Patrick Chappatte: The power of cartoons

譯者: April Hung 審譯者: Joyce Chou

So yeah, I'm a newspaper cartoonist --

所以,是的,我是個漫畫家--

political cartoonist.

畫報紙上政治諷刺漫畫的漫畫家

I don't know if you've heard about it -- newspapers?

不知道各位知不知道報紙這東西

It's a sort of paper-based reader.

他是種印在紙上的讀物

(Laughter)

(笑)

It's lighter than an iPad,

他比iPad要來的輕

it's a bit cheaper.

也比較便宜

You know what they say?

你知道嗎,現在很多人在說

They say the print media is dying --

說印刷業正在凋零

who says that? Well, the media.

但是是誰這麼說的?是媒體自己

But this is no news, right?

不過,這已經不是新聞了,對吧?

You've read about it already.

大家都已經讀過了

(Laughter)

[印刷業正在凋零/這我昨天就在網路上讀過了](笑)

Ladies and gentlemen,

各位先生女士們

the world has gotten smaller.

這個世界變得越來越小

I know it's a cliche, but look,

我知道這很老掉牙,但你們看,

look how small,

看,那麼小

how tiny it has gotten.

它變的多微小

And you know the reason why, of course.

而你也知道為什麼它會變成這樣,當然,

This is because of technology -- yeah.

是因為科技

(Laughter)

(笑)

Any computer designers in the room?

這裡有哪位是做電腦設計師的嗎?

Yeah well,

恩,好吧,

you guys are making my life miserable

你們害我好難工作,

because track pads used to be round,

因為觸控板以前都是圓的,

a nice round shape.

方便的圓形,

That makes a good cartoon.

很適合用來當漫畫題材.

But what are you going to do with a flat track pad,

可是現在 你要我怎麼用平平的觸控板搞笑?

those square things?

用那些方方的東西?

There's nothing I can do as a cartoonist.

以我一個漫畫家而言這完全不能拿來用

Well, I know the world is flat now.

好啦,我知道現在世界是平的

That's true.

這是真的

And the Internet has reached

而網路也已經遍及

every corner of the world,

全世界各個角落

the poorest, the remotest places.

甚至觸及最窮困最偏遠的地方

Every village in Africa now has a cyber cafe.

隨便一個非洲村落現在都有網路咖啡店

(Laughter)

[網路咖啡廳/不供應咖啡](笑)

Don't go asking for a Frappuccino there.

可別去那裏點星冰樂

So we are bridging the digital divide.

所以,我們正在彌補數位差距

The Third World is connected,

第三世界連上了網路

we are connected.

我們也連上網路

And what happens next?

那麼接下來會發生什麼事呢?

Well, you've got mail.

於是,你收到新郵件[第三世界現在也上線囉!/郵件:我好餓!]

Yeah.

是的

Well, the Internet has empowered us.

網路賦予我們力量

It has empowered you,

他給了你力量,

it has empowered me

給了我力量,

and it has empowered some other guys as well.

也給了其他的某些人力量

(Laughter)

(笑)

You know, these last two cartoons --

你知道,剛才這兩幅漫畫,

I did them live

是我在河內的漫畫大會上

during a conference in Hanoi.

現場畫的

And they were not used to that

而在那個還在用共產黨政府2.0的越南,

in communist 2.0 Vietnam.

他們不太習慣畫這種諷刺漫畫

(Laughter)

(笑)

So I was cartooning live on a wide screen --

我做畫的實況當時被放送到大螢幕上,

it was quite a sensation --

得到了不少好評

and then this guy came to me.

那之後有一個人跑來找我

He was taking pictures of me and of my sketches,

他幫我和我的畫拍照

and I thought, "This is great, a Vietnamese fan."

我以為"太好了,我有了一個越南畫迷"

And as he came the second day,

他第二天也有來,

I thought, "Wow, that's really a cartoon lover."

我想"哇,他真是一個熱情的漫畫迷"

And on the third day, I finally understood,

直到第三天,我才發現

the guy was actually on duty.

這傢伙其實是在執行任務

So by now, there must be a hundred pictures of me

所以現在,他大概有上百張我

smiling with my sketches

跟我的畫微笑的照片

in the files of the Vietnamese police.

儲存在越南警方的檔案庫裡

(Laughter)

(笑)

No, but it's true: the Internet has changed the world.

不,但這是真的:網路改變了世界

It has rocked the music industry;

網路也動搖了整個音樂產業

it has changed the way we consume music.

