Turning trash into toys for learning | Arvind Gupta

507,954 views ・ 2011-05-02

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Prevoditelj: Tilen Pigac - EFZG Recezent: Katarina Smetko
00:15
My name is Arvind Gupta, and I'm a toymaker.
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Moje ime je Arvind Gupta i bavim se izrađivanjem igračaka.
00:18
I've been making toys for the last 30 years.
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Izrađujem igračke posljednjih 30 godina.
00:21
The early '70s, I was in college.
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Početkom 70-ih godina bio sam na fakultetu.
00:23
It was a very revolutionary time.
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Bilo je to vrlo revolucionarno doba.
00:25
It was a political ferment, so to say --
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Bilo je to političko vrenje, tako reći --
00:28
students out in the streets of Paris,
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studenti na ulicama Pariza
00:30
revolting against authority.
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bunili su se protiv autoriteta.
00:32
America was jolted
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Amerika je bila potresena
00:34
by the anti-Vietnam movement, the Civil Rights movement.
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antivijetnamskim pokretom, pokretom za građanska prava.
00:37
In India, we had the Naxalite movement,
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U Indiji smo imali pokret Naxalita,
00:40
the [unclear] movement.
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[nejasno] pokret.
00:42
But you know, when there is a political churning of society,
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Ali znate, kada je u društvu prisutan politički nemir,
00:44
it unleashes a lot of energy.
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oslobađa se mnogo energije.
00:47
The National Movement of India
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Indijski nacionalni pokret
00:49
was testimony to that.
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bio je svjedok toga.
00:51
Lots of people resigned from well-paid jobs
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Mnogo je ljudi dalo ostavke na dobro plaćenim poslovima
00:55
and jumped into the National Movement.
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i prešlo u Nacionalni pokret.
00:57
Now in the early '70s,
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U ranim 70-ima,
00:59
one of the great programs in India
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jedan od velikih programa u Indiji
01:01
was to revitalize
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bio je revitalizacija
01:03
primary science in village schools.
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primarne znanosti u seoskim školama.
01:05
There was a person, Anil Sadgopal, did a Ph.D. from Caltech
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Postojala je jedna osoba, Anil Sadgopal, koji je imao doktorat s Caltecha
01:08
and returned back as a molecular biologist
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i vratio se kao molekularni biolog
01:10
in India's cutting-edge research institute, the TIFR.
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na najsuvremeniji indijski istraživački institut, TIFR.
01:13
At 31, he was not able
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S 31 godinom, on nije mogao
01:15
to relate the kind of [unclear] research,
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povezati vrstu [nejasno] istraživanja,
01:17
which he was doing with the lives of the ordinary people.
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koje je provodio, sa životima običnih ljudi.
01:20
So he designed and went and started a village science program.
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Stoga je osmislio i započeo seoski znanstveni program.
01:23
Many people were inspired by this.
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Mnogo je ljudi bilo inspirirano time.
01:25
The slogan of the early '70s
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Slogan ranih 70-ih
01:27
was "Go to the people.
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bio je "Idite k ljudima.
01:29
Live with them; love them.
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Živite s njima, volite ih.
01:31
Start from what they know. Build on what they have."
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Počnite od onoga što znaju. Gradite na onome što imaju".
01:34
This was kind of the defining slogan.
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Taj me slogan na neki način odredio.
01:36
Well I took one year.
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Stoga sam uzeo jednu godinu.
01:38
I joined Telco, made TATA trucks, pretty close to Pune.
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Pridružio sam se Telcu, izrađivao kamione TATA, u blizini grada Pune.
01:41
I worked there for two years,
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Ondje sam radio dvije godine
01:43
and I realized that I was not born to make trucks.
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i shvatio sam da nisam rođen da izrađujem kamione.
01:46
Often one doesn't know what one wants to do,
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Često osoba ne zna što želi raditi,
01:48
but it's good enough to know what you don't want to do.
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ali dovoljno je dobro znati što ne želite raditi.
01:50
So I took one year off, and I went to this village science program.
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Stoga sam uzeo jednu godinu pauze, i otišao sam se uključiti u taj seoski znanstveni program.
01:53
And it was a turning point.
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I to je bila točka preokreta.
01:55
It was a very small village --
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Bilo je to vrlo maleno selo --
01:57
a weekly bazaar
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tjedna tržnica
01:59
where people, just once in a week, they put in all the vats.
