Eric Berlow: Simplifying complexity

167,622 views ・ 2010-11-12

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:15
Do you ever feel completely overwhelmed
0
15260
2000
00:17
when you're faced with a complex problem?
1
17260
3000
00:20
Well, I hope to change that in less than three minutes.
2
20260
3000
00:23
So, I hope to convince you that complex
3
23260
2000
00:25
doesn't always equal complicated.
4
25260
2000
00:27
So for me, a well-crafted baguette, fresh out of the oven,
5
27260
3000
00:30
is complex,
6
30260
2000
00:32
but a curry onion green olive poppy cheese bread
7
32260
2000
00:34
is complicated.
8
34260
3000
00:37
I'm an ecologist, and I study complexity. I love complexity.
9
37260
3000
00:40
And I study that in the natural world, the interconnectedness of species.
10
40260
3000
00:43
So here's a food web,
11
43260
2000
00:45
or a map of feeding links between species
12
45260
2000
00:47
that live in Alpine Lakes in the mountains of California.
13
47260
3000
00:50
And this is what happens to that food web
14
50260
2000
00:52
when it's stocked with non-native fish that never lived there before.
15
52260
2000
00:54
All the grayed-out species disappear.
16
54260
2000
00:56
Some are actually on the brink of extinction.
17
56260
2000
00:58
And lakes with fish have more mosquitos, even though they eat them.
18
58260
3000
01:01
These effects were all unanticipated,
19
61260
2000
01:03
and yet we're discovering they're predictable.
20
63260
2000
01:05
So I want to share with you a couple key insights
21
65260
2000
01:07
about complexity we're learning from studying nature
22
67260
2000
01:09
that maybe are applicable to other problems.
23
69260
3000
01:13
First is the simple power of good visualization tools
24
73260
2000
01:15
to help untangle complexity
25
75260
2000
01:17
and just encourage you to ask questions you didn't think of before.
26
77260
3000
01:20
For example, you could plot the flow of carbon
27
80260
3000
01:23
through corporate supply chains in a corporate ecosystem,
28
83260
3000
01:26
or the interconnections of habitat patches
29
86260
2000
01:28
for endangered species in Yosemite National Park.
30
88260
3000
01:31
The next thing is that if you want to predict
31
91260
2000
01:33
the effect of one species on another,
32
93260
2000
01:35
if you focus only on that link,
33
95260
2000
01:37
and then you black box the rest,
34
97260
2000
01:39
it's actually less predictable
35
99260
2000
01:41
than if you step back, consider the entire system -- all the species, all the links --
36
101260
3000
01:44
and from that place,
37
104260
2000
01:46
hone in on the sphere of influence that matters most.
38
106260
2000
01:48
And we're discovering, with our research,
39
108260
2000
01:50
that's often very local to the node you care about
40
110260
2000
01:52
within one or two degrees.
41
112260
2000
01:54
So the more you step back, embrace complexity,
42
114260
2000
01:56
the better chance you have of finding simple answers,
43
116260
2000
01:58
and it's often different than the simple answer that you started with.
44
118260
3000
02:02
So let's switch gears and look at a really complex problem
45
122260
3000
02:05
courtesy of the U.S. government.
46
125260
3000
02:08
This is a diagram of the U.S. counterinsurgency strategy in Afghanistan.
47
128260
3000
02:11
It was front page of the New York Times a couple months ago.
48
131260
3000
02:14
Instantly ridiculed by the media
49
134260
2000
02:16
for being so crazy complicated.
50
136260
2000
02:18
And the stated goal was to increase popular support
51
138260
2000
02:20
for the Afghan government.
52
140260
2000
02:22
Clearly a complex problem,
53
142260
2000
02:24
but is it complicated?
54
144260
2000
02:26
Well, when I saw this in the front page of the Times,
55
146260
2000
02:28
I thought, "Great. Finally something I can relate to.
56
148260
2000
02:30
I can sink my teeth into this."
57
150260
2000
02:32
So let's do it. So here we go for the first time ever,
58
152260
3000
02:35
a world premiere view of this spaghetti diagram as an ordered network.
59
155260
3000
02:38
The circled node is the one we're trying to influence --
60
158260
2000
02:40
popular support for the government.
61
160260
2000
02:42
And so now we can look one degrees, two degrees,
62
162260
2000
02:44
three degrees away from that node
63
164260
2000
02:46
and eliminate three-quarters of the diagram outside that sphere of influence.
64
166260
3000
02:49
Within that sphere,
65
169260
2000
02:51
most of those nodes are not actionable, like the harshness of the terrain,
66
171260
3000
02:54
and a very small minority are actual military actions.
67
174260
3000
02:57
Most are non-violent and they fall into two broad categories:
68
177260
3000
03:01
active engagement with ethnic rivalries and religious beliefs
69
181260
3000
03:04
and fair, transparent economic development
70
184260
2000
03:06
and provisioning of services.
71
186260
2000
03:08
I don't know about this, but this is what I can decipher from this diagram
72
188260
3000
03:11
in 24 seconds.
73
191260
2000
03:13
When you see a diagram like this, I don't want you to be afraid.
74
193260
2000
03:15
I want you to be excited. I want you to be relieved.
75
195260
3000
03:18
Because simple answers may emerge.
76
198260
2000
03:20
We're discovering in nature that simplicity often lies
77
200260
2000
03:22
on the other side of complexity.
78
202260
2000
03:24
So for any problem, the more you can zoom out and embrace complexity,
79
204260
3000
03:27
the better chance you have of zooming in
80
207260
2000
03:29
on the simple details that matter most.
81
209260
2000
03:31
Thank you.
82
211260
2000
03:33
(Applause)
83
213260
3000
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7