Turning trash into toys for learning | Arvind Gupta

508,467 views ・ 2011-05-02

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譯者: Tingting Yang 審譯者: Shelley Krishna Tsang
00:15
My name is Arvind Gupta, and I'm a toymaker.
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我叫Arvind Gupta,我製作玩具
00:18
I've been making toys for the last 30 years.
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過去30年我一直在製作玩具
00:21
The early '70s, I was in college.
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70年代早期我還是大學生
00:23
It was a very revolutionary time.
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那是一個非常革命性的時期
00:25
It was a political ferment, so to say --
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是政治上的動亂
00:28
students out in the streets of Paris,
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巴黎的學生上街遊行
00:30
revolting against authority.
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向威權挑戰
00:32
America was jolted
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反越戰的運動以及人權運動
00:34
by the anti-Vietnam movement, the Civil Rights movement.
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讓美國處於躁動的階段
00:37
In India, we had the Naxalite movement,
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在印度,我們有納薩爾派的運動
00:40
the [unclear] movement.
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和其他的運動
00:42
But you know, when there is a political churning of society,
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但你知道當社會上有政治的擾動時
00:44
it unleashes a lot of energy.
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就會宣洩出許多能量
00:47
The National Movement of India
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印度的國民運動
00:49
was testimony to that.
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就是明顯的見證
00:51
Lots of people resigned from well-paid jobs
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許多人辭掉自己高薪的工作
00:55
and jumped into the National Movement.
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投身到了國民運動中去了
00:57
Now in the early '70s,
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在70年代初期
00:59
one of the great programs in India
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印度最重要的計畫之一
01:01
was to revitalize
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就是復興
01:03
primary science in village schools.
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鄉鎮學校的基礎科學
01:05
There was a person, Anil Sadgopal, did a Ph.D. from Caltech
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有一個叫做Gopal的人,他在加州理工學院拿到博士
01:08
and returned back as a molecular biologist
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回來後成為分子生物學家
01:10
in India's cutting-edge research institute, the TIFR.
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在TIFR,印度最重要的研究中心工作
01:13
At 31, he was not able
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在31歲時,他沒有辦法
01:15
to relate the kind of [unclear] research,
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把自己正在進行的研究
01:17
which he was doing with the lives of the ordinary people.
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應用到人民的日常生活
01:20
So he designed and went and started a village science program.
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所以他企劃了一個鄉鎮科學計畫,並開始實行
01:23
Many people were inspired by this.
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許多人都被這個想法所激發
01:25
The slogan of the early '70s
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70年代初期的口號
01:27
was "Go to the people.
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是「走向人民」
01:29
Live with them; love them.
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「與他們一起生活,愛他們」
01:31
Start from what they know. Build on what they have."
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「從人民知道的著手,從他們已擁有開始建設」
01:34
This was kind of the defining slogan.
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這是很代表性的口號
01:36
Well I took one year.
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我花了一年的時間
01:38
I joined Telco, made TATA trucks, pretty close to Pune.
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我進入Telco工作,在哪裡生產TATA卡車,就在Pune附近
01:41
I worked there for two years,
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我在那裡工作了兩年
01:43
and I realized that I was not born to make trucks.
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然後我發現自己不適合去做卡車
01:46
Often one doesn't know what one wants to do,
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人常常不知道自己想要做什麼
01:48
but it's good enough to know what you don't want to do.
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但是知道自己不想做什麼也夠好的了
01:50
So I took one year off, and I went to this village science program.
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所以我請了一年假,去參加這個鄉鎮科學計畫
01:53
And it was a turning point.
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這成為一個轉捩點
01:55
It was a very small village --
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那是一個小村落
01:57
a weekly bazaar
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每星期有一次市集
01:59
where people, just once in a week, they put in all the vats.
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村民在這一星期一次的市集會把東西拿出來都裝在桶里
02:02
So I said, "I'm going to spend a year over here."
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我告訴自己:「你將要在這裡過一年了」
02:04
So I just bought one specimen
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我在市集裡每一個路邊攤
02:06
of everything which was sold on the roadside.
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都買了一個東西做樣本
02:08
And one thing which I found
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其中一個我找到的
02:10
was this black rubber.
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是一條黑色的橡皮圈
02:12
This is called a cycle valve tube.
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這個叫做氣門嘴
02:14
When you pump in air in a bicycle, you use a bit of this.
