Turning trash into toys for learning | Arvind Gupta

509,985 views ใƒป 2011-05-02

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
My name is Arvind Gupta, and I'm a toymaker.
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ืฉืžื™ ืืจื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ื’ื•ืคื˜ื” ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื.
00:18
I've been making toys for the last 30 years.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ื‘-30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
00:21
The early '70s, I was in college.
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช, ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื”.
00:23
It was a very revolutionary time.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช.
00:25
It was a political ferment, so to say --
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืื– ืชืกื™ืกื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช --
00:28
students out in the streets of Paris,
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ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคืจื™ื–,
00:30
revolting against authority.
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ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช.
00:32
America was jolted
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ืืจื”"ื‘ ืขื‘ืจื” ื˜ืœื˜ืœื”
00:34
by the anti-Vietnam movement, the Civil Rights movement.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ื, ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—.
00:37
In India, we had the Naxalite movement,
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ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืชื ื•ืขืช ื ืงืกืืœื™ื˜ (ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ืžืื•),
00:40
the [unclear] movement.
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื’'ืื™ื™ ืคืจืงืืฉ ื ืืจืื™ื™ืŸ.
00:42
But you know, when there is a political churning of society,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืชืกื™ืกื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”,
00:44
it unleashes a lot of energy.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
00:47
The National Movement of India
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•
00:49
was testimony to that.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš.
00:51
Lots of people resigned from well-paid jobs
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื• ืžืžื™ืฉืจื•ืช ืžืฉืชืœืžื•ืช
00:55
and jumped into the National Movement.
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ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
00:57
Now in the early '70s,
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช,
00:59
one of the great programs in India
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ืื—ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•
01:01
was to revitalize
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ
01:03
primary science in village schools.
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ืžื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื.
01:05
There was a person, Anil Sadgopal, did a Ph.D. from Caltech
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ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“, ืื ื™ืœ ืกื“ื’ื•ืคืืœ, ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืž"ืงืœื˜ืง"
01:08
and returned back as a molecular biologist
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ืฉื—ื–ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™
01:10
in India's cutting-edge research institute, the TIFR.
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ืืœ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื”-TIFR.
01:13
At 31, he was not able
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 31, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ
01:15
to relate the kind of [unclear] research,
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ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ [ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ] ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื”,
01:17
which he was doing with the lives of the ordinary people.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื”, ืขื ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
01:20
So he designed and went and started a village science program.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื•ื”ืœืš ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื ืœื›ืคืจื™ื.
01:23
Many people were inspired by this.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื›ืš ื”ืฉืจืื”.
01:25
The slogan of the early '70s
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ื”ืกื™ืกืžื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช
01:27
was "Go to the people.
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ื”ื™ืชื” "ืœื›ื• ืืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
01:29
Live with them; love them.
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ืชื—ื™ื• ืื™ืชื, ืชืื”ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื.
01:31
Start from what they know. Build on what they have."
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืขื ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื. ืชื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื."
01:34
This was kind of the defining slogan.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื™ืŸ ืกื™ืกืžื” ืžื›ื•ื ื ืช.
01:36
Well I took one year.
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ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื ื”.
01:38
I joined Telco, made TATA trucks, pretty close to Pune.
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ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคืชื™ ืœ"ื˜ืœืงื•", ื™ืฆืจื ื™ืช ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช "ื˜ืื˜ื”", ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืคื•ื ื”.
01:41
I worked there for two years,
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ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืฉื ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
01:43
and I realized that I was not born to make trucks.
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ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื™ ืฉืœื ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช.
01:46
Often one doesn't know what one wants to do,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืื“ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
01:48
but it's good enough to know what you don't want to do.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื’ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืื™ื ืš ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
01:50
So I took one year off, and I went to this village science program.
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ืื– ืœืงื—ืชื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืœืฉื ื” ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื ืœื›ืคืจื™ื.
01:53
And it was a turning point.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื”.
01:55
It was a very small village --
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืคืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ --
01:57
a weekly bazaar
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ืฉื•ืง ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™
01:59
where people, just once in a week, they put in all the vats.
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ื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื, ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžื›ืœ.