它改變了我們消費音樂的方式

For those of you old enough to remember,

我們之中一些年紀比較大的人會記得,

we used to have to go to the store

我們以前會需要去店舖裡才能夠,

to steal it.

偷音樂

(Laughter)

[網路改變了音樂/以前都必須去唱片行才偷的了](笑)

And it has changed the way

網路也改變了

your future employer

未來你的雇主們

will look at your application.

審查你的就業申請的方式

So be careful

所以請小心

with that Facebook account --

你那個臉書帳戶

your momma told you, be careful.

你媽媽告訴過你,小心哪

And technology has set us free --

科技也讓我們自由

this is free WiFi.

這是免費無線網路的標誌

But yeah, it has liberated us

不過,真的,它將我們

from the office desk.

從辦公桌前解放

This is your life,

這是你的生活

enjoy it.

好好的享受它吧

(Laughter)

(笑)

In short, technology, the internet,

簡而言之,科技,網路

they have changed our lifestyle.

它們改變了我們的生活習慣

Tech guru, like this man --

科技大師,像是這位--

that a German magazine called the philosopher of the 21st century --

這個被德國雜誌封為二十一世紀的哲學家的人--

they are shaping the way we do things.

他們塑造了我們辦事的方式[蘋果電腦創辦人: 史提夫·賈伯斯]

They are shaping the way we consume.

他們塑造了我們的消費模式

They are shaping our very desires.

和我們的慾望

(Laughter)

[這會幫助你簡化許多以前根本就不用做的工作](笑)

(Applause)

(鼓掌)

You will not like it.

你不會喜歡的

And technology has even changed

科技甚至也改變了

our relationship to God.

我們與神之間的關係

(Laughter)

[神父大人,我犯了罪.../(google中)恩我知道](笑)

Now I shouldn't get into this.

噢我不該討論這個的

Religion and political cartoons,

宗教跟政治諷刺漫畫,

as you may have heard,

就如同你們可能聽說過的,

make a difficult couple,

他們一直是對冤家

ever since that day of 2005,

自從2005年的某一天開始,

when a bunch of cartoonists in Denmark

當一群丹麥漫畫家

drew cartoons that had repercussions all over the world --

畫了一些在全世界造成激烈反應的漫畫

demonstrations, fatwa,

示威遊行,伊斯蘭教令裁決

they provoked violence. People died in the violence.

他們引起暴力,許多人們便死於這些暴力

This was so sickening;

這真是令人惶恐難受

people died because of cartoons.

人竟然因漫畫而死

I mean --

我的意思是--

I had the feeling at the time

我那個時候就覺得

that cartoons had been used by both sides, actually.

其實,漫畫都被雙方利用過

They were used first by a Danish newspaper,

它們被用在丹麥報紙上

which wanted to make a point on Islam.

指責伊斯蘭教

A Danish cartoonist told me he was one of the 24

有個漫畫家告訴我他是那24個

who received the assignment to draw the prophet --

接到報社要求畫伊斯蘭先知的漫畫家的其中一位

12 of them refused. Did you know that?

但其中12位都拒絕了.這你知道嗎?

He told me, "Nobody has to tell me what I should draw.

他說"沒有人可以命令我該畫什麼,

This is not how it works."

漫畫不是這樣畫的"

And then, of course, they were used

當然,漫畫也被另一方的

by extremists and politicians on the other side.

激進分子和政治家使用過

They wanted to stir up controversy.

他們想要掀起一番爭議

You know the story.

故事大家都知道不用我贅述

We know that cartoons can be used as weapons.

漫畫可以被用作為武器

History tells us,

歷史告訴我們,

they've been used by the Nazis

漫畫就曾是納粹

to attack the Jews.

用來攻擊猶太人的武器

And here we are now.

而現在,

In the United Nations,

在聯合國

half of the world is pushing

半數的國家都在推動

to penalize the offense to religion --

對侮辱宗教的處罰--

they call it the defamation of religion --

他們稱此為反對宗教詆毀案--

while the other half of the world is fighting back

與此同時另一半的世界

in defense of freedom of speech.

正在為了保護言論自由而反擊

So the clash of civilizations is here,

於是我們有了文明衝突

and cartoons are at the middle of it?

而在這戰火正中央的竟然是漫畫?

This got me thinking.