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當你要幫腳踏車充氣時會用到它
02:17
And some of these models --
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還有一些這些模型也會
02:19
so you take a bit of this cycle valve tube,
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現在你拿起一個氣門嘴
02:21
you can put two matchsticks inside this, and you make a flexible joint.
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你可以把兩根火柴放進去,就可以做出一個可動關節
02:24
It's a joint of tubes. You start by teaching angles --
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兩根管子的連結,你可以從教角度開始
02:27
an acute angle, a right angle, an obtuse angle, a straight angle.
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銳角,直角,鈍角,平角
02:29
It's like its own little coupling.
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像一個小小的耦合
02:31
If you have three of them, and you loop them together,
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如果你有三個,然後你把它們連起來
02:33
well you make a triangle.
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把它作成一個三角形
02:35
With four, you make a square,
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有四個,你可以作個正方形
02:37
you make a pentagon, you make a hexagon,
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做個五角型,做個六角形
02:39
you make all these kind of polygons.
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你可以做出所有這些多邊形
02:41
And they have some wonderful properties.
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然後他們有一些奇妙的特質
02:43
If you look at the hexagon, for instance,
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比如說你看著一個六角形
02:45
it's like an amoeba, which is constantly changing its own profile.
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它就像是一隻阿米巴,可以不停的改變外貌
02:48
You can just pull this out, this becomes a rectangle.
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把這個拔下來,它就變成矩形
02:50
You give it a push, this becomes a parallelogram.
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稍稍拉開,便成了平行四邊形
02:52
But this is very shaky.
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但這總是可活動的
02:54
Look at the pentagon, for instance,
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比如說這個五邊形
02:56
pull this out -- it becomes a boat shape trapezium.
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把這個拔起,就變成像船一樣的梯形
02:58
Push it and it becomes house shaped.
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推一下就成了房子的型狀
03:00
This becomes an isosceles triangle --
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這樣就變成等腰三角形
03:02
again, very shaky.
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再次展現它有多靈巧
03:04
This square might look very square and prim.
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這個正方形看起來非常整齊方正
03:06
Give it a little push -- this becomes a rhombus.
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稍微推弄一下,它變成了菱形
03:08
It becomes kite-shaped.
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像風箏的形狀
03:10
But give a child a triangle,
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但僅給小孩一個三角形
03:12
he can't do a thing to it.
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他玩不出什麼變化
03:14
Why use triangles?
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為什麼我們用三角形
03:16
Because triangles are the only rigid structures.
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因為三角形是唯一堅固的結構
03:18
We can't make a bridge with squares
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我們不能用正方形來造橋
03:20
because the train would come, it would start doing a jig.
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因為當火車經過時這種橋會劇烈搖晃
03:23
Ordinary people know about this
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這是一般人的常識
03:25
because if you go to a village in India,
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因為你只要到印度任一村莊瞧瞧
03:27
they might not have gone to engineering college,
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他們也許沒有主修工程的大學文憑
03:29
but no one makes a roof placed like this.
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但沒有人會把屋頂蓋成這樣
03:31
Because if they put tiles on top, it's just going to crash.
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因為這種屋頂一放上瓦片就會垮掉
03:34
They always make a triangular roof.
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他們蓋的一定是三角形的屋頂
03:36
Now this is people science.
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所以這是常民知識
03:38
And if you were to just poke a hole over here
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然後如果你在這裡戳一個洞
03:40
and put a third matchstick,
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接著放進第三根火柴
03:42
you'll get a T joint.
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你就有一個T型接頭
03:44
And if I were to poke all the three legs of this
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如果我在這個三角形的三個頂點上
03:46
in the three vertices of this triangle,
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戳進去這個T形連接的三條邊
03:48
I would make a tetrahedron.
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我能做出一個四面體
03:50
So you make all these 3D shapes.
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你可以做出這些3D多面體
03:52
You make a tetrahedron like this.
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做出一個像這樣的四面體
03:55
And once you make these,
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當你做完這些
03:59
you make a little house.
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你就能做出來個房子。
04:03
Put this on top.
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把這個放在上面,
04:05
You can make a joint of four. You can make a joint of six.
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你就能連成四個,連成六個。
04:07
You just need a ton.
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你只需要很多這些(小零件)
04:10
Now this was -- you make a joint of six,
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你看這個-這是做成的六個連在一起的
04:12
you make an icosahedron.
