slavni problem odnosa uma i tijela.

I think that has a simple solution too. I'm going to give it to you.

Mislim da ima jednostavno rješenje. Obrazložit ću vam ga.

And here it is: All of our conscious states, without exception,

Evo ga: Sva naša svjesna stanja, bez iznimke,

are caused by lower-level neurobiological processes in the brain,

uzrokovana su neurobiološkim procesima u mozgu na nižoj razini,

and they are realized in the brain

a ostvaruju se u mozgu

as higher-level or system features.

kao svojstva na višoj razini ili svojstva sustava.

It's about as mysterious as the liquidity of water.

Otprilike je misteriozno kao i tekuće stanje vode.

Right? The liquidity is not an extra juice squirted out

Tekuće stanje nije nešto dodatno što

by the H2O molecules.

H2O molekule proizvode.

It's a condition that the system is in.

To je stanje u kojem se sustav nalazi.

And just as the jar full of water can go from liquid to solid

I kao što staklenka puna vode može ići od tekućeg do krutog

depending on the behavior of the molecules,

ovisno o ponašanju molekula,

tako vaš mozak može ići od stanja u kojem je nesvjestan

so your brain can go from a state of being conscious

to a state of being unconscious,

do stanja svjesnosti,

depending on the behavior of the molecules.

ovisno o ponašanju molekula.

The famous mind-body problem is that simple.

Slavni problem odnosa duha i tijela je toliko jednostavan.

All right? But now we get into some harder questions.

Ali sad nailazimo na neka teža pitanja.

Let's specify the exact features of consciousness,

Specificirajmo točno svojstva svijesti,

so that we can then answer those four objections

tako da možemo odgovoriti na ona četiri prigovora

that I made to it.

koja sam uputio.

Well, the first feature is, it's real and irreducible.

Prvo svojstvo jest da je stvarna i ireducibilna.

You can't get rid of it.

Ne možete je se riješiti.

You see, the distinction between reality and illusion

Razlika između stvarnosti i iluzije

is the distinction between how things

je razlika između toga kako se stvari

consciously seem to us and how they really are.

nama čine i kakve zaista jesu.

It consciously seems like there's --

Čini se kao da postoji --

I like the French "arc-en-ciel" —

kao francuski "arc-en-ciel" --

it seems like there's an arch in the sky,

čini se kao da postoji luk na nebu,

or it seems like the sun is setting over the mountains.

ili se čini kao da sunce zalazi iza planina.

It consciously seems to us, but that's not really happening.

To se nama čini, ali to se zaista ne događa.

But for that distinction between

No to je distinkcija između

how things consciously seem and how they really are,

onoga kako se stvari nama čine i kakve su zaista,

you can't make that distinction for the very existence of consciousness,

ne možete napraviti tu distinkciju za samo postojanje svijesti,

because where the very existence of consciousness is concerned,

zato što, kad se razmatra samo postojanje svijesti,

if it consciously seems to you that you are conscious,

ako se svjesno vama čini da ste svjesni,

you are conscious.

onda ste svjesni.

I mean, if a bunch of experts come to me and say,

Hoću reći, ako mi hrpa stručnjaka priđe i kaže,

"We are heavy-duty neurobiologists and we've done a study

"Mi smo neurobiolozi i istražili smo vas,

Searle, i uvjereni smo da niste svjesni,

of you, Searle, and we're convinced you are not conscious,

you are a very cleverly constructed robot,"

vi ste vrlo pametno konstruiran robot",

ne bih mislio, "pa, možda su oni u pravu".

I don't think, "Well, maybe these guys are right, you know?"

I don't think that for a moment, because, I mean,

Ne bih to ni na trenutak pomislio jer, Descartes je

Descartes may have made a lot of mistakes, but he was right about this.

možda napravio puno pogrešaka, no u ovome je bio u pravu.

You cannot doubt the existence of your own consciousness.

Ne možete sumnjati u postojanje vlastite svijesti.

Okay, that's the first feature of consciousness.

U redu, to je prvo svojstvo svijesti.

Stvarna je i ireducibilna.

It's real and irreducible.

You cannot get rid of it by showing that it's an illusion

Ne možete je se riješiti tako što pokažete da je iluzija

in a way that you can with other standard illusions.

na način na koji to možete s drugim standardnim iluzijama.

Okay, the second feature is this one

Sljedeće svojstvo je ono

that has been such a source of trouble to us,

koje nas je dugo mučilo,

and that is, all of our conscious states

a to je da sva naša svjesna stanja

have this qualitative character to them.

imaju kvalitativan karakter.

