Eric Berlow: Simplifying complexity

168,671 views ใƒป 2010-11-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
Do you ever feel completely overwhelmed
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื
00:17
when you're faced with a complex problem?
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ื”ืžื•ืžื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช?
00:20
Well, I hope to change that in less than three minutes.
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ืื ืกื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช.
00:23
So, I hope to convince you that complex
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืชื›ื
00:25
doesn't always equal complicated.
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ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžืกื•ื‘ืš.
00:27
So for me, a well-crafted baguette, fresh out of the oven,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื‘ืื’ื˜ ื”ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื˜ืจื™ ืžืชื ื•ืจ,
00:30
is complex,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘,
00:32
but a curry onion green olive poppy cheese bread
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื—ื-ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ืชื•ืคื— ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื‘ืฆืœ ืงืืจื™ ื•ื–ื™ืชื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื
00:34
is complicated.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื‘ืš.
00:37
I'm an ecologist, and I study complexity. I love complexity.
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ืื ื™ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช. ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
00:40
And I study that in the natural world, the interconnectedness of species.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื.
00:43
So here's a food web,
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืจืฉืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
00:45
or a map of feeding links between species
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ืื• ืžืคืช ืงืฉืจื™ ื”ื”ื–ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื
00:47
that live in Alpine Lakes in the mountains of California.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื’ืžื™ื ื”ืจืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
00:50
And this is what happens to that food web
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœืจืฉืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื
00:52
when it's stocked with non-native fish that never lived there before.
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ืžืชืื›ืœืกืช ื‘ื“ื’ ื–ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ื™ ืฉื ืงื•ื“ื.
00:54
All the grayed-out species disappear.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืืคื•ืจ ื ืขืœืžื™ื.
00:56
Some are actually on the brink of extinction.
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ื—ืœืงื ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”.
00:58
And lakes with fish have more mosquitos, even though they eat them.
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ื‘ืื’ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื“ื’ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื.
01:01
These effects were all unanticipated,
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ,
01:03
and yet we're discovering they're predictable.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืชืŸ.
01:05
So I want to share with you a couple key insights
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืชื›ื ื›ืžื” ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืคืชื—
01:07
about complexity we're learning from studying nature
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ืฉืื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
01:09
that maybe are applicable to other problems.
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
01:13
First is the simple power of good visualization tools
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœ
01:15
to help untangle complexity
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
01:17
and just encourage you to ask questions you didn't think of before.
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ื•ื™ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืชื›ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ืฉืืœืชื ืงื•ื“ื.
01:20
For example, you could plot the flow of carbon
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ืคื—ืžืŸ
01:23
through corporate supply chains in a corporate ecosystem,
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ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื™-ืืกืคืงื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช,
01:26
or the interconnections of habitat patches
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ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ื”
01:28
for endangered species in Yosemite National Park.
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื‘ืคืืจืง ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ืžื™ื˜ื™.
01:31
The next thing is that if you want to predict
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื›ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช
01:33
the effect of one species on another,
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ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™,
01:35
if you focus only on that link,
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ืื ืืชื ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืงืฉืจ,
01:37
and then you black box the rest,
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ื•ืืช ื”ืฉืืจ ืืชื ืžื—ืฉื™ื›ื™ื,
01:39
it's actually less predictable
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ื™
01:41
than if you step back, consider the entire system -- all the species, all the links --
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื•ืจื”, ืžืชื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช -- ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื --
01:44
and from that place,
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ื•ืžืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื, ืžืชื›ื ืกื™ื ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ
01:46
hone in on the sphere of influence that matters most.
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ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื.
01:48
And we're discovering, with our research,
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ื•ืื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•
01:50
that's often very local to the node you care about
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืกืžื•ืš ืžืื•ื“ ืœืžื•ืงื“ ื‘ื• ืืชื ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
01:52
within one or two degrees.
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื“ืจื’ื” ืื—ืช ืื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื.
01:54
So the more you step back, embrace complexity,
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ื›ืš, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื•ืจื”, ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืงื ื•,
01:56
the better chance you have of finding simple answers,
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช,
01:58
and it's often different than the simple answer that you started with.
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืื™ืชื” ื”ืชื—ืœื ื•.
02:02
So let's switch gears and look at a really complex problem
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ื›ืขืช ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ื•ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช,
02:05
courtesy of the U.S. government.
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ื‘ืื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘.
02:08
This is a diagram of the U.S. counterinsurgency strategy in Afghanistan.
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ื–ื”ื• ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช-ื ื’ื“ ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ.
02:11
It was front page of the New York Times a couple months ago.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื --
02:14
Instantly ridiculed by the media
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ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืฉื ืœืœืขื’ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
02:16
for being so crazy complicated.
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ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื‘ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ.
02:18
And the stated goal was to increase popular support
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช
02:20
for the Afghan government.
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ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ.
02:22
Clearly a complex problem,
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ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืœืœื ืกืคืง,
02:24
but is it complicated?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช?
02:26
Well, when I saw this in the front page of the Times,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก,
02:28
I thought, "Great. Finally something I can relate to.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™, "ื ื”ื“ืจ. ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื•.
02:30
I can sink my teeth into this."
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ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ื• ืืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™."
02:32
So let's do it. So here we go for the first time ever,
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ืื– ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื™-ืคืขื,
02:35
a world premiere view of this spaghetti diagram as an ordered network.
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ืžื‘ื˜ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ืชืจืฉื™ื ืกืคื’ื˜ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืืจื’ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ.
02:38
The circled node is the one we're trying to influence --
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ื”ืžื•ืงื“ ืฉืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื• --
02:40
popular support for the government.
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ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืขืžืžื™ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”.
02:42
And so now we can look one degrees, two degrees,
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ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืขืช ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื“ืจื’ื” ืื—ืช, ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื’ื•ืช,
02:44
three degrees away from that node
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื•ืงื“
02:46
and eliminate three-quarters of the diagram outside that sphere of influence.
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ื•ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฉืคืขื”.
02:49
Within that sphere,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืžืจื—ื‘,
02:51
most of those nodes are not actionable, like the harshness of the terrain,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™-ืฉื˜ื— ืงืฉื™ื,
02:54
and a very small minority are actual military actions.
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ื•ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืฉื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช.
02:57
Most are non-violent and they fall into two broad categories:
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืœื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืชื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช:
03:01
active engagement with ethnic rivalries and religious beliefs
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ื”ืชืขืกืงื•ืช ื™ื–ื•ืžื” ืขื ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช,
03:04
and fair, transparent economic development
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ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื•ืฉืงื•ืฃ
03:06
and provisioning of services.
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ื•ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื.
03:08
I don't know about this, but this is what I can decipher from this diagram
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ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืคืขื ื— ืžื”ืชืจืฉื™ื
03:11
in 24 seconds.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš 24 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
03:13
When you see a diagram like this, I don't want you to be afraid.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ืื™ื ืชืจืฉื™ื ื›ื–ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืคื—ื“.
03:15
I want you to be excited. I want you to be relieved.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื• ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื, ืฉืชื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื.
03:18
Because simple answers may emerge.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืฅ.
03:20
We're discovering in nature that simplicity often lies
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ืื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช
03:22
on the other side of complexity.
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ืžืฆื™ื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
03:24
So for any problem, the more you can zoom out and embrace complexity,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ื•ืœืืžืฅ ืœื—ื™ืงื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช,
03:27
the better chance you have of zooming in
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื›ื ืก
03:29
on the simple details that matter most.
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ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื’ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื.
03:31
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
03:33
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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