02:02
So I said, "I'm going to spend a year over here."
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืืขื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื ืฉื ื”.
02:04
So I just bought one specimen
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ืื– ืงื ื™ืชื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
02:06
of everything which was sold on the roadside.
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ืฉื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš.
02:08
And one thing which I found
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ื”ื™ื”
02:10
was this black rubber.
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ื”ื’ื•ืžื™ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
02:12
This is called a cycle valve tube.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืกืชื•ื ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื.
02:14
When you pump in air in a bicycle, you use a bit of this.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืื•ื™ืจ ืœืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื, ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื”.
02:17
And some of these models --
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื’ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื• --
02:19
so you take a bit of this cycle valve tube,
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ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืžื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืกืชื•ื ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื,
02:21
you can put two matchsticks inside this, and you make a flexible joint.
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ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื’ืคืจื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื–ื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื’ืžื™ืฉ.
02:24
It's a joint of tubes. You start by teaching angles --
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช. ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ื–ื•ื™ื•ืช --
02:27
an acute angle, a right angle, an obtuse angle, a straight angle.
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ื–ื•ื™ืช ื—ื“ื”, ื–ื•ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจื”, ื–ื•ื™ืช ืงื”ื”, ื–ื•ื™ืช ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื”.
02:29
It's like its own little coupling.
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžืื™ ืžืฉืœื•.
02:31
If you have three of them, and you loop them together,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ืืœื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื”ื ืœื•ืœืื”,
02:33
well you make a triangle.
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ื›ืš ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ.
02:35
With four, you make a square,
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ืขื ืืจื‘ืขื”, ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ืข,
02:37
you make a pentagon, you make a hexagon,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ืžืฉ, ืžืฉื•ืฉื”,
02:39
you make all these kind of polygons.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืจื‘ื™-ืฆืœืขื•ืช.
02:41
And they have some wonderful properties.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ืžื” ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืคื•ืช.
02:43
If you look at the hexagon, for instance,
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ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืฉื” ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
02:45
it's like an amoeba, which is constantly changing its own profile.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืืžื‘ื”, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื”.
02:48
You can just pull this out, this becomes a rectangle.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืœื‘ืŸ.
02:50
You give it a push, this becomes a parallelogram.
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ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืงืฆืช ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ืช.
02:52
But this is very shaky.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืจื•ืคืฃ.
02:54
Look at the pentagon, for instance,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ืžืฉ,
02:56
pull this out -- it becomes a boat shape trapezium.
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ืืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” -- ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื˜ืจืคื– ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืื•ื ื™ื”.
02:58
Push it and it becomes house shaped.
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ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช.
03:00
This becomes an isosceles triangle --
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ื›ืืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ืฉื•ื•ื”-ืฉื•ืงื™ื™ื --
03:02
again, very shaky.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืื•ื“ ืจืขื•ืข.
03:04
This square might look very square and prim.
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ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ื”ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ื•ื—ืœืง.
03:06
Give it a little push -- this becomes a rhombus.
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืงืฆืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืขื•ื™ื™ืŸ.
03:08
It becomes kite-shaped.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ืขืคื™ืคื•ืŸ.
03:10
But give a child a triangle,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืชื ื• ืœื™ืœื“ ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ,
03:12
he can't do a thing to it.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ.
03:14
Why use triangles?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื?
03:16
Because triangles are the only rigid structures.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช.
03:18
We can't make a bridge with squares
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ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื’ืฉืจื™ื ืžืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ื,
03:20
because the train would come, it would start doing a jig.
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ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื’ื™ืข ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช, ื”ื•ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืขื•ื•ืช.
03:23
Ordinary people know about this
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช,
03:25
because if you go to a village in India,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื›ืคืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
03:27
they might not have gone to engineering college,
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ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื ื“ืกื”,
03:29
but no one makes a roof placed like this.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื‘ื•ื ื” ื’ื’ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื›ื›ื”.
03:31
Because if they put tiles on top, it's just going to crash.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ื ื™ื—ื• ืืจื™ื—ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื”, ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื•ืก.
03:34
They always make a triangular roof.
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ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื’ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื.
03:36
Now this is people science.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื“ืข ืขืžืžื™.