There's something that it feels like to drink beer

Postoji nešto kako je to piti pivo

which is not what it feels like to do your income tax

koje je različito od onog kako je to obračunavati porez

or listen to music, and this qualitative feel

ili slušati glazbu, a ovaj kvalitativan osjećaj

automatically generates a third feature,

automatski generira treće svojstvo,

namely, conscious states are by definition subjective

naime, svjesna stanja su po definiciji subjektivna

in the sense that they only exist as experienced

u smislu da postoje samo kao iskustvo

by some human or animal subject,

nekog ljudskog ili životinjskog subjekta,

some self that experiences them.

nekog sebstva koje ih doživljava.

Maybe we'll be able to build a conscious machine.

Možda ćemo moći izgraditi svjestan stroj.

Since we don't know how our brains do it,

Budući da ne znamo kako to naši mozgovi rade,

we're not in a position, so far, to build a conscious machine.

još nismo u poziciji izgraditi svjestan stroj.

Okay. Another feature of consciousness

U redu. Još jedno svojstvo svijesti

is that it comes in unified conscious fields.

je da dolazi u unificiranim poljima svijesti.

So I don't just have the sight of the people in front of me

Tako da nemam samo prizor ljudi ispred mene

and the sound of my voice and the weight of my shoes

i zvuk mog glasa i težinu mojih cipela,

against the floor, but they occur to me

nego se meni oni pojavljuju

as part of one single great conscious field

kao dio jednog jedinstvenog velikog svjesnog iskustva

that stretches forward and backward.

koje se proteže unaprijed i unatrag.

That is the key to understanding

To je ključ razumijevanja

the enormous power of consciousness.

ogromne moći svijesti.

And we have not been able to do that in a robot.

I nismo bili u mogućnosti postići to u robotu.

The disappointment of robotics derives from the fact

Razočaranje robotike dolazi zbog činjenice

that we don't know how to make a conscious robot,

da ne znamo kako napraviti svjesnog robota,

so we don't have a machine that can do this kind of thing.

pa tako nemamo stroj koji je sposoban za takvo što.

Okay, the next feature of consciousness,

U redu, sljedeće svojstvo svijesti,

after this marvelous unified conscious field,

nakon ovog veličanstvenog unificiranog svjesnog iskustva,

is that it functions causally in our behavior.

je da uzročno utječe na naše ponašanje.

I gave you a scientific demonstration by raising my hand,

Dao sam vam znanstvenu demonstraciju podizanjem svoje ruke,

but how is that possible?

no kako je to moguće?

How can it be that this thought in my brain

Kako može biti da ova misao u mom mozgu

can move material objects?

može pomicati materijalne objekte?

Well, I'll tell you the answer.

Reći ću vam odgovor.

I mean, we don't know the detailed answer,

Mislim, ne znamo detaljni odgovor,

but we know the basic part of the answer, and that is,

no znamo osnovni dio odgovora, a to je,

there is a sequence of neuron firings,

postoji niz neuronskih impulsa,

and they terminate where the acetylcholine

i oni završavaju tamo gdje se acetilkolin

is secreted at the axon end-plates of the motor neurons.

izlučuje na krajnjim dijelovima aksona motornih neurona.

Sorry to use philosophical terminology here,

Oprostite što ovdje koristim filozofsku

but when it's secreted at the axon end-plates of the motor neurons,

terminologiju, no kada je izlučen iz krajnjih dijelova aksona motornih neurona,

a whole lot of wonderful things happen in the ion channels

puno se divnih stvari dogodi u ionskim kanalima

and the damned arm goes up.

i prokleta ruka ode gore.

Now, think of what I told you.

Mislite o ovome što sam vam rekao.

One and the same event,

Jedan te isti događaj,

my conscious decision to raise my arm

moja svjesna odluka da podignem ruku,

has a level of description where it has all of these

ima level deskripcije gdje ima sve ove

touchy-feely spiritual qualities.

duhovne kvalitete.

It's a thought in my brain, but at the same time,

Ona je misao u mom mozgu, no istovremeno,

it's busy secreting acetylcholine

zaposlena je izlučivanjem acetilkolina

and doing all sorts of other things

i činjenjem raznih drugih stvari

dok putuje od motornog korteksa

as it makes its way from the motor cortex

down through the nerve fibers in the arm.

do živčanih vlakana u ruci.

Now, what that tells us is that our traditional vocabularies

Ovo nam govori da je naš tradicionalni vokabular

for discussing these issues are totally obsolete.

za raspravljanje o ovim stvarima potpuno zastario.

