Patrick Chappatte: The power of cartoons

65,576 views ใƒป 2010-10-21

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yafim Simanovsky ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:16
So yeah, I'm a newspaper cartoonist --
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ืื– ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื --
00:18
political cartoonist.
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ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™.
00:20
I don't know if you've heard about it -- newspapers?
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœื™ื”ื -- ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื?
00:23
It's a sort of paper-based reader.
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ
00:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:29
It's lighter than an iPad,
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ื–ื” ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ื™ืคื•ื“.
00:31
it's a bit cheaper.
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื•ืœ.
00:34
You know what they say?
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื?
00:36
They say the print media is dying --
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ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื’ื•ืกืก.
00:39
who says that? Well, the media.
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ืžื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื–ื”? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
00:42
But this is no news, right?
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื• ืœื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:45
You've read about it already.
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ืงืจืืชื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ.
00:48
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:53
Ladies and gentlemen,
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ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™,
00:55
the world has gotten smaller.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:57
I know it's a cliche, but look,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื• ืงืœื™ืฉืื”, ืื‘ืœ ืชืจืื•,
01:00
look how small,
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ืชืจืื• ื›ืžื” ืงื˜ืŸ,
01:03
how tiny it has gotten.
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ื›ืžื” ื–ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื™ื”.
01:05
And you know the reason why, of course.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
01:07
This is because of technology -- yeah.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื›ืŸ.
01:10
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:13
Any computer designers in the room?
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ?
01:17
Yeah well,
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ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ,
01:19
you guys are making my life miserable
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ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืœืื•ืžืœืœื™ื,
01:22
because track pads used to be round,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื’ืœื’ืœืช ื”ืžื’ืข ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืขื ืขื’ื•ืœื”,
01:24
a nice round shape.
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ืฆื•ืจื” ืขื’ื•ืœื” ื ื—ืžื“ื”.
01:26
That makes a good cartoon.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
01:28
But what are you going to do with a flat track pad,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ืžืฉื˜ื— ืžื’ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื—,
01:30
those square things?
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื•?
01:32
There's nothing I can do as a cartoonist.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜.
01:34
Well, I know the world is flat now.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืขื•ืœื ืฉื˜ื•ื— ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
01:37
That's true.
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
01:38
And the Internet has reached
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ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื’ื™ืข
01:40
every corner of the world,
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ืœื›ืœ ืคื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
01:42
the poorest, the remotest places.
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ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:44
Every village in Africa now has a cyber cafe.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื™ืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืงืคื” ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
01:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:55
Don't go asking for a Frappuccino there.
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ืืœ ืชืœื›ื• ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืคืจืืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื• ืฉื.
01:59
So we are bridging the digital divide.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช.
02:02
The Third World is connected,
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ.
02:04
we are connected.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:06
And what happens next?
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ื•ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื”ืœืื”?
02:08
Well, you've got mail.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื“ื•ื"ืœ.
02:13
Yeah.
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ื›ืŸ.
02:15
Well, the Internet has empowered us.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•.
02:18
It has empowered you,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื›ื,
02:20
it has empowered me
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื™,
02:22
and it has empowered some other guys as well.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
02:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:31
You know, these last two cartoons --
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
02:33
I did them live
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ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื—ื™ื”
02:35
during a conference in Hanoi.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืื ื•ื™.
02:37
And they were not used to that
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”
02:40
in communist 2.0 Vietnam.
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ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช 2.0.
02:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:45
So I was cartooning live on a wide screen --
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ืื– ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื™ื” ืขืœ ืžืกืš ืจื—ื‘ --
02:48
it was quite a sensation --
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” --
02:50
and then this guy came to me.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื ืืœื™.
02:52
He was taking pictures of me and of my sketches,
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ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ืœื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™,
02:54
and I thought, "This is great, a Vietnamese fan."
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, "ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืขืจื™ืฅ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืืžื™."
02:58
And as he came the second day,
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ื•ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™,
03:00
I thought, "Wow, that's really a cartoon lover."
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ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, "ื•ื•ืื•, ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช."
03:03
And on the third day, I finally understood,
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ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™,
03:05
the guy was actually on duty.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“.
03:09
So by now, there must be a hundred pictures of me
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ืื– ื›ืขืช, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื— ืžืื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™
03:11
smiling with my sketches
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ืžื—ื™ื™ืš ืขื ื”ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™
03:13
in the files of the Vietnamese police.
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ื‘ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืืžื™ืช.
03:16
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:18
No, but it's true: the Internet has changed the world.
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ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ: ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:21
It has rocked the music industry;
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
03:23
it has changed the way we consume music.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
03:25
For those of you old enough to remember,
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ืœืืœื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื›ื ืฉืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ,
03:27
we used to have to go to the store
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื—ื ื•ืช
03:29
to steal it.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื”.