03:38
And if you were to just poke a hole over here
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื—ื•ืจ
03:40
and put a third matchstick,
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ื•ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ื’ืคืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™,
03:42
you'll get a T joint.
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ื ืงื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ T.
03:44
And if I were to poke all the three legs of this
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
03:46
in the three vertices of this triangle,
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ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื•ืงื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื–ื”,
03:48
I would make a tetrahedron.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืœืฉืช.
03:50
So you make all these 3D shapes.
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ื›ืš ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
03:52
You make a tetrahedron like this.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ื›ื” ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืœืฉืช.
03:55
And once you make these,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ,
03:59
you make a little house.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืช.
04:03
Put this on top.
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ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืขืœื”.
04:05
You can make a joint of four. You can make a joint of six.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื• ืฉื™ืฉื”.
04:07
You just need a ton.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืจืง ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช.
04:10
Now this was -- you make a joint of six,
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฉื”,
04:12
you make an icosahedron.
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขืฉืจื™ืžื•ืŸ (ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืขืœ 10 ืคื™ืื•ืช).
04:14
You can play around with it.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื ื–ื”.
04:16
This makes an igloo.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื™ื’ืœื•.
04:18
Now this is in 1978.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘-1978.
04:20
I was a 24-year-old young engineer.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื‘ืŸ 24.
04:23
And I thought this was so much better than making trucks.
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช.
04:27
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
04:32
If you, as a matter of fact, put four marbles inside,
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ืื ืฉืžื™ื 4 ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื,
04:35
you simulate the molecular structure of methane, CH4.
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ืžื“ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžืชืืŸ, CH4.
04:38
Four atoms of hydrogen, the four points of the tetrahedron,
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4 ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ, ื”ื ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืงื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉืช,
04:40
which means the little carbon atom.
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ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืื˜ื•ื ืคื—ืžืŸ.
04:42
Well since then,
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ื•ืžืื–,
04:44
I just thought that I've been really privileged
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช
04:47
to go to over 2,000 schools in my country --
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ืœืœื›ืช ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-2000 ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™ --
04:51
village schools, government schools,
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ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื, ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื,
04:53
municipal schools, Ivy League schools --
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ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื™ื --
04:55
I've been invited by most of them.
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ื”ื•ื–ืžื ืชื™ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื.
04:57
And every time I go to a school,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื™ ื ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ,
04:59
I see a gleam in the eyes of the children.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื.
05:01
I see hope. I see happiness in their faces.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืชืงื•ื”. ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืฉืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื.
05:04
Children want to make things. Children want to do things.
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
05:07
Now this, we make lots and lots of pumps.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช.
05:10
Now this is a little pump
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืฉืื‘ื” ืงื˜ื ื”
05:12
with which you could inflate a balloon.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ืคื— ื‘ืœื•ืŸ.
05:14
It's a real pump. You could actually pop the balloon.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืฉืื‘ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื•ืฆืฅ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ.
05:17
And we have a slogan
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกื™ืกืžื” ื”ืื•ืžืจืช
05:19
that the best thing a child can do with a toy is to break it.
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ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืœื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื–ื” ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
05:22
So all you do is --
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ืื– ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื --
05:24
it's a very kind of provocative statement --
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชื’ืจื” --
05:26
this old bicycle tube and this old plastic [unclear]
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ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ื•ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง.......
05:28
This filling cap will go very snugly into an old bicycle tube.
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ื›ื•ืกื™ืช ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื–ื• ื ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื™ืฉื ื” ื–ื•.
05:31
And this is how you make a valve.
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ื•ื›ืš ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืกืชื•ื.
05:33
You put a little sticky tape.
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ืฉืžื™ื ื ื™ื™ืจ-ื“ื‘ืง.
05:37
This is one-way traffic.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉืกืชื•ื ื—ื“-ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™.
05:41
Well we make lots and lots of pumps.
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ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช.
05:43
And this is the other one --
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ื•ื–ื• ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืช --
05:45
that you just take a straw, and you just put a stick inside
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืงืฉื™ืช ื•ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืœืชื•ื›ื” ืžืงืœ,
05:47
and you make two half-cuts.