One and the same event has a level of description

Jedan te isti događaj ima level deskripcije

where it's neurobiological, and another level of description

gdje je neurobiološki, i drugi nivo deskripcije

where it's mental, and that's a single event,

gdje je mentalni, a to je jedan događaj,

and that's how nature works. That's how it's possible

i tako priroda funkcionira. Tako je moguće

for consciousness to function causally.

da svijest uzročno utječe.

Okay, now with that in mind,

S tim na umu,

with going through these various features of consciousness,

kad smo prošli ova razna svojstva svijesti,

let's go back and answer some of those early objections.

vratimo se natrag i odgovorimo na neke od ranih prigovora.

Well, the first one I said was, consciousness doesn't exist,

Prvi je bio da svijest ne postoji,

it's an illusion. Well, I've already answered that.

da je iluzija. Već sam odgovorio na to.

I don't think we need to worry about that.

Ne mislim da oko toga trebamo

But the second one had an incredible influence,

brinuti. No sljedeće je imalo nevjerojatan utjecaj,

and may still be around, and that is,

i možda je još aktualno, a to je,

"Well, if consciousness exists, it's really something else.

"Ako svijest postoji, zapravo je nešto drugo.

It's really a digital computer program running in your brain

Zapravo je digitalni kompjuterski program u vašem mozgu

and that's what we need to do to create consciousness

i kako bi kreirali svijest

is get the right program.

trebamo pravi program.

Yeah, forget about the hardware. Any hardware will do

Zaboravite na hardver. Svaki hardver će

provided it's rich enough and stable enough to carry the program."

poslužiti ako je dovoljno bogat i stabilan da nosi program".

Now, we know that that's wrong.

Znamo da je to pogrešno.

I mean, anybody who's thought about computers at all

Mislim, svatko tko je uopće razmišljao o kompjuterima može

can see that that's wrong, because computation

vidjeti da je to pogrešno, zato što je komputacija

is defined as symbol manipulation,

definirana kao manipulacija simbolima, obično

usually thought of as zeros as ones, but any symbols will do.

jedinicama i nulama, ali bilo koji simboli će poslužiti.

You get an algorithm that you can program

Dobijete algoritam koji možete programirati

in a binary code, and that's the defining trait

u binarni kod, i to je definirajuća značajka

of the computer program.

kompjuterskog programa.

But we know that that's purely syntactical. That's symbolic.

No znamo da je to čisto sintaktički. To je simbolički.

We know that actual human consciousness has something more than that.

Znamo da stvarna ljudska svijest ima nešto više od toga.

It's got a content in addition to the syntax.

Uz sintaksu, ima i sadržaj.

It's got a semantics.

Ima semantiku.

Now that argument, I made that argument 30 --

Ovaj argument, dao sam ovaj argument 30 -- o Bože,

oh my God, I don't want to think about it —

ne želim misliti o tom --

more than 30 years ago,

pred više od 30 godina, no

but there's a deeper argument implicit in what I've told you,

postoji dublji argument impliciran u onome

and I want to tell you that argument briefly, and that is,

što sam vam rekao, i želim vam ga ukratko reći, a to je,

consciousness creates an observer-independent reality.

svijest stvara realnost neovisnu od promatrača.

It creates a reality of money, property, government,

Stvara svijest novca, vlasništva, vlade,

marriage, CERN conferences,

braka, CERN konferencija,

cocktail parties and summer vacations,

koktel-zabava i ljetnih praznika,

and all of those are creations of consciousness.

i sve ovo su kreacije svijesti.

Their existence is observer-relative.

Njihovo postojanje je ovisno o promatraču.

It's only relative to conscious agents that a piece of paper

Samo u odnosu na svjesne djelatnike je komad papira

is money or that a bunch of buildings is a university.

novac ili skupina zgrada sveučilište.

Now, ask yourself about computation.

Zapitajte se o komputaciji.

Is that absolute, like force and mass and gravitational attraction?

Je li toliko apsolutna, poput sile i mase i gravitacijskog privlačenja?

Or is it observer-relative?

Ili je relativna u odnosu na promatrača?

Well, some computations are intrinsic.

Neke su komputacije intrinzične.

I add two plus two to get four.

Zbrojim dva i dva kako bih dobio četiri.

That's going on no matter what anybody thinks.

To se događa bez obzira što netko mislio.

But when I haul out my pocket calculator

No kada izvadim svoj džepni kalkulator

and do the calculation, the only intrinsic phenomenon

i izračunam, jedini intrinzični fenomen

is the electronic circuit and its behavior.

je elektronički sklop i njegovo ponašanje.