03:31
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:35
And it has changed the way
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš
03:37
your future employer
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ืฉื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœืš
03:39
will look at your application.
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ื™ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉืœืš.
03:41
So be careful
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ืื– ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื”ื™ืจ
03:43
with that Facebook account --
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ืขื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”.
03:46
your momma told you, be careful.
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ืืžื ืฉืœืš ืืžืจื”, ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื”ื™ืจ.
03:50
And technology has set us free --
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ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื—ืจืจื” ืื•ืชื ื•.
03:54
this is free WiFi.
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ื–ื” ื•ื™-ืคื™ ื—ื™ื ืžื™.
03:56
But yeah, it has liberated us
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ. ื”ื™ื ืฉื—ืจืจื” ืื•ืชื ื•
03:58
from the office desk.
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ืžื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“.
04:01
This is your life,
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ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
04:04
enjoy it.
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ืชื”ื ื• ืžื”ื.
04:06
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:09
In short, technology, the internet,
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ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
04:12
they have changed our lifestyle.
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
04:15
Tech guru, like this man --
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ื’ื•ืจื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” --
04:17
that a German magazine called the philosopher of the 21st century --
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ืฉืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”21 --
04:20
they are shaping the way we do things.
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ื”ื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:22
They are shaping the way we consume.
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ื”ื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื.
04:24
They are shaping our very desires.
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ื”ื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืฆืžื.
04:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:31
(Applause)
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(ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
04:38
You will not like it.
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ืืชื ืœื ืชืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
04:42
And technology has even changed
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ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืคื™ืœื•
04:44
our relationship to God.
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ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื.
04:47
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:53
Now I shouldn't get into this.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืœื ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื–ื”.
04:55
Religion and political cartoons,
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ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ืชื™ื•ืช,
04:57
as you may have heard,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืขืชื,
04:59
make a difficult couple,
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฆืžื“ ืงืฉื”,
05:01
ever since that day of 2005,
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ืžืื– ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื‘2005,
05:03
when a bunch of cartoonists in Denmark
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ื›ืฉื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง
05:05
drew cartoons that had repercussions all over the world --
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ืฆื™ื™ืจื• ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
05:08
demonstrations, fatwa,
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ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช, ืคืชื•ื•ื”.
05:10
they provoked violence. People died in the violence.
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ื”ื ืขื•ืจืจื• ืืœื™ืžื•ืช. ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื• ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช.
05:13
This was so sickening;
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื‘ื—ื™ืœ.
05:15
people died because of cartoons.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช.
05:19
I mean --
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ --
05:23
I had the feeling at the time
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ
05:25
that cartoons had been used by both sides, actually.
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ืฉื ื™ืฆืœื• ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช.
05:28
They were used first by a Danish newspaper,
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ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืœื• ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื“ื ื™,
05:30
which wanted to make a point on Islam.
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ืฉืจืฆื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืื™ืกืœืื.
05:32
A Danish cartoonist told me he was one of the 24
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ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ ื“ื ื™ ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืž24
05:35
who received the assignment to draw the prophet --
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ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื‘ื™ื.
05:37
12 of them refused. Did you know that?
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12 ืžื”ื ืกื™ืจื‘ื•. ื™ื“ืขืชื ืืช ื–ื”?
05:40
He told me, "Nobody has to tell me what I should draw.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™, "ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื™ ืžื” ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ.
05:43
This is not how it works."
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ืœื ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“."
05:45
And then, of course, they were used
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ื•ืื–, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืœื•
05:47
by extremists and politicians on the other side.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
05:50
They wanted to stir up controversy.
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ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช.
05:52
You know the story.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
05:55
We know that cartoons can be used as weapons.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืฉื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื ืฉืง.
05:58
History tells us,
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ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ื•,
06:00
they've been used by the Nazis
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ื”ื ืฉื•ืžืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื
06:02
to attack the Jews.
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ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.
06:04
And here we are now.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
06:06
In the United Nations,
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ื‘ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช,
06:08
half of the world is pushing
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ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื“ื•ื—ืฃ
06:11
to penalize the offense to religion --
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ืœืขื ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืขืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ื“ืช --
06:13
they call it the defamation of religion --
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ื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ื”ืฉืžืฆืช ื”ื“ืช --
06:15
while the other half of the world is fighting back
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืœื—ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”
06:17
in defense of freedom of speech.
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ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™.
06:20
So the clash of civilizations is here,
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ืื– ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื”,
06:22
and cartoons are at the middle of it?
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ื•ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื›ืœ ื–ื”?
06:26
This got me thinking.
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ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘.
06:29
Now you see me thinking
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
06:31
at my kitchen table,
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ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืฉืœื™.
06:33
and since you're in my kitchen,
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืชื ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืฉืœื™,
06:35
please meet my wife.