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gdje ljudi, samo jednom tjedno, ulože sav svoj trud.
02:02
So I said, "I'm going to spend a year over here."
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Stoga sam rekao, "Provest ću godinu dana ovdje".
02:04
So I just bought one specimen
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Kupio sam samo po jedan primjerak
02:06
of everything which was sold on the roadside.
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svega što se prodavalo uz cestu.
02:08
And one thing which I found
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I jedna od stvari koje sam pronašao
02:10
was this black rubber.
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bila je ova crna guma.
02:12
This is called a cycle valve tube.
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To se zove unutarnja guma za bicikl s ventilom.
02:14
When you pump in air in a bicycle, you use a bit of this.
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Kad pumpate zrak u bicikl, koristite dio ovoga.
02:17
And some of these models --
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A neki od tih modela --
02:19
so you take a bit of this cycle valve tube,
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dakle, uzmete dio te unutarnje gume za bicikl s ventilom,
02:21
you can put two matchsticks inside this, and you make a flexible joint.
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možete staviti dvije šibice unutra, i napravite fleksibilan spoj.
02:24
It's a joint of tubes. You start by teaching angles --
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To je spoj unutarnjih guma. Počnete s poučavanjem kutova --
02:27
an acute angle, a right angle, an obtuse angle, a straight angle.
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šiljasti kut, pravi kut, tupi kut, ravni kut.
02:29
It's like its own little coupling.
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To je poput malog uparivanja.
02:31
If you have three of them, and you loop them together,
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Ako ih imate tri i povežete ih petljama,
02:33
well you make a triangle.
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dobijete trokut.
02:35
With four, you make a square,
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S četiri, napravite kvadrat,
02:37
you make a pentagon, you make a hexagon,
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napravite peterokut, napravite šesterokut,
02:39
you make all these kind of polygons.
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napravite sve te vrste mnogokuta.
02:41
And they have some wonderful properties.
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A oni imaju neke prekrasne značajke.
02:43
If you look at the hexagon, for instance,
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Ako pogledate šesterokut, na primjer,
02:45
it's like an amoeba, which is constantly changing its own profile.
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on je poput amebe, koja neprestano mijenja svoj profil.
02:48
You can just pull this out, this becomes a rectangle.
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Možete samo izvući ovo van i pretvara se u pravokutnik.
02:50
You give it a push, this becomes a parallelogram.
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Pogurnete ga i postaje paralelogram.
02:52
But this is very shaky.
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Ali to je vrlo klimavo.
02:54
Look at the pentagon, for instance,
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Pogledajte peterokut, na primjer.
02:56
pull this out -- it becomes a boat shape trapezium.
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Izvucite ovo van -- postaje trapez u obliku broda.
02:58
Push it and it becomes house shaped.
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Pogurnite ga i postaje u obliku kuće.
03:00
This becomes an isosceles triangle --
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Ovo postaje jednakokračni trokut --
03:02
again, very shaky.
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ponovno, veoma klimavo.
03:04
This square might look very square and prim.
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Ovaj kvadrat možda izgleda vrlo kvadratno i ukočeno.
03:06
Give it a little push -- this becomes a rhombus.
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Malo ga pogurnite -- postaje romb.
03:08
It becomes kite-shaped.
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Poprima oblik zmaja.
03:10
But give a child a triangle,
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Ali ako date djetetu trokut,
03:12
he can't do a thing to it.
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ono mu ne može ništa učiniti.
03:14
Why use triangles?
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Zašto koristiti trokute?
03:16
Because triangles are the only rigid structures.
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Jer su trokuti jedine čvrste strukture.
03:18
We can't make a bridge with squares
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Ne možemo napraviti most od kvadrata,
03:20
because the train would come, it would start doing a jig.
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jer kad bi došao vlak, počeo bi cupkati.
03:23
Ordinary people know about this
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Obični ljudi to znaju,
03:25
because if you go to a village in India,
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jer ako odete u neko selo u Indiji,
03:27
they might not have gone to engineering college,
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oni možda nisu pohađali inžinjerski fakultet,
03:29
but no one makes a roof placed like this.
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ali nitko ne polaže krov ovako.
03:31
Because if they put tiles on top, it's just going to crash.