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你能做出一個二十面體
04:14
You can play around with it.
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你可以隨意把玩這個小東西
04:16
This makes an igloo.
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作個雪屋
04:18
Now this is in 1978.
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1978年
04:20
I was a 24-year-old young engineer.
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我當時是二十四歲的年輕工程師
04:23
And I thought this was so much better than making trucks.
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然後我想,這比製造卡車棒多了
04:27
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
04:32
If you, as a matter of fact, put four marbles inside,
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事實上,如果你放四顆玻璃彈球在裏面
04:35
you simulate the molecular structure of methane, CH4.
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這樣你就能造出甲烷(CH4)的分子結構
04:38
Four atoms of hydrogen, the four points of the tetrahedron,
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是氫的四個原子,四面體的四個點,
04:40
which means the little carbon atom.
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就是碳原子
04:42
Well since then,
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從那時起
04:44
I just thought that I've been really privileged
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我覺得我萬分有幸
04:47
to go to over 2,000 schools in my country --
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能夠去我們國家的兩千所學校
04:51
village schools, government schools,
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鄉村學校,國立學校
04:53
municipal schools, Ivy League schools --
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市立學校,常春藤聯盟學校
04:55
I've been invited by most of them.
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我被很多所學校邀請
04:57
And every time I go to a school,
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每當我去一所學校
04:59
I see a gleam in the eyes of the children.
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看到孩子們眼中閃著光
05:01
I see hope. I see happiness in their faces.
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我能看到希望。我能在他們臉上看到快樂。
05:04
Children want to make things. Children want to do things.
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孩子們想要製作東西。孩子們想要動手去做。
05:07
Now this, we make lots and lots of pumps.
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瞧這兒,我們做了很多打氣筒。
05:10
Now this is a little pump
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這是一個小的氣筒
05:12
with which you could inflate a balloon.
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你能用它來給氣球充氣。
05:14
It's a real pump. You could actually pop the balloon.
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這可是個真正的打氣筒,你能把氣球給打爆了。
05:17
And we have a slogan
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我們有句話說:
05:19
that the best thing a child can do with a toy is to break it.
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一個孩子能對玩具做的最好的事情就是拆掉它
05:22
So all you do is --
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那我們就這麼做吧 --
05:24
it's a very kind of provocative statement --
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這聽上去多有挑戰性啊
05:26
this old bicycle tube and this old plastic [unclear]
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這個舊的自行車內胎和舊塑料管
05:28
This filling cap will go very snugly into an old bicycle tube.
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這個塑料管可以很容易地放進舊自行車內胎
05:31
And this is how you make a valve.
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這是怎樣做個閥門
05:33
You put a little sticky tape.
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你在這兒貼上膠帶
05:37
This is one-way traffic.
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這樣就是單向流通的了
05:41
Well we make lots and lots of pumps.
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我們做了很多很多的泵
05:43
And this is the other one --
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這是另外一個
05:45
that you just take a straw, and you just put a stick inside
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你拿跟吸管,放根小棍進去
05:47
and you make two half-cuts.
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切兩個口
05:49
Now this is what you do,
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現在你這樣
05:51
is you bend both these legs into a triangle,
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你把這腿彎成一個三角形
05:53
and you just wrap some tape around.
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然後纏上膠帶
05:55
And this is the pump.
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這就成了一個泵
05:57
And now, if you have this pump,
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那你有了這個泵
06:00
it's like a great, great sprinkler.
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就好像你有了個很棒的灑水器
06:03
It's like a centrifuge.
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好像離心機
06:05
If you spin something, it tends to fly out.
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如果你插在水裏面轉,水就會飛出來
06:08
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
06:10
Well in terms of -- if you were in Andhra Pradesh,
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那麼--如果你在安德拉普拉德士
06:12
you would make this with the palmyra leaf.
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你就能用棕櫚葉子做這個
06:14
Many of our folk toys
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很多我們的民間玩具
06:16
have great science principles.
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都包含很多科學原理
06:18
If you spin-top something, it tends to fly out.
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如果你旋轉東西,那它可能會飛起來
06:20
If I do it with both hands, you can see this fun Mr. Flying Man.
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如果我兩個手來搓,你就能看到這個有趣的飛人先生了。
06:25
Right.
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06:29
This is a toy which is made from paper. It's amazing.