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ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืชืคื’ืฉื• ืืช ืืฉืชื™.
06:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:43
In 2006, a few months after,
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ื‘2006, ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™,
06:46
I went Ivory Coast --
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ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”ื‘ --
06:48
Western Africa.
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ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
06:50
Now, talk of a divided place -- the country was cut in two.
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ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžื—ื•ืœืง. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืฆื•ื™ื” ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื.
06:53
You had a rebellion in the North,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืš ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ,
06:55
the government in the South -- the capital, Abidjan --
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื -- ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”, ืื‘ื™ื“ื’'ืŸ --
06:57
and in the middle, the French army.
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ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืข, ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™.
07:00
This looks like a giant hamburger.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ ืขืฆื•ื.
07:02
You don't want to be the ham in the middle.
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ืืชื” ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข.
07:07
I was there to report on that story
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
07:09
in cartoons.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช.
07:11
I've been doing this for the last 15 years;
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘15 ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
07:14
it's my side job, if you want.
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ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืžื”ืฆื“, ืื ืชืจืฆื•.
07:16
So you see the style is different.
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ืื– ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”.
07:18
This is more serious than maybe editorial cartooning.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ืžืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช.
07:21
I went to places like Gaza
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ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขื–ื”
07:24
during the war in 2009.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘2009.
07:27
So this is really journalism in cartoons.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช.
07:29
You'll hear more and more about it.
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ืืชื ืชืฉืžืขื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
07:31
This is the future of journalism, I think.
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ื–ื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื•ืช, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘.
07:35
And of course, I went to see the rebels in the north.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ.
07:38
Those were poor guys fighting for their rights.
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ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
07:40
There was an ethnic side to this conflict
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ื”ื™ื” ืฆื“ ืืชื ื™ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื–ืืช
07:42
as very often in Africa.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
07:45
And I went to see the Dozo.
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ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื–ื•.
07:47
The Dozo, they are the traditional hunters
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ื”ื“ื•ื–ื•, ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื
07:49
of West Africa.
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ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
07:51
People fear them --
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื.
07:53
they help the rebellion a lot.
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ื”ื ืขื–ืจื• ืœื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื”.
07:55
They are believed to have magical powers.
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ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืงืกื•ืžื™ื.
07:57
They can disappear and escape bullets.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขืœื ื•ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื.
08:01
I went to see a Dozo chief;
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ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฆ'ื™ืฃ ื“ื•ื–ื•.
08:03
he told me about his magical powers.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงืกื ืฉืœื•.
08:06
He said, "I can chop your head off right away
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืœืš ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ ืžื™ื“
08:09
and bring you back to life."
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ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชืš ืœื—ื™ื™ื."
08:12
I said, "Well, maybe we don't have time for this right now."
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ืืžืจืชื™, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื•."
08:15
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:17
"Another time."
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"ืคืขื ืื—ืจืช."
08:19
So back in Abidjan,
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ืื– ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืื‘ื™ื“ื’'ืŸ,
08:22
I was given a chance to lead a workshop
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ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื™ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืกื“ื ื”
08:24
with local cartoonists there
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ืขื ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื,
08:26
and I thought, yes,
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ื›ืŸ,
08:28
in a context like this, cartoons can really be used as weapons
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืฆืœ ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื ืฉืง
08:31
against the other side.
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ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
08:33
I mean, the press in Ivory Coast was bitterly divided --
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืคื•ืœื’ืช ื‘ืžืจื™ืจื•ืช.
08:37
it was compared to the media in Rwanda
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ื”ืฉื•ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื”
08:39
before the genocide --
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ืœืคื ื™ ืจืฆื— ื”ืขื.
08:41
so imagine.
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ืื– ืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•.
08:43
And what can a cartoonist do?
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ื•ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
08:45
Sometimes editors would tell their cartoonists
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
08:47
to draw what they wanted to see,
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ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœืจืื•ืช,
08:49
and the guy has to feed his family, right?
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ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื•, ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
08:53
So the idea was pretty simple.
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ืื– ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
08:55
We brought together cartoonists
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ืœืงื—ื ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื
08:58
from all sides in Ivory Coast.
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”ื‘.
09:01
We took them away from their newspaper for three days.
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ืœืงื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื ืžื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื.
09:04
And I asked them to do a project together,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
09:07
tackle the issues affecting their country
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ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื
09:10
in cartoons, yes, in cartoons.
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ื‘ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช, ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช.
09:13
Show the positive power of cartoons.
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ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช.
09:15
It's a great tool of communication
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ื–ื” ื›ืœื™ ื ื”ื“ืจ ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
09:17
for bad or for good.
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ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืœืจืข.
09:19
And cartoons can cross boundaries,
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ื•ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
09:21
as you have seen.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืื™ืชื.
09:23
And humor is a good way, I think,
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ื•ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
09:25
to address serious issues.