這逼得我思考

Now you see me thinking

我思考著

at my kitchen table,

坐在我家廚房餐桌前

and since you're in my kitchen,

既然你已經進了我家廚房,

please meet my wife.

那也見見我太太吧

(Laughter)

[我在尋找我人生的意義/你要不要google看看](笑)

In 2006, a few months after,

2006年,幾個月之後,

I went Ivory Coast --

我去到西非的--

Western Africa.

象牙海岸

Now, talk of a divided place -- the country was cut in two.

這是個面臨分裂的國家,一個國家切成兩半

You had a rebellion in the North,

反抗軍位於北部,

the government in the South -- the capital, Abidjan --

政府位於南方--首都,阿比讓--

and in the middle, the French army.

在中間的則是法國軍隊

This looks like a giant hamburger.

這看起來像個巨型漢堡

You don't want to be the ham in the middle.

你不會想當那夾在中央的火腿肉的

I was there to report on that story

我到那裏是為了報導一則故事

in cartoons.

透過漫畫

I've been doing this for the last 15 years;

我做這個工作已經十五年了

it's my side job, if you want.

可以說,這是我的兼職

So you see the style is different.

我用的畫風也和平常不太一樣

This is more serious than maybe editorial cartooning.

畫的比報紙社上的論漫畫來的嚴肅些

I went to places like Gaza

我也去過像是加薩走廊

during the war in 2009.

當時正值2009年戰爭時期

So this is really journalism in cartoons.

所以這其實是用漫畫在報導新聞

You'll hear more and more about it.

以後這會變得很常見

This is the future of journalism, I think.

我覺得這是新聞未來的走向

And of course, I went to see the rebels in the north.

當然我也去採訪了象牙海岸北部的反抗軍

Those were poor guys fighting for their rights.

這群貧困的人為了自身的權利戰鬥著

There was an ethnic side to this conflict

這場衝突跟很多其他非洲的衝突一樣

as very often in Africa.

和族裔之間的問題有關

And I went to see the Dozo.

我去見了Dozo人

The Dozo, they are the traditional hunters

Dozo人是西非的

of West Africa.

傳統獵人

People fear them --

大家都怕他們

they help the rebellion a lot.

他們經常幫助反抗軍

They are believed to have magical powers.

並且被視為擁有魔力

They can disappear and escape bullets.

可以隨意消失,也能躲避子彈

I went to see a Dozo chief;

我去和一位Dozo領袖會面

he told me about his magical powers.

他和我介紹他的魔力

He said, "I can chop your head off right away

他說"我現在可以馬上砍掉你的頭

and bring you back to life."

隨後讓你復活"

I said, "Well, maybe we don't have time for this right now."

我說"好吧,可是我想現在我們應該沒空做這個"

(Laughter)

(笑)

"Another time."

"下次吧"

So back in Abidjan,

回到阿比讓,

I was given a chance to lead a workshop

我得到了一個在工作坊

with local cartoonists there

指導當地漫畫家的機會

and I thought, yes,

我想,是的

in a context like this, cartoons can really be used as weapons

在這樣的大環境之下,漫畫極有可能

against the other side.

成為對付另一方的武器

I mean, the press in Ivory Coast was bitterly divided --

我的意思是,象牙海岸的媒體分裂成敵對的兩邊

it was compared to the media in Rwanda

有人將他們兩邊的關係和

before the genocide --

大屠殺之前的盧安達媒體相提並論

so imagine.

就請各位想像一下

And what can a cartoonist do?

那麼在這種情況下漫畫家能怎麼辦?

Sometimes editors would tell their cartoonists

有時候編輯會命令漫畫家

to draw what they wanted to see,

照著編輯的想法畫漫畫

and the guy has to feed his family, right?

但漫畫家也不會反抗,畢竟他必須養家餬口

So the idea was pretty simple.

我的想法很簡單

We brought together cartoonists

我們將所有站在各種立場的象牙海岸漫畫家

from all sides in Ivory Coast.

聚集起來

We took them away from their newspaper for three days.

帶他們離開報社影響三天

And I asked them to do a project together,

請他們一起完成一份作業

tackle the issues affecting their country

用漫畫解決他們的國家正在面臨的種種問題

in cartoons, yes, in cartoons.

是的,用漫畫

Show the positive power of cartoons.

展現漫畫的正向力量

It's a great tool of communication

漫畫是個很好的溝通工具

for bad or for good.

不論用於傳達的訊息是好是壞

And cartoons can cross boundaries,

漫畫有跨越藩籬力量

as you have seen.