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這是個紙做的玩具,讓人稱奇。
06:32
There are four pictures.
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有四個圖片
06:34
You see insects,
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你看有昆蟲
06:36
you see frogs, snakes, eagles, butterflies,
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有青蛙、蛇
06:38
frogs, snakes, eagles.
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青蛙、蛇、鷹
06:40
Here's a paper which you could [unclear] --
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這是張能讓你一起跳舞的紙
06:42
designed by a mathematician at Harvard in 1928,
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在1928年由一位哈佛的數學家設計
06:44
Arthur Stone,
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他名叫亞瑟斯棟
06:46
documented by Martin Gardner in many of his many books.
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這在馬丁嘉德勒的很多著作中記錄過
06:49
But this is great fun for children.
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但對小孩來說這太好玩了
06:51
They all study about the food chain.
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他們都學過食物鏈
06:53
The insects are eaten by the frogs; the frogs are eaten by the snakes;
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像是青蛙吃蟲子;蛇類吃青蛙
06:55
the snakes are eaten by the eagles.
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老鷹吃蛇類
06:57
And this can be, if you had a whole photocopy paper --
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然後就可以變成,如果你有一張紙
06:59
A4 size paper --
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A4大小的紙
07:01
you could be in a municipal school, you could be in a government school --
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不管你是在市立學校還是國立學校
07:04
a paper, a scale and a pencil -- no glue, no scissors.
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只要一張紙,一把尺子,一支鉛筆,不需要膠水不需要剪刀
07:07
In three minutes, you just fold this up.
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三分鐘,你就能夠折好
07:10
And what you could use it for is just limited by your imagination.
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然後你就能拿它做任何你想的到的應用
07:13
If you take a smaller paper, you make a smaller flexagon.
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如果你那拿張小點的紙,你就做個小點的翻紙
07:16
With a bigger one, you make a bigger one.
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大張一點的紙,你就能做的大一點
07:21
Now this is a pencil with a few slots over here.
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這裡有一支鉛筆,上面有些凹槽
07:23
And you put a little fan here.
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然後在這人安上一片扇葉
07:25
And this is a hundred-year-old toy.
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這是個有百年曆史的玩具
07:27
There have been six major research papers on this.
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已經有六篇著名的研究論文研究它
07:30
There's some grooves over here, you can see.
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這兒有些溝槽,你能看到
07:32
And if I take a reed -- if I rub this,
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如果我拿個簧片,然後我刮這個鉛筆
07:34
something very amazing happens.
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神奇的事情發生了
07:36
Six major research papers on this.
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六篇重要的研究論文就是探討它的
07:38
As a matter of fact, Feynman, as a child, was very fascinated by this.
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事實上,有個小孩子名叫費因曼很為之著迷
07:40
He wrote a paper on this.
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後來他寫了一篇關於它的論文
07:42
And you don't need the three billion-dollar Hadron Collider
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你不需要一台三十億美元的分子對撞機
07:44
for doing this. (Laughter) (Applause)
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就能做這些
07:46
This is there for every child,
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這樣的玩具每個孩子都能得到
07:48
and every child can enjoy this.
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每個孩子都會喜歡玩
07:50
If you want to put a colored disk,
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如果你拿一張彩色的磁盤
07:53
well all these seven colors coalesce.
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那麼這七種顏色合并
07:55
And this is what Newton talked about 400 years back,
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這就是牛頓在400年前提到的
07:58
that white light's made of seven colors,
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白光是由七色光組成
08:00
just by spinning this around.
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只需要轉動它就可以看到
08:02
This is a straw.
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這是一根吸管
08:05
What we've done, we've just sealed both the ends with tape,
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我們已經把這兩端用膠條封起來
08:08
nipped the right corner and the bottom left corner,
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在右下角和左上角剪個口子
08:10
so there's holes in the opposite corners, there's a little hole over here.
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所以在相對的兩邊都有一個口子,這裡有個口子
08:13
This is a kind of a blowing straw.
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這就成了根吹氣管
08:15
I just put this inside this.
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我把它放到這裡面
08:17
There's a hole here, and I shut this.
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這兒有個洞,我堵上它
08:25
And this costs very little money to make --
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製作這些基本上都不花錢
08:27
great fun for children to do.
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卻能給孩子們來帶很多樂趣
08:29
What we do
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現在我們
08:31
is make a very simple electric motor.
