Eric Berlow: Simplifying complexity

168,042 views ・ 2010-11-12

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:15
Do you ever feel completely overwhelmed
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when you're faced with a complex problem?
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Well, I hope to change that in less than three minutes.
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00:23
So, I hope to convince you that complex
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doesn't always equal complicated.
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So for me, a well-crafted baguette, fresh out of the oven,
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is complex,
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00:32
but a curry onion green olive poppy cheese bread
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is complicated.
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00:37
I'm an ecologist, and I study complexity. I love complexity.
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00:40
And I study that in the natural world, the interconnectedness of species.
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00:43
So here's a food web,
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00:45
or a map of feeding links between species
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that live in Alpine Lakes in the mountains of California.
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00:50
And this is what happens to that food web
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when it's stocked with non-native fish that never lived there before.
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00:54
All the grayed-out species disappear.
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Some are actually on the brink of extinction.
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00:58
And lakes with fish have more mosquitos, even though they eat them.
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01:01
These effects were all unanticipated,
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01:03
and yet we're discovering they're predictable.
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01:05
So I want to share with you a couple key insights
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01:07
about complexity we're learning from studying nature
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01:09
that maybe are applicable to other problems.
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01:13
First is the simple power of good visualization tools
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01:15
to help untangle complexity
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01:17
and just encourage you to ask questions you didn't think of before.
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01:20
For example, you could plot the flow of carbon
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01:23
through corporate supply chains in a corporate ecosystem,
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01:26
or the interconnections of habitat patches
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for endangered species in Yosemite National Park.
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01:31
The next thing is that if you want to predict
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01:33
the effect of one species on another,
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if you focus only on that link,
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01:37
and then you black box the rest,
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01:39
it's actually less predictable
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01:41
than if you step back, consider the entire system -- all the species, all the links --
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01:44
and from that place,
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hone in on the sphere of influence that matters most.
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01:48
And we're discovering, with our research,
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that's often very local to the node you care about
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within one or two degrees.
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01:54
So the more you step back, embrace complexity,
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the better chance you have of finding simple answers,
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01:58
and it's often different than the simple answer that you started with.
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02:02
So let's switch gears and look at a really complex problem
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02:05
courtesy of the U.S. government.
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02:08
This is a diagram of the U.S. counterinsurgency strategy in Afghanistan.
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02:11
It was front page of the New York Times a couple months ago.
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02:14
Instantly ridiculed by the media
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for being so crazy complicated.
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02:18
And the stated goal was to increase popular support
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for the Afghan government.
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02:22
Clearly a complex problem,
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02:24
but is it complicated?
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02:26
Well, when I saw this in the front page of the Times,
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I thought, "Great. Finally something I can relate to.
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I can sink my teeth into this."
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02:32
So let's do it. So here we go for the first time ever,
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a world premiere view of this spaghetti diagram as an ordered network.
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02:38
The circled node is the one we're trying to influence --
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02:40
popular support for the government.
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02:42
And so now we can look one degrees, two degrees,
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02:44
three degrees away from that node
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and eliminate three-quarters of the diagram outside that sphere of influence.
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02:49
Within that sphere,
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most of those nodes are not actionable, like the harshness of the terrain,
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02:54
and a very small minority are actual military actions.
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02:57
Most are non-violent and they fall into two broad categories:
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03:01
active engagement with ethnic rivalries and religious beliefs
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03:04
and fair, transparent economic development
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03:06
and provisioning of services.
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03:08
I don't know about this, but this is what I can decipher from this diagram
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03:11
in 24 seconds.
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03:13
When you see a diagram like this, I don't want you to be afraid.
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03:15
I want you to be excited. I want you to be relieved.
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03:18
Because simple answers may emerge.
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03:20
We're discovering in nature that simplicity often lies
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03:22
on the other side of complexity.
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03:24
So for any problem, the more you can zoom out and embrace complexity,
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03:27
the better chance you have of zooming in
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03:29
on the simple details that matter most.
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03:31
Thank you.
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03:33
(Applause)
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