我們都見識過

And humor is a good way, I think,

我認為幽默也是個面對嚴肅問題

to address serious issues.

之時很好的態度

And I'm very proud of what they did.

我為這些漫畫家最後的成果感到驕傲

I mean, they didn't agree with each other -- that was not the point.

他們並沒有同意互相的論點--那不是意義所在

And I didn't ask them to do nice cartoons.

我也沒有請他們畫故作融洽的漫畫

The first day, they were even shouting at each other.

第一天的時候他們甚至大吵了一架

But they came up with a book,

但最終他們完成了一本書

looking back at 13 years

回顧這過去十三年來

of political crisis in Ivory Coast.

象牙海岸所經歷過的政治危機

So the idea was there.

所以這個想法便誕生了

And I've been doing projects like this,

我一直在做像這樣的工作

in 2009 in Lebanon,

2009年在黎巴嫩

this year in Kenya, back in January.

今年的一月份,則是在肯亞

In Lebanon, it was not a book.

在黎巴嫩,最後的成果不是本書

The idea was to have --

我們的理念是讓--

the same principal, a divided country --

一樣的原理, 一個分裂的國家--

take cartoonists from all sides

聚集起所有不同立場的漫畫家

and let them do something together.

讓他們一起做些什麼

So in Lebanon,

在黎巴嫩

we enrolled the newspaper editors,

我們招收報紙編輯們

and we got them to publish

讓他們幫忙出版

eight cartoonists from all sides all together on the same page,

八位來自不同政治立場漫畫家的漫畫印在同一個報紙版面上

addressing the issue affecting Lebanon,

探討影響黎巴嫩的時事

like religion in politics and everyday life.

例如政治裡的宗教和人民的日常生活

And it worked.

它成功了

For three days, almost all the newspapers of Beirut

三天以來,幾乎所有貝魯特的報紙

published all those cartoonists together --

都一起印了那些漫畫--

anti-government,

反政府的,

pro-government,

支持政府的,

Christian,

基督教的,

Muslim, of course,

當然也有伊斯蘭教的,

English-speaking, well, you name it.

英文報紙,只要你說得出來的報紙,通通都有

So this was a great project.

這是個很傑出的企劃

And then in Kenya, what we did

之後在肯亞,我們做的

was addressing the issue of ethnicity,

則是審視族群問題

which is a poison in a lot of places in Africa.

這個問題侵害非洲很多地方猶如毒藥一般

And we did video clips --

我們做了一些短片

you can see them if you go to YouTube/Kenyatoons.

如果你想觀賞它們的話,請上YouTube/ Kenya Tunes.

So, preaching for freedom of speech

所以,雖然為言論自由發聲

is easy here,

在這裡是件簡單的事情

but as you have seen

可是,就像你看到的

in contexts of repression or division,

在充滿壓迫或是歧見的地方

again, what can a cartoonist do?

我們要再次問到, 漫畫家能做什麼?

He has to keep his job.

他必須保全他的工作

Well I believe that in any context anywhere,

我相信在任何的環境任何的地方

he always has the choice at least

他至少隨時都可以選擇

not to do a cartoon

不去畫一篇

that will feed hatred.

會餵養憎恨的漫畫

And that's the message I try to convey to them.

這就是我想要向他們傳達的理念

I think we all always have the choice in the end

我相信我們最終都有這一個選項

not to do the bad thing.

不去做壞事

But we need to support

可是我們也需要支持

these independent, critical

這些[不清晰],關鍵性的

and responsible voices

負責任的聲音

in Africa, in Lebanon,

不論是在非洲,在黎巴嫩

in your local newspaper,

在地區性的報紙上,

in the Apple store.

還是在蘋果電腦的商店裡

Today, tech companies

今天,科技公司

are the world's largest editors.

是世界上最有影響力的編輯

They decide what is too offensive

他們決定了什麼太有具攻擊性

or too provocative for you to see.

什麼又是太過煽動,不適合你看

So really, it's not about the freedom of cartoonists;

所以,我的演講其實不是在談漫畫家的自由

it's about your freedoms.

而是關於你的自由

And for dictators all over the world,

畢竟對全世界的獨裁者來說

the good news

最好的消息

is when cartoonists,

就是當漫畫家

journalists and activists shut up.

記者和社會運動家閉嘴都的時候了

Thank you.

謝謝大家

(Applause)

(鼓掌)