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做一個很簡單的發電機
08:33
Now this is the simplest motor on Earth.
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這是世界上最簡單的發電機了
08:37
The most expensive thing is the battery inside this.
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他最昂貴的部份就是裏面的這枚電池
08:40
If you have a battery, it costs five cents to make it.
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如果你有了一枚電池,那麼只要再花5分錢來製作它
08:43
This is an old bicycle tube,
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這是個用舊的自行車內胎
08:45
which gives you a broad rubber band, two safety pins.
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一個寬橡膠帶,兩枚別針
08:47
This is a permanent magnet.
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這是一塊永磁鐵
08:49
Whenever current flows through the coil, this becomes an electromagnet.
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當電流經過線圈,他就成了電磁鐵
08:52
It's the interaction of both these magnets
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正是這些磁力的相互作用
08:54
which makes this motor spin.
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使得這個電機轉起來
08:56
We made 30,000.
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我們做了3萬個
08:58
Teachers who have been teaching science for donkey years,
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那些教授科學多年的老師們
09:01
they just muck up the definition and they spit it out.
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他們把定義弄混然後生硬地講出來
09:04
When teachers make it, children make it.
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但是如果老師製作這個,孩子們也動手作
09:06
You can see a gleam in their eye.
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你能看到他們眼中閃爍的光芒
09:08
They get a thrill
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他們瞭解到科學究竟是什麽
09:11
of what science is all about.
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並為之感到興奮
09:13
And this science is not a rich man's game.
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這樣的科學不是富人的遊戲
09:15
In a democratic country,
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在一個民主的國度
09:17
science must reach to our most oppressed,
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科學應該覆蓋到哪怕是最底層的人們
09:20
to the most marginalized children.
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讓那些最邊緣化的孩子也能隨時掌握
09:22
This program started with 16 schools
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這個項目從最初的16所學校
09:25
and spread to 1,500 government schools.
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現在發展到1500所國立學校
09:28
Over 100,000 children learn science this way.
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超過十萬名兒童通過這樣的項目學習科學
09:32
And we're just trying to see possibilities.
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我們仍在嘗試新的發張可能
09:34
Look, this is the tetrapak --
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瞧,這是一個利樂包
09:36
awful materials from the point of view of the environment.
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從環保的角度來講這些都是不好的材料
09:39
There are six layers -- three layers of plastic, aluminum --
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這裡一共有六層 -- 三層塑料,鋁 --
09:42
which are are sealed together.
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都封在一起
09:44
They are fused together, so you can't separate them.
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這些層都是熔在一起的所以不能分開
09:46
Now you can just make a little network like this
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現在你可以把它們連在一起
09:48
and fold them and stick them together
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折叠並且粘在一起
09:50
and make an icosahedron.
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這樣就能做成一個二十面體
09:52
So something which is trash,
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所以這些本來是垃圾的東西
09:54
which is choking all the seabirds,
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這些噎住海鳥的廢物
09:57
you could just recycle this into a very, very joyous --
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你可以把它回收,變成非常好玩的玩具
10:00
all the platonic solids can be made with things like this.
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它可以做成任何的規範多面體
10:03
This is a little straw,
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這裡有根小吸管
10:06
and what you do is you just nip two corners here,
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你把在這兒剪兩個角
10:10
and this becomes like a baby crocodile's mouth.
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這就像個小鱷魚的嘴
10:14
You put this in your mouth, and you blow.
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把它放到嘴裡,然後往裡吹氣
10:16
(Honk)
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(吹出響聲)
10:18
It's children's delight, a teacher's envy, as they say.
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人麼說,這讓孩子們高興,老師們嫉妒
10:22
You're not able to see how the sound is produced,
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你不能看到聲音是怎麼產生的
10:24
because the thing which is vibrating goes inside my mouth.
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因為振動的部份在我嘴裏面
10:27
I'm going to keep this outside, to blow out. I'm going to suck in air.
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現在我把它放在外面,我往裡吸氣
10:30
(Honk)
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(發出聲音)
10:32
So no one actually needs to muck up the production of sound
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所以沒必要把聲音原理用晦澀難懂的
10:35
with wire vibrations.
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線性振動圖來表現出來
10:37
The other is that you keep blowing at it,
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另一種辦法是一直不停的吹氣
10:39
keep making the sound,
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不停的發出響聲
10:41
and you keep cutting it.
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然後不斷簡短吸管
10:43
And something very, very nice happens.