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Jer kad bi stavili crijep na vrh, samo bi se urušio.
03:34
They always make a triangular roof.
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Uvijek prave krov u obliku trokuta.
03:36
Now this is people science.
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E to je znanost ljudi.
03:38
And if you were to just poke a hole over here
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A kad biste samo napravili rupu ovdje
03:40
and put a third matchstick,
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i stavili treću šibicu,
03:42
you'll get a T joint.
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dobili biste T-spoj.
03:44
And if I were to poke all the three legs of this
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A kad bih umetnuo sve tri noge ovoga
03:46
in the three vertices of this triangle,
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u tri vrha ovog trokuta,
03:48
I would make a tetrahedron.
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napravio bih tetraedar.
03:50
So you make all these 3D shapes.
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Dakle, pravite sve te 3D oblike.
03:52
You make a tetrahedron like this.
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Napravite tetraedar ovako.
03:55
And once you make these,
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A jednom kad to napravite,
03:59
you make a little house.
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napravite malu kuću.
04:03
Put this on top.
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Stavite ovo na vrh.
04:05
You can make a joint of four. You can make a joint of six.
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Možete napraviti spoj iz njih četiri. Možete napraviti spoj iz njih šest.
04:07
You just need a ton.
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Samo trebate imati stila.
04:10
Now this was -- you make a joint of six,
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Ovo je bilo -- napravite spoj iz njih šest,
04:12
you make an icosahedron.
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napravili ste ikosaedar.
04:14
You can play around with it.
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Možete se igrati njime.
04:16
This makes an igloo.
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Iz ovoga će nastati iglu.
04:18
Now this is in 1978.
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To je bilo 1978.godine.
04:20
I was a 24-year-old young engineer.
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Bio sam 24-godišnji mladi inženjer.
04:23
And I thought this was so much better than making trucks.
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I mislio sam kako je to mnogo bolje nego izrađivanje kamiona.
04:27
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
04:32
If you, as a matter of fact, put four marbles inside,
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Ako, zapravo, stavite četiri pikule unutra,
04:35
you simulate the molecular structure of methane, CH4.
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simulirate molekularnu strukturu metana, CH4.
04:38
Four atoms of hydrogen, the four points of the tetrahedron,
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Četiri atoma ugljika, četiri vrha tetraedra,
04:40
which means the little carbon atom.
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što znači maleni atom ugljika.
04:42
Well since then,
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Dakle, od tada,
04:44
I just thought that I've been really privileged
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mislio sam kako sam doista privilegiran
04:47
to go to over 2,000 schools in my country --
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što sam obišao 2.000 škola u svojoj zemlji --
04:51
village schools, government schools,
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seoskih škola, državnih škola,
04:53
municipal schools, Ivy League schools --
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općinskih škola, elitnih škola --
04:55
I've been invited by most of them.
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većina njih me pozvala.
04:57
And every time I go to a school,
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Svaki put kad idem u školu,
04:59
I see a gleam in the eyes of the children.
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vidim sjaj u dječjim očima.
05:01
I see hope. I see happiness in their faces.
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Vidim nadu. Vidim sreću na njihovim licima.
05:04
Children want to make things. Children want to do things.
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Djeca žele izrađivati stvari. Djeca žele raditi stvari.
05:07
Now this, we make lots and lots of pumps.
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Ovo -- mi izrađujemo mnogo, mnogo pumpi.
05:10
Now this is a little pump
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Ovo je mala pumpa
05:12
with which you could inflate a balloon.
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kojom možete napuhati balon.
05:14
It's a real pump. You could actually pop the balloon.
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To je prava pumpa. Možete i probušiti balon.
05:17
And we have a slogan
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I imamo slogan
05:19
that the best thing a child can do with a toy is to break it.
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da je najbolja stvar koju dijete može napraviti s igračkom to da je slomi.
05:22
So all you do is --
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Dakle, sve što radite je --
05:24
it's a very kind of provocative statement --
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ovo je u neku ruku vrlo provokativna izjave --
05:26
this old bicycle tube and this old plastic [unclear]
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ova stara unutarnja guma bicikla i ovaj stari plastični [nejasno]
05:28
This filling cap will go very snugly into an old bicycle tube.
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Ova kapica za punjenje ući će vrlo lako u staru unutarnju gumu bicikla.