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื—ืชื›ื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื”.
05:49
Now this is what you do,
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื,
05:51
is you bend both these legs into a triangle,
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ืžื›ื•ืคืคื™ื ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ,
05:53
and you just wrap some tape around.
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ื•ืžืœืคืคื™ื ื ื™ื™ืจ-ื“ื‘ืง ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘.
05:55
And this is the pump.
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื”.
05:57
And now, if you have this pump,
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ื•ื›ืขืช, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืฉืื‘ื” ื–ื•,
06:00
it's like a great, great sprinkler.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืžืžื˜ืจื” ื™ืขื™ืœื”.
06:03
It's like a centrifuge.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ืคื•ื’ื”.
06:05
If you spin something, it tends to fly out.
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ืื ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืขื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
06:08
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
06:10
Well in terms of -- if you were in Andhra Pradesh,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ -- ืื ืืชื.....
06:12
you would make this with the palmyra leaf.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขื ืขืœื” ืคืืœืžื™ื™ืจื”.
06:14
Many of our folk toys
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ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ื”ืขืžืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
06:16
have great science principles.
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ื™ืฉ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื.
06:18
If you spin-top something, it tends to fly out.
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ืื ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืขื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
06:20
If I do it with both hands, you can see this fun Mr. Flying Man.
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ืื ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื™ื“ื™ื™, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืฆื—ื™ืง "ืžืจ ืชืขื•ืคื”".
06:25
Right.
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ื˜ื•ื‘.
06:29
This is a toy which is made from paper. It's amazing.
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ื–ื”ื• ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื ื™ื™ืจ. ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
06:32
There are four pictures.
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช.
06:34
You see insects,
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ืจื•ืื™ื ื—ืจืงื™ื,
06:36
you see frogs, snakes, eagles, butterflies,
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื, ื ื—ืฉื™ื, ืขื™ื˜ื™ื, ืคืจืคืจื™ื,
06:38
frogs, snakes, eagles.
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ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื, ื ื—ืฉื™ื, ืขื™ื˜ื™ื.
06:40
Here's a paper which you could [unclear] --
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ื”ื ื” ื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™
06:42
designed by a mathematician at Harvard in 1928,
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ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืžื”ืจื•ื•ืจื“ ื‘-1928,
06:44
Arthur Stone,
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ืฉืžื• ืืจืชื•ืจ ืกื˜ื•ืŸ,
06:46
documented by Martin Gardner in many of his many books.
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ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื’ืืจื“ื ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื•.
06:49
But this is great fun for children.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
06:51
They all study about the food chain.
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ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
06:53
The insects are eaten by the frogs; the frogs are eaten by the snakes;
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ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื ืื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื; ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื;
06:55
the snakes are eaten by the eagles.
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ื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ื˜ื™ื.
06:57
And this can be, if you had a whole photocopy paper --
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืื ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ืช-ืฆื™ืœื•ื,
06:59
A4 size paper --
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ื ื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ A4 --
07:01
you could be in a municipal school, you could be in a government school --
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™, ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ --
07:04
a paper, a scale and a pencil -- no glue, no scissors.
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ื ื™ื™ืจ, ืกืจื’ืœ ื•ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ, ืœื ื“ื‘ืง, ืœื ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ื.
07:07
In three minutes, you just fold this up.
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ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืงืคืœื™ื.
07:10
And what you could use it for is just limited by your imagination.
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื”, ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืจืง ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื ื•.
07:13
If you take a smaller paper, you make a smaller flexagon.
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ืื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื ื™ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืชืงืคืœืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ื ื”.
07:16
With a bigger one, you make a bigger one.
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ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:21
Now this is a pencil with a few slots over here.
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ื–ื”ื• ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื›ืžื” ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ื ืขืœื™ื•.
07:23
And you put a little fan here.
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ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืžื ื™ืคื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื›ืืŸ.
07:25
And this is a hundred-year-old toy.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื‘ืŸ 100 ืฉื ื”.
07:27
There have been six major research papers on this.
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ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” 6 ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื.
07:30
There's some grooves over here, you can see.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช.