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那麼將會出現很美好的現象
10:45
(Honk)
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(發出響聲,越短聲音越高)
10:57
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
11:00
And when you get a very small one --
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那麼當你只剩很短的一段
11:02
(Honk)
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(嬰兒哭聲)
11:05
This is what the kids teach you. You can also do this.
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這就是孩子們教你的東西。你也能自己動手試試
11:08
Well before I go any further,
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在我講後面的故事之前
11:10
this is something worth sharing.
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這里有些值得跟大家分享的東西
11:12
This is a touching slate meant for blind children.
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這是一塊給盲童的觸摸板
11:14
This is strips of Velcro, this is my drawing slate,
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這上面是一條條的尼龍鉤扣條,這是我的畫板
11:17
and this is my drawing pen,
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這是我的畫筆
11:19
which is basically a film box.
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其實就是一個膠捲盒
11:21
It's basically like a fisherman's line,
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這就像是個漁夫的線
11:25
a fishing line.
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漁線
11:27
And this is wool over here.
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這是一捆毛線
11:29
If I crank the handle, all the wool goes inside.
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我轉動手柄,毛線就收進去了
11:32
And what a blind child can do is to just draw this.
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那麼一個盲童可以拿著這個畫畫
11:36
Wool sticks on Velcro.
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毛線會鉤在尼龍勾上
11:40
There are 12 million blind children in our country --
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我們國家有一千兩百萬盲童
11:43
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
11:45
who live in a world of darkness.
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他們生活在黑暗中
11:47
And this has come as a great boon to them.
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而這對他們來說是多麼大的恩惠
11:50
There's a factory out there making our children blind,
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也許有個工廠正讓我們的孩子們失明
11:53
not able to provide them with food,
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不能給他們提供食物
11:55
not able to provide them with vitamin A.
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不能給他們提供維他命A
11:57
But this has come as a great boon for them.
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但是這對他們來說卻意味著天大的福音
11:59
There are no patents. Anyone can make it.
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這個沒有任何專利,隨便什麽人都可以作出來
12:03
This is very, very simple.
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這非常非常的簡單
12:05
You can see, this is the generator. It's a crank generator.
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你瞧,這是個發電機,曲柄發電機
12:08
These are two magnets.
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這兒有兩個磁鐵
12:10
This is a large pulley made by sandwiching rubber between two old CDs.
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這個大滑輪由兩張舊CD夾著一片橡膠片組成
12:13
Small pulley and two strong magnets.
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小滑輪和兩個強性磁鐵
12:15
And this fiber turns a wire attached to an LED.
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這條導線連接著LED燈
12:18
If I spin this pulley, the small one's going to spin much faster.
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當我轉這個滑輪的時候,小滑輪轉動得更快
12:20
There will be a spinning magnetic field.
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就產生了一個旋轉的磁場
12:22
Lines, of course, would be cut, the force will be generated.
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磁場線被切割,那麼產生了力
12:25
And you can see, this LED is going to glow.
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現在你能看見,LED燈就能亮起來
12:27
So this is a small crank generator.
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這就是個小型的曲柄電機
12:31
Well, this is, again,
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那麼再來看這個
12:34
it's just a ring, a steel ring with steel nuts.
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這是一個圈,一個鋼圈還有些鋼螺母
12:37
And what you can do
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你能做的呢
12:39
is just, if you give it a twirl,
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就是彈轉它們
12:42
well they just keep going on.
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它們就會這麼轉下去
12:48
And imagine a bunch of kids
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現在想像一群孩子
12:50
standing in a circle
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站在一起圍成一個圈
12:52
and just waiting for the steel ring to be passed on.
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等著輪到自己來玩這個鋼圈
12:54
And they'd be absolutely joyous playing with this.
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他們將會玩得多麼開心
12:59
Well in the end, what we can also do:
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最後,我們還可以這樣做
13:01
we use a lot of old newspapers
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我們用很多廢報紙
13:04
to make caps.
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來做帽子
13:06
This is worthy of Sachin Tendulkar.
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這頂帽子對沙奇德盧卡(著名板球運動員)來說挺值錢
13:08
It's a great cricket cap. (Laughter) (Applause)
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這是頂了不起的板球帽
13:11
When first you see Nehru and Gandhi,
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但是如果你看到尼赫魯和甘地
13:13
this is the Nehru cap -- just half a newspaper.