05:31
And this is how you make a valve.
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I tako izradite ventil.
05:33
You put a little sticky tape.
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Stavite malo ljepljive trake.
05:37
This is one-way traffic.
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Ovo je jednosmjeran promet.
05:41
Well we make lots and lots of pumps.
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Dakle, mi izrađujemo mnogo, mnogo pumpi.
05:43
And this is the other one --
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A ovo je još jedna --
05:45
that you just take a straw, and you just put a stick inside
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samo uzmete cvječicu, i samo stavite štapić unutra,
05:47
and you make two half-cuts.
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napravite dva poluproreza.
05:49
Now this is what you do,
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Dakle, evo što radite,
05:51
is you bend both these legs into a triangle,
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savijete obje noge u trokut,
05:53
and you just wrap some tape around.
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i samo omotate traku okolo.
05:55
And this is the pump.
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I to je pumpa.
05:57
And now, if you have this pump,
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I sada, ako imate ovu pumpu,
06:00
it's like a great, great sprinkler.
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ona je odlična prskalica.
06:03
It's like a centrifuge.
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Radi poput centrifuge.
06:05
If you spin something, it tends to fly out.
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Ukoliko nešto zavrtite, vjerojatno će odletjeti.
06:08
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
06:10
Well in terms of -- if you were in Andhra Pradesh,
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Govoreći o -- kad biste bili u pokrajini Andhra Pradesh,
06:12
you would make this with the palmyra leaf.
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izrađivali biste ovo od lista indijske palme.
06:14
Many of our folk toys
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Mnoge naše narodne igračke
06:16
have great science principles.
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temelje se na znanstvenim principima.
06:18
If you spin-top something, it tends to fly out.
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Ako nešto zavrtite, ono će odletjeti.
06:20
If I do it with both hands, you can see this fun Mr. Flying Man.
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Ako to napravim s obje ruke, možete vidjeti zabavnog Letećeg Gospodina.
06:25
Right.
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Tako.
06:29
This is a toy which is made from paper. It's amazing.
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Ovo je igračka izrađena od papira. To je nevjerojatno.
06:32
There are four pictures.
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Imamo četiri slike.
06:34
You see insects,
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Vidite kukce,
06:36
you see frogs, snakes, eagles, butterflies,
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vidite žabe, zmije, orlove, leptire,
06:38
frogs, snakes, eagles.
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žabe, zmije, orlove.
06:40
Here's a paper which you could [unclear] --
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Ovdje je papir koji možete [nejasno] --
06:42
designed by a mathematician at Harvard in 1928,
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kojeg je dizajnirao matematičar s Harvarda 1928. godine,
06:44
Arthur Stone,
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Arthur Stone,
06:46
documented by Martin Gardner in many of his many books.
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koji je dokumentirao Martin Gardner u mnogim svojim knjigama.
06:49
But this is great fun for children.
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Ali ovo je djeci vrlo zabavno.
06:51
They all study about the food chain.
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Oni svi uče o prehrambenom lancu.
06:53
The insects are eaten by the frogs; the frogs are eaten by the snakes;
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Žabe pojedu insekte; zmije pojedu žabe;
06:55
the snakes are eaten by the eagles.
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orlovi pojedu zmije.
06:57
And this can be, if you had a whole photocopy paper --
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A to može biti, kad biste imali cijeli fotokopirni papir,
06:59
A4 size paper --
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papir veličine A4 --
07:01
you could be in a municipal school, you could be in a government school --
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možete biti u općinskoj školi, možete biti u državnoj školi --
07:04
a paper, a scale and a pencil -- no glue, no scissors.
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papir, mjerilo i olovka, bez ljepila, bez škara.
07:07
In three minutes, you just fold this up.
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U tri minute, samo presavinete ovo.
07:10
And what you could use it for is just limited by your imagination.
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A ono za što to možete koristiti ograničeno je samo vašom maštom.
07:13
If you take a smaller paper, you make a smaller flexagon.
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Ako uzmete manji papir, napravit ćete manji fleksagon.
07:16
With a bigger one, you make a bigger one.
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S većim, napravit ćete veći.
07:21
Now this is a pencil with a few slots over here.
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Ovo je olovka, s nekoliko utora ovdje.
07:23
And you put a little fan here.
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I stavite mali ventilator ovdje.