07:32
And if I take a reed -- if I rub this,
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ื•ืื ืื ื™ ืœื•ืงื— ืžืงืœื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืคืฉืฃ, ื›ื›ื”,
07:34
something very amazing happens.
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ืงื•ืจื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
07:36
Six major research papers on this.
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6 ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
07:38
As a matter of fact, Feynman, as a child, was very fascinated by this.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื™ืœื“, ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืงืกื ืžื–ื”.
07:40
He wrote a paper on this.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžืืžืจ.
07:42
And you don't need the three billion-dollar Hadron Collider
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืื™ืฅ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ
07:44
for doing this. (Laughter) (Applause)
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
07:46
This is there for every child,
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“,
07:48
and every child can enjoy this.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื–ื”.
07:50
If you want to put a colored disk,
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ืื ืฉืžื™ื ื“ื™ืกืงื” ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช,
07:53
well all these seven colors coalesce.
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ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชืžื–ื’ื™ื.
07:55
And this is what Newton talked about 400 years back,
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ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื›-400 ืฉื ื”,
07:58
that white light's made of seven colors,
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ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืฉื‘ืขื” ืฆื‘ืขื™ื,
08:00
just by spinning this around.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
08:02
This is a straw.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืงืฉื™ืช.
08:05
What we've done, we've just sealed both the ends with tape,
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ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ื” ืื˜ืžื ื• ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืขื ื ื™ื™ืจ-ื“ื‘ืง,
08:08
nipped the right corner and the bottom left corner,
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ื•ื’ื–ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืคื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื”,
08:10
so there's holes in the opposite corners, there's a little hole over here.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื—ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ.
08:13
This is a kind of a blowing straw.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืงืฉื™ืช ื ืฉื™ืคื”.
08:15
I just put this inside this.
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ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื–ื”.
08:17
There's a hole here, and I shut this.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื—ื•ืจ ื•ืื ื™ ืกื•ื’ืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
08:25
And this costs very little money to make --
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ --
08:27
great fun for children to do.
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ื›ื™ืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
08:29
What we do
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื
08:31
is make a very simple electric motor.
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ื–ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื ื•ืข ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
08:33
Now this is the simplest motor on Earth.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
08:37
The most expensive thing is the battery inside this.
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ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื”ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื.
08:40
If you have a battery, it costs five cents to make it.
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืกื•ืœืœื”, ืขื•ืœื” 5 ืกื ื˜ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
08:43
This is an old bicycle tube,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื™ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื,
08:45
which gives you a broad rubber band, two safety pins.
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ืขื ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ืจื—ื‘ื”, ืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.
08:47
This is a permanent magnet.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื’ื ื˜ ืงื‘ื•ืข.
08:49
Whenever current flows through the coil, this becomes an electromagnet.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื–ื•ืจื ื–ืจื ื“ืจืš ื”ืกืœื™ืœ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜.
08:52
It's the interaction of both these magnets
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
08:54
which makes this motor spin.
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ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ื–ื” ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘.
08:56
We made 30,000.
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ื™ืฆืจื ื• 30,000.
08:58
Teachers who have been teaching science for donkey years,
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ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื,
09:01
they just muck up the definition and they spit it out.
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืขื•ืก ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื•ืื– ืœืคืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืชืŸ.
09:04
When teachers make it, children make it.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
09:06
You can see a gleam in their eye.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื.
09:08
They get a thrill
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ื”ื ืžืชืจื’ืฉื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
09:11
of what science is all about.
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ืขืœ ืžื” ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขืฉ ืขื ื”ืžื“ืข.
09:13
And this science is not a rich man's game.
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ื•ืžื“ืข ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื.
09:15
In a democratic country,
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช,
09:17
science must reach to our most oppressed,
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ื”ืžื“ืข ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:20
to the most marginalized children.
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ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:22
This program started with 16 schools
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘-16 ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ
09:25
and spread to 1,500 government schools.
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ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืœ-1,500 ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื.
09:28
Over 100,000 children learn science this way.
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ืžืขืœ ืœ-100,000 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•.
09:32
And we're just trying to see possibilities.
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ื•ืื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
09:34
Look, this is the tetrapak --
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ืชืจืื•, ื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืจื™ื–ื” --
09:36
awful materials from the point of view of the environment.