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這是一頂尼赫魯帽 - 只要半張報紙
13:16
We make lots of toys with newspapers,
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我們用報紙可以做很多玩具
13:18
and this is one of them.
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這是其中之一
13:20
And this is -- you can see --
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而這個 - 你瞧
13:22
this is a flapping bird.
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這是一隻振翅的小鳥
13:25
All of our old newspapers, we cut them into little squares.
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我們的舊報紙,我們把它們裁成小方塊
13:28
And if you have one of these birds --
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如果你有這麼樣的一隻小鳥 --
13:30
children in Japan have been making this bird for many, many years.
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日本的孩子已經折這種小鳥很多年了
13:35
And you can see,
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13:37
this is a little fantail bird.
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這就是一隻小小的扇尾鳥
13:41
Well in the end, I'll just end with a story.
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最後,我來用一個故事來結束我的演講。
13:44
This is called "The Captain's Hat Story."
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這個故事名字叫做“船長的帽子”
13:46
The captain was a captain of a sea-going ship.
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船長是一位航海船的船長
13:48
It goes very slowly.
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船行得很慢
13:50
And there were lots of passengers on the ship,
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船上有很多的乘客
13:52
and they were getting bored, so the captain invited them on the deck.
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他們很無聊,所以船長邀請大家來到甲板上
13:54
"Wear all your colorful clothes and sing and dance,
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穿上你們多彩的衣服,盡情的唱歌跳舞吧
13:56
and I'll provide you with good food and drinks."
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我會為你們提供上好的食物和美酒
13:58
And the captain would wear a cap everyday
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船長每天都帶著一頂不同的帽子
14:00
and join in the regalia.
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加入盛裝的人們
14:02
The first day, it was a huge umbrella cap,
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第一天,他戴了一頂巨大的傘形帽
14:04
like a captain's cap.
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就像頂船長帽
14:06
That night, when the passengers would be sleeping,
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到了夜裡,當乘客們都睡著了
14:09
he would give it one more fold,
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他把帽子折了一道
14:11
and the second day, he would be wearing a fireman's cap --
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那麼第二天,他就戴了一頂消防帽
14:13
with a little shoot just like a designer cap,
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後面留了個尖角,像是頂設計師專門設計的帽子
14:15
because it protects the spinal cord.
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因為這尖角能保護脊柱
14:18
And the second night, he would take the same cap
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到了第二天夜裡,他拿出同樣一頂帽子
14:20
and give it another fold.
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然後又折了一道
14:22
And the third day, it would be a Shikari cap --
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第三天,這就成了獵裝帽
14:24
just like an adventurer's cap.
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像是個冒險家帽子
14:27
And the third night, he would give it two more folds --
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第三天晚上,他又折了兩道
14:30
and this is a very, very famous cap.
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這就成了一頂非常非常有名的帽子
14:32
If you've seen any of our Bollywood films,
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如果你曾經看過寶萊屋電影
14:34
this is what the policeman wears,
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這就是警察戴的
14:36
it's called a zapalu cap.
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這叫做zapalu帽子
14:38
It's been catapulted to international glory.
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這帽子已經蜚聲世界了
14:41
And we must not forget that he was the captain of the ship.
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我們別忘了他可是這艘船上的船長哦
14:44
So that's a ship.
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所以這是一艘船
14:46
And now the end:
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現在到了結局
14:48
everyone was enjoying the journey very much.
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每個人非常享受這次旅程
14:50
They were singing and dancing.
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大家唱啊跳啊
14:52
Suddenly there was a storm and huge waves.
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突然,刮起了狂風,掀起了巨浪
14:55
And all the ship can do is to dance and pitch along with the waves.
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船只能隨著巨浪上下顛簸
14:58
A huge wave comes and slaps the front
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一陣巨浪打來,砸在船頭
15:00
and knocks it down.
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把船頭打了下來
15:02
And another one comes and slaps the aft and knocks it down.
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又這個大浪吧船尾打了下來
15:05
And there's a third one over here.
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第三個大浪湧過來
15:07
This swallows the bridge and knocks it down.
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吞沒了船長室
15:09
And the ship sinks,
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船沉了
15:11
and the captain has lost everything,
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船長什麽都沒了
15:13
but for a life jacket.
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只剩一件救生衣
15:16
Thank you so much.
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謝謝你們的聆聽
15:18
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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