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ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื.
09:28
And I'm very proud of what they did.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื’ืื” ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื•.
09:30
I mean, they didn't agree with each other -- that was not the point.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื”ื ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ -- ื–ืืช ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
09:33
And I didn't ask them to do nice cartoons.
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ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื—ืžื“ื•ืช.
09:35
The first day, they were even shouting at each other.
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืฆืขืงื• ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™.
09:37
But they came up with a book,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ืฆืื• ืขื ืกืคืจ,
09:39
looking back at 13 years
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ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืŸ 13 ืฉื ื” ืื—ื•ืจื”
09:42
of political crisis in Ivory Coast.
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ืืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”ื‘.
09:45
So the idea was there.
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ืื– ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื.
09:47
And I've been doing projects like this,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื›ืืœื”
09:49
in 2009 in Lebanon,
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ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘2009,
09:51
this year in Kenya, back in January.
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ื”ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืงื ื™ื”, ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ืฉื”ื™ื”.
09:54
In Lebanon, it was not a book.
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ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืกืคืจ.
09:56
The idea was to have --
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื—ืช --
09:58
the same principal, a divided country --
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช --
10:00
take cartoonists from all sides
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ืœืงื—ืช ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื
10:02
and let them do something together.
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ื•ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
10:04
So in Lebanon,
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ืื– ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ,
10:06
we enrolled the newspaper editors,
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ื”ื›ื ืกื ื• ืืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื,
10:08
and we got them to publish
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ื•ื’ืจืžื ื• ืœื”ื ืœืคืจืกื
10:10
eight cartoonists from all sides all together on the same page,
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ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืขืžื•ื“,
10:13
addressing the issue affecting Lebanon,
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ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื ื•ืฉื ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ,
10:16
like religion in politics and everyday life.
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ื›ืžื• ื“ืช ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื.
10:19
And it worked.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“.
10:21
For three days, almost all the newspapers of Beirut
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ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช
10:24
published all those cartoonists together --
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ืคืจืกืžื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“ --
10:26
anti-government,
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ืื ื˜ื™-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื,
10:28
pro-government,
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ืคืจื•-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื,
10:30
Christian,
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ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื,
10:33
Muslim, of course,
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ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
10:35
English-speaking, well, you name it.
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ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืจืง ืชืืžืจื•.
10:37
So this was a great project.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื ื”ื“ืจ.
10:39
And then in Kenya, what we did
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ื•ืื– ื‘ืงื ื™ื”, ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•
10:42
was addressing the issue of ethnicity,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ืช,
10:44
which is a poison in a lot of places in Africa.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืขืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
10:47
And we did video clips --
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ื•ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื•.
10:50
you can see them if you go to YouTube/Kenyatoons.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืื ืชืœื›ื• ืœื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘\ืงื ื™ื”-ื˜ื™ื•ื ื–.
10:57
So, preaching for freedom of speech
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ืื–, ืœื”ื˜ื™ืฃ ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™
10:59
is easy here,
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ื–ื” ืงืœ ื›ืืŸ,
11:01
but as you have seen
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืื™ืชื
11:03
in contexts of repression or division,
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืจื“ื™ืคื” ืื• ืคื™ืœื•ื’,
11:06
again, what can a cartoonist do?
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
11:08
He has to keep his job.
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื•.
11:12
Well I believe that in any context anywhere,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
11:15
he always has the choice at least
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”
11:17
not to do a cartoon
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ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื”
11:19
that will feed hatred.
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ืฉืชืกื™ืช ืœืฉื ืื”.
11:22
And that's the message I try to convey to them.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื.
11:25
I think we all always have the choice in the end
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ
11:28
not to do the bad thing.
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ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืข.
11:32
But we need to support
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืžื•ืš
11:34
these independent, critical
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ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”[ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ], ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ื™ื,
11:36
and responsible voices
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ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
11:39
in Africa, in Lebanon,
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ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ,
11:41
in your local newspaper,
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ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื›ื,
11:44
in the Apple store.
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ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืืคืœ.
11:48
Today, tech companies
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
11:50
are the world's largest editors.
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ื”ื ื”ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
11:53
They decide what is too offensive
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ื”ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื” ืคื•ื’ืข ืžื“ื™
11:55
or too provocative for you to see.
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ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžืชื’ืจื” ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืจืื” ืื•ืชื•.
11:57
So really, it's not about the freedom of cartoonists;
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ืื– ื‘ืขืฆื, ื–ื” ืœื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื;
12:00
it's about your freedoms.
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ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœื›ื.
12:03
And for dictators all over the world,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
12:09
the good news
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช
12:11
is when cartoonists,
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ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื,
12:13
journalists and activists shut up.
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ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื•ืคืขื™ืœื™ื, ืฉื•ืชืงื™ื.
12:18
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
12:20
(Applause)
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(ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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