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ื•ืจื ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™.
09:39
There are six layers -- three layers of plastic, aluminum --
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ 6 ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช -- 3 ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง, ืืœื•ืžื ื™ื•ื --
09:42
which are are sealed together.
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ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื™ื—ื“.
09:44
They are fused together, so you can't separate them.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ.
09:46
Now you can just make a little network like this
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ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ืŸ ืจืฉืช ื›ื–ื•
09:48
and fold them and stick them together
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ืœืงืคืœ ืื•ืชื” ื•ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง
09:50
and make an icosahedron.
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืฉืจื™ืžื•ืŸ.
09:52
So something which is trash,
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ื›ืš ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืกื•ืœืช,
09:54
which is choking all the seabirds,
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ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ื ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™-ื”ื™ื,
09:57
you could just recycle this into a very, very joyous --
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืžื—ื–ืจ ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ื ื” --
10:00
all the platonic solids can be made with things like this.
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืื•ื ื™ื (ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืคื™ืื•ืช) ื‘ืžื“ืข ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ื–ื”.
10:03
This is a little straw,
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ื–ื”ื• ืงืฉ,
10:06
and what you do is you just nip two corners here,
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ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคื™ื ื•ืช
10:10
and this becomes like a baby crocodile's mouth.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžื™ืŸ ืคื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื™ืŸ.
10:14
You put this in your mouth, and you blow.
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ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืคื” ื•ื ื•ืฉืคื™ื.
10:16
(Honk)
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(ืฆืคื™ืจื”)
10:18
It's children's delight, a teacher's envy, as they say.
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ื–ื” ืชืขื ื•ื’ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืงื™ื ืื” ืœืžื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื•ืžืจ.
10:22
You're not able to see how the sound is produced,
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ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ,
10:24
because the thing which is vibrating goes inside my mouth.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืจื•ื˜ื˜ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืคื” ืฉืœื™.
10:27
I'm going to keep this outside, to blow out. I'm going to suck in air.
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ืื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืฉืืฃ ืื•ื™ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื”.
10:30
(Honk)
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(ืฆืคื™ืจื”)
10:32
So no one actually needs to muck up the production of sound
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ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื–ื”ื ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ
10:35
with wire vibrations.
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ืขื ืจื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ ืžื™ืชืจื™ื.
10:37
The other is that you keep blowing at it,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ื• ื ื•ืฉืคื™ื,
10:39
keep making the sound,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ,
10:41
and you keep cutting it.
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ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื•.
10:43
And something very, very nice happens.
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ื•ืื– ืงื•ืจื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืคื”.
10:45
(Honk)
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(ืฆืคื™ืจื”)
10:57
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:00
And when you get a very small one --
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืจืช ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ื ื” --
11:02
(Honk)
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(ืฆืคื™ืจื”)
11:05
This is what the kids teach you. You can also do this.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•. ื’ื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
11:08
Well before I go any further,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš,
11:10
this is something worth sharing.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœืจืื•ืช.
11:12
This is a touching slate meant for blind children.
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ื–ื”ื• ืœื•ื—-ืžื’ืข ืขืฉื•ื™ ืฆืคื—ื” ืืฉืจ ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื.
11:14
This is strips of Velcro, this is my drawing slate,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืกืงื•ื˜ืฉ ื ืฆืžื“, ื–ื”ื• ืœื•ื— ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ,
11:17
and this is my drawing pen,
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืขื˜ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™,
11:19
which is basically a film box.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืงื•ืคืกืช ืกืจื˜-ืฆื™ืœื•ื.
11:21
It's basically like a fisherman's line,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื—ื›ืช ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื,
11:25
a fishing line.
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ื—ื›ืช-ื“ื™ื’.
11:27
And this is wool over here.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ืฆืžืจ.
11:29
If I crank the handle, all the wool goes inside.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืช, ื”ืฆืžืจ ื ื›ื ืก ืคื ื™ืžื”.
11:32
And what a blind child can do is to just draw this.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ืœื“ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
11:36
Wool sticks on Velcro.
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ืฆืžืจ ื ื“ื‘ืง ืœืกืงื•ื˜ืฉ.