07:25
And this is a hundred-year-old toy.
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Ovo je stotinu godina stara igračka.
07:27
There have been six major research papers on this.
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Napravljeno je šest velikih istraživanja na ovu temu.
07:30
There's some grooves over here, you can see.
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Ovdje ima nekoliko udubljenja, vidite.
07:32
And if I take a reed -- if I rub this,
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I ako uzmem trsku -- ako trljam ovo,
07:34
something very amazing happens.
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dogodi se nešto nevjerojatno.
07:36
Six major research papers on this.
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Šest velikih istraživanja o ovome.
07:38
As a matter of fact, Feynman, as a child, was very fascinated by this.
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Zapravo, Feynman je kao dijete bio vrlo fasciniran ovime.
07:40
He wrote a paper on this.
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Napisao je rad o tome.
07:42
And you don't need the three billion-dollar Hadron Collider
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Nije vam potreban tri milijarde dolara vrijedan hadronski sudarač
07:44
for doing this. (Laughter) (Applause)
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da biste napravili ovo.
07:46
This is there for every child,
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Ovo je dostupno svakom djetetu,
07:48
and every child can enjoy this.
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i svako dijete može uživati u tome.
07:50
If you want to put a colored disk,
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Ako želite staviti obojeni disk,
07:53
well all these seven colors coalesce.
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svih se ovih sedam boja sjedinjuje.
07:55
And this is what Newton talked about 400 years back,
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I o tome je Newton govorio prije 400 godina,
07:58
that white light's made of seven colors,
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kako je bijela svjetlost sastavljena od sedam boja,
08:00
just by spinning this around.
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samo vrteći ovo u krug.
08:02
This is a straw.
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Ovo je cjevčica.
08:05
What we've done, we've just sealed both the ends with tape,
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Što smo napraviti, samo smo zatvorili oba kraja trakom,
08:08
nipped the right corner and the bottom left corner,
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prirezali desni kut i donji lijevi kut,
08:10
so there's holes in the opposite corners, there's a little hole over here.
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tako da su rupe u suprotnim kutovima, ovdje je mala rupa.
08:13
This is a kind of a blowing straw.
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Ovo je neka vrsta cjevčice za puhanje.
08:15
I just put this inside this.
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Samo stavim ovo unutar ovoga.
08:17
There's a hole here, and I shut this.
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Ovdje je rupa i zatvorim ovo.
08:25
And this costs very little money to make --
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A to izrada ovoga vrlo je jeftina --
08:27
great fun for children to do.
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velika zabava za djecu.
08:29
What we do
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Ono što radimo
08:31
is make a very simple electric motor.
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jest da napravimo vrlo jednostavan elektromotor.
08:33
Now this is the simplest motor on Earth.
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Dakle, ovo je najjednostavniji motor na svijetu
08:37
The most expensive thing is the battery inside this.
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Najskuplja stvar je baterija koja se nalazi unutar njega.
08:40
If you have a battery, it costs five cents to make it.
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Ako imate bateriju, njegova izrada stoji pet centa.
08:43
This is an old bicycle tube,
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Ovo je stara unutarnja guma bicikla,
08:45
which gives you a broad rubber band, two safety pins.
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od koje smo dobili gumenu traku, dvije zaštitne igle.
08:47
This is a permanent magnet.
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Ovo je trajni magnet.
08:49
Whenever current flows through the coil, this becomes an electromagnet.
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Kad god struja teče kroz zavojnicu, ovo postaje elektromagnet.
08:52
It's the interaction of both these magnets
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Interakcija ovih dvaju magneta
08:54
which makes this motor spin.
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okreće ovaj motor.
08:56
We made 30,000.
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Napravili smo ih 30.000.
08:58
Teachers who have been teaching science for donkey years,
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Učitelji koji godinama podučavaju prirodne znanosti,
09:01
they just muck up the definition and they spit it out.
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oni samo upropaste definiciju i izbrbljaju je na brzinu.
09:04
When teachers make it, children make it.
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Kada učitelji izrađuju, djeca izrađuju.
09:06
You can see a gleam in their eye.
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Možete vidjeti sjaj u njihovim očima.
09:08
They get a thrill
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Uzbuđeni su
09:11
of what science is all about.
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onime što znanost stvarno jest.
09:13
And this science is not a rich man's game.