That's the only absolute phenomenon.

To je jedini apsolutni fenomen.

All the rest is interpreted by us.

Sve ostalo je naša interpretacija.

Computation only exists relative to consciousness.

Komputacija postoji samo relativno u odnosu na svijest.

Either a conscious agent is carrying out the computation,

Ili svjesni djelatnik izvodi komputaciju,

or he's got a piece of machinery that admits of a computational interpretation.

ili ima stroj koji omogućava komputacijsku interpretaciju.

Now that doesn't mean computation is arbitrary.

To ne znači da je komputacija arbitrarna.

I spent a lot of money on this hardware.

Potrošio sam puno novca na ovaj hardver.

But we have this persistent confusion

No ipak postoji ova uporna konfuzija

between objectivity and subjectivity as features of reality

između objektivnosti i subjektivnosti kao svojstva realnosti

and objectivity and subjectivity as features of claims.

i objektivnosti i subjektivnosti kao svojstva tvrdnji.

And the bottom line of this part of my talk is this:

Zaključak ovog dijela mog govora jest:

You can have a completely objective science,

Možete imati posve objektivnu znanost,

a science where you make objectively true claims,

znanost gdje dajete objektivno istinite tvrdnje,

about a domain whose existence is subjective,

o domeni čije je postojanje subjektivno,

whose existence is in the human brain

čije postojanje je u ljudskom mozgu

consisting of subjective states of sentience

i sastoji se od subjektivnih stanja osjeta

or feeling or awareness.

ili osjećanja ili svjesnosti.

So the objection that you can't have an objective science of consciousness

Tako da je prigovor da ne možete imati objektivnu znanost svijesti

because it's subjective and science is objective, that's a pun.

zato što je subjektivna, a znanost je objektivna, dosjetka.

That's a bad pun on objectivity and subjectivity.

To je loša dosjetka o objektivnosti i subjektivnosti.

You can make objective claims

Možete izreći objektivne tvrdnje

about a domain that is subjective in its mode of existence,

o domeni koja je subjektivna po svom načinu postojanja,

and indeed that's what neurologists do.

i to je ono što neurolozi rade.

I mean, you have patients that actually suffer pains,

Imate pacijente koji zbilja pate od bolova,

and you try to get an objective science of that.

i pokušavate imati objektivnu znanost o tome.

Okay, I promised to refute all these guys,

U redu, obećao sam opovrgnuti sve te ljude,

and I don't have an awful lot of time left,

a nije mi preostalo puno vremena,

but let me refute a couple more of them.

no dozvolite da opovrgnem još nekoliko.

I said that behaviorism ought to be

Rekao sam da je biheviorizam zacijelo

one of the great embarrassments of our intellectual culture,

jedna od najvećih sramota naše intelektualne kulture,

because it's refuted the moment you think about it.

zato što je opovrgnut onog trenutka kad pomislite na njega.

Your mental states are identical with your behavior?

Vaša mentalna stanja su identična s vašim ponašanjem?

Well, think about the distinction between feeling a pain

Pa, razmislite o razlici između osjećanja boli

and engaging in pain behavior.

i ponašanja karakterističnog za bol.

I won't demonstrate pain behavior, but I can tell you

Neću demonstrirati to ponašanje, no mogu

I'm not having any pains right now.

vam reći da nemam nikakvih bolova sada.

So it's an obvious mistake. Why did they make the mistake?

Tako da je to očita pogreška? Zašto su tako pogriješili?

The mistake was — and you can go back and read

Pogreška je bila -- i možete pročitati

the literature on this, you can see this over and over —

literaturu o ovome, možete ovo primjetiti --

oni misle da ako prihvatite ireducibilno postojanje

they think if you accept the irreducible existence

of consciousness, you're giving up on science.

svijesti, odustajete od znanosti.

You're giving up on 300 years of human progress

Odustajete od 300 godina ljudskog napretka

and human hope and all the rest of it.

i ljudske nade i ostaloga.

And the message I want to leave you with is,

A poruka s kojom vas želim ostaviti jest,

consciousness has to become accepted

svijest treba postati prihvaćena

as a genuine biological phenomenon,

kao istinski biološki fenomen,

as much subject to scientific analysis

onoliko subjektivan znanstvenoj analizi

as any other phenomenon in biology,

koliko god i drugi fenomen u biologiji,

or, for that matter, the rest of science.

ili, dapače, u znanosti općenito.

Thank you very much.

Puno vam hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)