11:40
There are 12 million blind children in our country --
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ื™ืฉื ื 12 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืชื ื• --
11:43
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:45
who live in a world of darkness.
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ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืš.
11:47
And this has come as a great boon to them.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื ืœื”ื ื›ื‘ืจื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
11:50
There's a factory out there making our children blind,
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืชืขืฉื™ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื• ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื,
11:53
not able to provide them with food,
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ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืกืคืง ืœื”ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
11:55
not able to provide them with vitamin A.
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ืื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A.
11:57
But this has come as a great boon for them.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื ืœื”ื ื›ื‘ืจื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
11:59
There are no patents. Anyone can make it.
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
12:03
This is very, very simple.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
12:05
You can see, this is the generator. It's a crank generator.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื–ื” ื’ื ืจื˜ื•ืจ. ื–ื”ื• ื’ื ืจื˜ื•ืจ ืืจื›ื•ื‘ื”.
12:08
These are two magnets.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื.
12:10
This is a large pulley made by sandwiching rubber between two old CDs.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื’ืœื’ืœืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืกื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฅ' ื’ื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื.
12:13
Small pulley and two strong magnets.
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ื’ืœื’ืœืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืฉื ื™ ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื.
12:15
And this fiber turns a wire attached to an LED.
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ื•ื—ื•ื˜ ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืชื™ืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื ื•ืจื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื”.
12:18
If I spin this pulley, the small one's going to spin much faster.
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ืื ืื ื™ ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื’ืœื’ืœืช ื–ื•, ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืชืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ.
12:20
There will be a spinning magnetic field.
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ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘.
12:22
Lines, of course, would be cut, the force will be generated.
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ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ืชื›ื•, ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื›ื—.
12:25
And you can see, this LED is going to glow.
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ื•ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืจื™ืช ื–ื• ืชื™ื“ืœืง.
12:27
So this is a small crank generator.
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ื–ื”ื• ื’ื ืจื˜ื•ืจ ืืจื›ื•ื‘ื” ืงื˜ืŸ.
12:31
Well, this is, again,
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ื•ื›ืืŸ, ืฉื•ื‘,
12:34
it's just a ring, a steel ring with steel nuts.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืคืœื“ื” ืขื ืื•ืžื™ื ืžืคืœื“ื”.
12:37
And what you can do
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
12:39
is just, if you give it a twirl,
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื–ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘,
12:42
well they just keep going on.
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ื•ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘.
12:48
And imagine a bunch of kids
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ื•ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื
12:50
standing in a circle
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ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ
12:52
and just waiting for the steel ring to be passed on.
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ื•ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืœื™ื“ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช.
12:54
And they'd be absolutely joyous playing with this.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื™ื”ื ื• ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื ื–ื”.
12:59
Well in the end, what we can also do:
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
13:01
we use a lot of old newspapers
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื
13:04
to make caps.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื.
13:06
This is worthy of Sachin Tendulkar.
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ื–ื” ืžืชืื™ื ืœืกืืฆ'ื™ืŸ ื˜ื ื“ื•ืœืงืจ (ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืงืจื™ืงื˜ ืขื ืง ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•).
13:08
It's a great cricket cap. (Laughter) (Applause)
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืงืจื™ืงื˜ ื ื”ื“ืจ.
13:11
When first you see Nehru and Gandhi,
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ืื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื ื”ืจื• ื•ื’ืื ื“ื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
13:13
this is the Nehru cap -- just half a newspaper.
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ื•ื‘ืข ื ื”ืจื• -- ืจืง ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ.
13:16
We make lots of toys with newspapers,
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ืžืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื,
13:18
and this is one of them.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.
13:20
And this is -- you can see --
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ื•ื–ื” -- ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช --
13:22
this is a flapping bird.
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ื–ื• ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืขืคื”.
13:25
All of our old newspapers, we cut them into little squares.
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืื ื• ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
13:28
And if you have one of these birds --
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื --
13:30
children in Japan have been making this bird for many, many years.
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืžื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื.
13:35
And you can see,
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช,
13:37
this is a little fantail bird.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื ื‘-ื˜ื•ื•ืก.