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A ova znanost nije igra za bogataše.
09:15
In a democratic country,
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U demokratskoj zemlji,
09:17
science must reach to our most oppressed,
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znanost mora doprijeti do najpotlačenije,
09:20
to the most marginalized children.
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najmarginaliziranije djece.
09:22
This program started with 16 schools
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Ovaj je program započeo sa 16 škola
09:25
and spread to 1,500 government schools.
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i proširio se na 1.500 državnih škola.
09:28
Over 100,000 children learn science this way.
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Više od 100.000 djece uči o znanosti na ovaj način.
09:32
And we're just trying to see possibilities.
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A samo pokušavamo primijetiti prilike.
09:34
Look, this is the tetrapak --
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Pogledajte, ovo je tetrapak --
09:36
awful materials from the point of view of the environment.
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grozni materijali, s ekološkog stajališta.
09:39
There are six layers -- three layers of plastic, aluminum --
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Ima šest slojeva -- tri sloja plastike, aluminija --
09:42
which are are sealed together.
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koji su povezani zajedno.
09:44
They are fused together, so you can't separate them.
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Spojeni su i zato ih ne možete rastaviti.
09:46
Now you can just make a little network like this
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Možete samo napraviti malu mrežu poput ove
09:48
and fold them and stick them together
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i savinuti ih i spojiti ih zajedno
09:50
and make an icosahedron.
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i napraviti ikosaedar.
09:52
So something which is trash,
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Dakle, nešto što je smeće,
09:54
which is choking all the seabirds,
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nešto što ubija sve morske ptice,
09:57
you could just recycle this into a very, very joyous --
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možete jednostavno reciklirati u vrlo, vrlo zabavan --
10:00
all the platonic solids can be made with things like this.
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sve platonske tvari u znanosti se mogu izraditi od stvari poput ovih.
10:03
This is a little straw,
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Ovo je mala cjevčica,
10:06
and what you do is you just nip two corners here,
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i ono što napravite jest da samo otkinete dva ugla ovdje,
10:10
and this becomes like a baby crocodile's mouth.
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i ovo postaje nalik na usta malog krokodila.
10:14
You put this in your mouth, and you blow.
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Stavite ovo u usta i pušete.
10:16
(Honk)
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(Truba)
10:18
It's children's delight, a teacher's envy, as they say.
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To djecu veseli, a učitelje čini zavidnima, kao što kažu.
10:22
You're not able to see how the sound is produced,
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Ne možete vidjeti kako se zvuk proizvodi,
10:24
because the thing which is vibrating goes inside my mouth.
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jer stvar koja vibrira ulazi u moja usta.
10:27
I'm going to keep this outside, to blow out. I'm going to suck in air.
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Držat ću ovo vani, da ispušem. Povući ću zrak.
10:30
(Honk)
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(Truba)
10:32
So no one actually needs to muck up the production of sound
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Dakle, nitko zapravo ne mora upropastiti proizvodnju zvuka
10:35
with wire vibrations.
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vibracijom žice.
10:37
The other is that you keep blowing at it,
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Druga osoba, odnosno vi, i dalje pušete,
10:39
keep making the sound,
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nastavljate proizvoditi zvuk,
10:41
and you keep cutting it.
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i ga režete.
10:43
And something very, very nice happens.
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I dogodi se nešto vrlo lijepo.
10:45
(Honk)
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(Truba)
10:57
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
11:00
And when you get a very small one --
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A kad ostane vrlo malen --
11:02
(Honk)
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(Truba)
11:05
This is what the kids teach you. You can also do this.
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To vas djeca uče. Možete isto tako učiniti i ovo.
11:08
Well before I go any further,
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Prije nego krenem dalje,
11:10
this is something worth sharing.
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ovo je nešto što vrijedi podijeliti.
11:12
This is a touching slate meant for blind children.
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Ovo je ploča za dodirivanje namijenjena slijepoj djeci.
11:14
This is strips of Velcro, this is my drawing slate,
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Ovo su čičak-trake, ovo je moja ploča za crtanje,
11:17
and this is my drawing pen,
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a ovo je moja olovka za crtanje,
11:19
which is basically a film box.
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koja je zapravo kutija za film.
11:21
It's basically like a fisherman's line,
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To je, u osnovi, poput ribičke uzice,
11:25
a fishing line.
