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譯者: Adrienne Lin
審譯者: Sherry Yang
00:15
Do you ever feel completely overwhelmed
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當你面對著一個複雜的問題時
00:17
when you're faced with a complex problem?
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你是否曾經覺得很不知所措?
00:20
Well, I hope to change that in less than three minutes.
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我希望能在三分鐘內為此做些改變
00:23
So, I hope to convince you that complex
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因此,我希望說服你其實複雜
00:25
doesn't always equal complicated.
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並不總是繁雜
00:27
So for me, a well-crafted baguette, fresh out of the oven,
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對我來說,一個剛出爐的精心烘培法國麵包
00:30
is complex,
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是複雜的
00:32
but a curry onion green olive poppy cheese bread
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但是咖哩綠橄欖罌粟洋蔥起司麵包
00:34
is complicated.
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是複雜的
00:37
I'm an ecologist, and I study complexity. I love complexity.
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我是一個生態學家,我研究複雜性,我愛複雜性
00:40
And I study that in the natural world, the interconnectedness of species.
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我還研究在自然界中,物種彼此之間的關係
00:43
So here's a food web,
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這是一個食物網
00:45
or a map of feeding links between species
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或者是一張食物鏈關聯圖
00:47
that live in Alpine Lakes in the mountains of California.
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描述加州高山湖的物種關係
00:50
And this is what happens to that food web
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而這是食物網現在的樣子
00:52
when it's stocked with non-native fish that never lived there before.
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非原生的魚類大量湧入後
00:54
All the grayed-out species disappear.
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所有灰色的物種消失了
00:56
Some are actually on the brink of extinction.
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有些瀕臨絕種
00:58
And lakes with fish have more mosquitos, even though they eat them.
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有魚的湖會有更多蚊子,雖然魚會吃蚊子
01:01
These effects were all unanticipated,
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這些影響都是預想不到的
01:03
and yet we're discovering they're predictable.
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但我們發現他們是可被預測的
01:05
So I want to share with you a couple key insights
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所以我想要分享幾個想法
01:07
about complexity we're learning from studying nature
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關於在自然界學到的複雜性
01:09
that maybe are applicable to other problems.
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或許可以沿用到其他問題
01:13
First is the simple power of good visualization tools
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首先,視覺化工具所帶來的簡單力量
01:15
to help untangle complexity
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可以幫助釐清複雜性
01:17
and just encourage you to ask questions you didn't think of before.
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並且引導你思考你從未想過的問題
01:20
For example, you could plot the flow of carbon
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例如,你可以在圖中找出相似處
01:23
through corporate supply chains in a corporate ecosystem,
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在生態系統中的一堆關連中
01:26
or the interconnections of habitat patches
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或在優勝美地國家公園
01:28
for endangered species in Yosemite National Park.
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標出瀕絕物種棲息地的關係
01:31
The next thing is that if you want to predict
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其次,如果你想要預測
01:33
the effect of one species on another,
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物種間彼此的影響
01:35
if you focus only on that link,
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如果你只專注那個連結
01:37
and then you black box the rest,
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然後忽略掉其它的
01:39
it's actually less predictable
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其實是較難預測的
01:41
than if you step back, consider the entire system -- all the species, all the links --
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如果你退回上一步,納入整個系統,包括所有物種、關聯
01:44
and from that place,
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從這裡
01:46
hone in on the sphere of influence that matters most.
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把焦點集中在相關的影響範圍
01:48
And we're discovering, with our research,
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而我們在研究中發現
01:50
that's often very local to the node you care about
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通常是在你注意的癥結點附近的
01:52
within one or two degrees.
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一到兩層左右
01:54
So the more you step back, embrace complexity,
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所以你退的越多,並廣納複雜
01:56
the better chance you have of finding simple answers,
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你就越有機會找到簡單的答案
01:58
and it's often different than the simple answer that you started with.
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而且是和你起先著手的簡單答案不同
02:02
So let's switch gears and look at a really complex problem
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現在換個角度,用美國政府來看
02:05
courtesy of the U.S. government.
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真正複雜的問題
02:08
This is a diagram of the U.S. counterinsurgency strategy in Afghanistan.
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這是美國對阿富汗鎮暴策略的示意圖
02:11
It was front page of the New York Times a couple months ago.
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幾個月前出現在紐約時報頭版
02:14
Instantly ridiculed by the media
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馬上被媒體嘲笑著
02:16
for being so crazy complicated.
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因為這張表實在是太過複雜
02:18
And the stated goal was to increase popular support
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而他們的目標是為了要聲援
02:20
for the Afghan government.
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阿富汗政權
02:22
Clearly a complex problem,
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這很明顯的是個多重的問題
02:24
but is it complicated?
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但它複雜嗎
02:26
Well, when I saw this in the front page of the Times,
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我看到報紙的這篇頭版時
02:28
I thought, "Great. Finally something I can relate to.
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我心裡想著 "太好了,總算有類似的東西了"
02:30
I can sink my teeth into this."
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"我可以拿出來大講特講"
02:32
So let's do it. So here we go for the first time ever,
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來吧,全世界有史以來第一次
02:35
a world premiere view of this spaghetti diagram as an ordered network.
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要把錯綜複雜的圖表變成有條理的網路
02:38
The circled node is the one we're trying to influence --
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圈起來的癥結點是我們試圖想要去影響
02:40
popular support for the government.
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對政府的支持聲浪
02:42
And so now we can look one degrees, two degrees,
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因此,我們可以看,第一層,第二層
02:44
three degrees away from that node
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第三層與結點間的關係
02:46
and eliminate three-quarters of the diagram outside that sphere of influence.
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然後去除圖表中的四分之三沒有在範圍裡的影響
02:49
Within that sphere,
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在這個範圍中
02:51
most of those nodes are not actionable, like the harshness of the terrain,
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大部分的結點是不可動的,如險峻的地勢
02:54
and a very small minority are actual military actions.
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少數是軍事行動
02:57
Most are non-violent and they fall into two broad categories:
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大部分是非暴力的,並且可分為兩大類別
03:01
active engagement with ethnic rivalries and religious beliefs
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道德抗爭與宗教信條的激烈交戰
03:04
and fair, transparent economic development
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與公平、透明的經濟發展
03:06
and provisioning of services.
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和糧食供應服務
03:08
I don't know about this, but this is what I can decipher from this diagram
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我不知道這些是什麼,可是我能在24秒內
03:11
in 24 seconds.
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分析出這些東西
03:13
When you see a diagram like this, I don't want you to be afraid.
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當你看到一個像這樣的圖表,你不需要感到害怕
03:15
I want you to be excited. I want you to be relieved.
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我要你覺得開心,感到鬆了一口氣
03:18
Because simple answers may emerge.
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因為簡單的答案會浮現
03:20
We're discovering in nature that simplicity often lies
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我們發現在自然界裡,複雜的反面
03:22
on the other side of complexity.
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其實就是簡單
03:24
So for any problem, the more you can zoom out and embrace complexity,
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所以對任何問題,你愈往後退,涵蓋複雜
03:27
the better chance you have of zooming in
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你愈有機會可以聚焦
03:29
on the simple details that matter most.
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在簡單並影響最鉅的細節上
03:31
Thank you.
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感謝各位
03:33
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
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