13:41
Well in the end, I'll just end with a story.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืืกื™ื™ื ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
13:44
This is called "The Captain's Hat Story."
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื "ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื‘ืข ื”ืจื‘-ื—ื•ื‘ืœ".
13:46
The captain was a captain of a sea-going ship.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘-ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื.
13:48
It goes very slowly.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื˜ื” ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
13:50
And there were lots of passengers on the ship,
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”,
13:52
and they were getting bored, so the captain invited them on the deck.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืขืžืžื•, ืœื›ืŸ ืจื‘-ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ.
13:54
"Wear all your colorful clothes and sing and dance,
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"ืœื™ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื•ืชืฉื™ืจื• ื•ืชืจืงื“ื•,
13:56
and I'll provide you with good food and drinks."
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืกืคืง ืœื›ื ืื•ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžืฉืงืื•ืช".
13:58
And the captain would wear a cap everyday
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ื•ืจื‘-ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื‘ืฉ ื›ื•ื‘ืข ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
14:00
and join in the regalia.
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ื•ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืขื ืžื—ืœืฆื•ืชื™ื•.
14:02
The first day, it was a huge umbrella cap,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืขื ืง,
14:04
like a captain's cap.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืจื‘-ื—ื•ื‘ืœ.
14:06
That night, when the passengers would be sleeping,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืฉื ื™ื,
14:09
he would give it one more fold,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื• ืงื™ืคื•ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ,
14:11
and the second day, he would be wearing a fireman's cap --
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ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื‘ืฉ ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ืื™ --
14:13
with a little shoot just like a designer cap,
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ืขื ื—ื•ื˜ืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื,
14:15
because it protects the spinal cord.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ืจื”.
14:18
And the second night, he would take the same cap
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ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืข
14:20
and give it another fold.
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ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื• ืงื™ืคื•ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
14:22
And the third day, it would be a Shikari cap --
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ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืฉื™ืงืืจื™ (ืฆื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช) --
14:24
just like an adventurer's cap.
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ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคืชืงืŸ.
14:27
And the third night, he would give it two more folds --
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื• ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืงื™ืคื•ืœื™ื --
14:30
and this is a very, very famous cap.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืžืื•ื“ ืžืคื•ืจืกื,
14:32
If you've seen any of our Bollywood films,
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ืื ืจืื™ืชื ืกืจื˜ื™ ื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“,
14:34
this is what the policeman wears,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื,
14:36
it's called a zapalu cap.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืคืื ื“ื•.
14:38
It's been catapulted to international glory.
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื™ื ืง ืœืชื”ื™ืœื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
14:41
And we must not forget that he was the captain of the ship.
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ื•ืืœ ืœื ื• ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘-ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ื”.
14:44
So that's a ship.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืกืคื™ื ื”.
14:46
And now the end:
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืกื•ืฃ.
14:48
everyone was enjoying the journey very much.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืชืขื ื’ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื•ื˜.
14:50
They were singing and dancing.
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ื”ื ืจืงื“ื• ื•ืฉืจื•.
14:52
Suddenly there was a storm and huge waves.
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ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืกืขืจื” ื•ื’ืœื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื.
14:55
And all the ship can do is to dance and pitch along with the waves.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืจืงื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืชื ื“ื ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ื.
14:58
A huge wave comes and slaps the front
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ื’ืœ ืขื ืง ืžื’ื™ืข ื•ืžื›ื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช
15:00
and knocks it down.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื”.
15:02
And another one comes and slaps the aft and knocks it down.
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ื’ืœ ืื—ืจ ืžื’ื™ืข, ืžื›ื” ื‘ืื—ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื•ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื.
15:05
And there's a third one over here.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื›ืืŸ.
15:07
This swallows the bridge and knocks it down.
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ืžืฆื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
15:09
And the ship sinks,
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ื•ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืงืขืช,
15:11
and the captain has lost everything,
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ื•ืจื‘-ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ืื™ื‘ื“ ื”ื›ืœ,
15:13
but for a life jacket.
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ื—ืœื™ืคืช ื”ืฆืœื”.
15:16
Thank you so much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืงืจื‘ ืœื‘.
15:18
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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