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flaksa.
11:27
And this is wool over here.
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A ovo ovdje je vuna.
11:29
If I crank the handle, all the wool goes inside.
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Ako pogurnem ručicu, sva vuna ode unutra.
11:32
And what a blind child can do is to just draw this.
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A ono što slijepo dijete može učiniti jest da samo nacrta ovo.
11:36
Wool sticks on Velcro.
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Vuna se primi za čičak.
11:40
There are 12 million blind children in our country --
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U našoj zemlji ima 12 milijuna slijepe djece --
11:43
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
11:45
who live in a world of darkness.
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koja žive u svijetu tame.
11:47
And this has come as a great boon to them.
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A ovo je došlo kao velika blagodat za njih.
11:50
There's a factory out there making our children blind,
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Postoji tvornica koja osljepljuje našu djecu,
11:53
not able to provide them with food,
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jer im ne osigurava prehranu,
11:55
not able to provide them with vitamin A.
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ne osigurava im vitamin A.
11:57
But this has come as a great boon for them.
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Ali ovo je došlo kao velika blagodat za njih.
11:59
There are no patents. Anyone can make it.
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Nema patenata. Svatko to može izraditi.
12:03
This is very, very simple.
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To je vrlo, vrlo jednostavno.
12:05
You can see, this is the generator. It's a crank generator.
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Vidjite, ovo je generator. To je generator s ručicom.
12:08
These are two magnets.
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Ovo su dva magneta.
12:10
This is a large pulley made by sandwiching rubber between two old CDs.
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Ovo je veliki kolotur napravljen od gume smještene između dva stara CD-a.
12:13
Small pulley and two strong magnets.
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Mali kolotur i dva snažna magneta.
12:15
And this fiber turns a wire attached to an LED.
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A ovo vlakno pokreće žicu koja je pričvršćena na LED.
12:18
If I spin this pulley, the small one's going to spin much faster.
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Ako zavrtim ovaj kolotur, manji će se vrtjeti mnogo brže.
12:20
There will be a spinning magnetic field.
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Nastat će rotirajuće magnetsko polje.
12:22
Lines, of course, would be cut, the force will be generated.
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Žice će, naravno, biti prerezane, snaga će se generirati.
12:25
And you can see, this LED is going to glow.
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I vidite, ova LED-ica će svijetliti.
12:27
So this is a small crank generator.
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Dakle, to je maleni generator s ručicom.
12:31
Well, this is, again,
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Dakle, ovo je, ponovno,
12:34
it's just a ring, a steel ring with steel nuts.
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to je samo prsten, čelični prsten s čeličnim vijcima.
12:37
And what you can do
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A ono što možete učiniti
12:39
is just, if you give it a twirl,
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jednostavno je, ako ga brzo okrećete,
12:42
well they just keep going on.
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oni se samo kreću.
12:48
And imagine a bunch of kids
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I zamislite hrpu djece
12:50
standing in a circle
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koja stoje u krugu
12:52
and just waiting for the steel ring to be passed on.
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i samo čekaju da se čelični prsten prenosi od jednog do drugog.
12:54
And they'd be absolutely joyous playing with this.
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Igranje s ovime zaista bi ih veselilo.
12:59
Well in the end, what we can also do:
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Na kraju, što još možemo napraviti,
13:01
we use a lot of old newspapers
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koristimo mnogo starih novina
13:04
to make caps.
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za izradu kapa.
13:06
This is worthy of Sachin Tendulkar.
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Ovo je dostojno Sachina Tendulkara.
13:08
It's a great cricket cap. (Laughter) (Applause)
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Ovo je odlična kapa za kriket.
13:11
When first you see Nehru and Gandhi,
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Kada vidite Nehrua i Gandhija,
13:13
this is the Nehru cap -- just half a newspaper.
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ovo je Nehruova kapa -- samo pola novina.
13:16
We make lots of toys with newspapers,
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Izrađujemo mnogo igračaka od novina,
13:18
and this is one of them.
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a ovo je jedna od njih.
13:20
And this is -- you can see --
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A ovo je -- vidite --
13:22
this is a flapping bird.
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ovo je ptica koja lamata krilima.
13:25
All of our old newspapers, we cut them into little squares.
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Sve naše stare novine režemo na male kvadrate.
13:28
And if you have one of these birds --
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A ako imate jednu od tih ptica --
13:30
children in Japan have been making this bird for many, many years.
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djeca u Japanu izrađuju ovu pticu mnogo, mnogo godina.
13:35
And you can see,
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I vidite,
13:37
this is a little fantail bird.
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ovo je mala ptica s repom u obliku lepeze.
13:41
Well in the end, I'll just end with a story.
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Dakle, na kraju, završit ću s jednom pričom.
13:44
This is called "The Captain's Hat Story."
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Zove se "Priča o kapetanovom šeširu".
13:46
The captain was a captain of a sea-going ship.
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Kapetan je bio kapetan pomorskog broda.
13:48
It goes very slowly.
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On se kreće vrlo sporo.
13:50
And there were lots of passengers on the ship,
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Na brodu je bilo vrlo mnogo putnika
13:52
and they were getting bored, so the captain invited them on the deck.
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i bilo im je dosadno, stoga ih je kapetan pozvao na palubu.
13:54
"Wear all your colorful clothes and sing and dance,
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"Odjenite svoju šarenu odjeću i pjevajte i plešite,
13:56
and I'll provide you with good food and drinks."
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a ja ću vas opskrbiti dobrom hranom i pićima."
13:58
And the captain would wear a cap everyday
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I kapetan bi nosio šešir svaki dan
14:00
and join in the regalia.
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i pridružio bi se otmjenim gostima.
14:02
The first day, it was a huge umbrella cap,
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Prvi je dan imao ogroman šešir-kišobran,
14:04
like a captain's cap.
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poput kapetanovog šešira.
14:06
That night, when the passengers would be sleeping,
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Te noći, kad su putnici zaspali,
14:09
he would give it one more fold,
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on bi ga još jednom presavinuo,
14:11
and the second day, he would be wearing a fireman's cap --
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i idućeg bi dana nosio vatrogasni šešir --
14:13
with a little shoot just like a designer cap,
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s malom izbočinom poput dizajnerskog šešira,
14:15
because it protects the spinal cord.
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jer štiti kralježnicu.
14:18
And the second night, he would take the same cap
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A druge noći, uzeo bi isti šešir
14:20
and give it another fold.
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i još jednom ga presavinuo.
14:22
And the third day, it would be a Shikari cap --
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I treći bi dan imao Shikari šešir --
14:24
just like an adventurer's cap.
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poput šešira koje nose pustolovi.
14:27
And the third night, he would give it two more folds --
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I treće bi ga noći presavinuo još dva puta --
14:30
and this is a very, very famous cap.
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a to je vrlo, vrlo poznat šešir,
14:32
If you've seen any of our Bollywood films,
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ako ste vidjeli bilo koji od naših Bollywoodskih filmova,
14:34
this is what the policeman wears,
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nose ga policajci,
14:36
it's called a zapalu cap.
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zove se Zapalu šešir.
14:38
It's been catapulted to international glory.
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Postao je slavan u cijelom svijetu.
14:41
And we must not forget that he was the captain of the ship.
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I ne smijemo zaboraviti da je on bio kapetan broda.
14:44
So that's a ship.
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Dakle, ovo je brod.
14:46
And now the end:
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A sada kraj.
14:48
everyone was enjoying the journey very much.
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Svima je putovanje bilo vrlo zabavno.
14:50
They were singing and dancing.
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Pjevali su i plesali.
14:52
Suddenly there was a storm and huge waves.
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Odjednom se pojavila oluja i veliki valovi.
14:55
And all the ship can do is to dance and pitch along with the waves.
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A brod može samo plesati i njihati se zajedno s valovima.
14:58
A huge wave comes and slaps the front
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Naiđe ogroman val i udari pramac
15:00
and knocks it down.
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i otkine ga.
15:02
And another one comes and slaps the aft and knocks it down.
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Zatim naiđe i drugi i udari u krmu i otkine je.
15:05
And there's a third one over here.
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A ovdje je i treći.
15:07
This swallows the bridge and knocks it down.
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On proguta most i obori ga.
15:09
And the ship sinks,
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I brod potone,
15:11
and the captain has lost everything,
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a kapetan je izgubio sve
15:13
but for a life jacket.
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osim prsluka za spašavanje.
15:16
Thank you so much.
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Puno vam hvala.
15:18
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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