Innovating to zero! | Bill Gates

4,579,704 views ใƒป 2010-02-20

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Chaim Hershenhoren ืžื‘ืงืจ: Amit Lampit
00:16
I'm going to talk today about energy and climate.
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ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืืงืœื™ื
00:20
And that might seem a bit surprising,
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ื•ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืžืคืชื™ืข, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉ-
00:22
because my full-time work at the foundation
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ื”ืžืฉืจื” ื”ืžืœืื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืงืจืŸ ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื–ืจืขื™ื
00:25
is mostly about vaccines and seeds,
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00:27
about the things that we need to invent and deliver
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ื•ืœืกืคืง
00:30
to help the poorest two billion live better lives.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:35
But energy and climate are extremely important to these people;
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืืงืœื™ื, ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื•
00:40
in fact, more important than to anyone else on the planet.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
00:45
The climate getting worse means that many years, their crops won't grow:
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ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืชื“ืจื“ืจ , ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืฉืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื™ืฆืžื—ื•
00:50
there will be too much rain, not enough rain;
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื’ืฉื, ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื’ืฉื
00:53
things will change in ways their fragile environment simply can't support.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืฉืชื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ
ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืžื•ืš.
00:59
And that leads to starvation, it leads to uncertainty, it leads to unrest.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืจืขื‘, ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื ื•ื—ื”
01:04
So, the climate changes will be terrible for them.
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ืื–, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื
01:08
Also, the price of energy is very important to them.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจื
01:11
In fact, if you could pick just one thing
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื•
01:13
to lower the price of to reduce poverty, by far you would pick energy.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืขื•ื ื™, ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืกืคืง, ืชื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:18
Now, the price of energy has come down over time.
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ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื™ืจื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ
01:22
Really advanced civilization is based on advances in energy.
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืคื—ื ืชืจืžื” ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช
01:29
The coal revolution fueled the Industrial Revolution,
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01:32
and, even in the 1900s, we've seen a very rapid decline
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”1900, ืจืื™ื ื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ
01:36
in the price of electricity,
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01:38
and that's why we have refrigerators, air-conditioning;
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืงืจืจื™ื, ืžื–ื’ื ื™ื
01:41
we can make modern materials and do so many things.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
01:45
And so, we're in a wonderful situation with electricity in the rich world.
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ืื ื›ืš, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ.
01:52
But as we make it cheaper -- and let's say,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื–ื” -- ื•ื‘ืื• ื ืฉืืฃ ืœื”ื•ื–ืœื” ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ื
01:55
let's go for making it twice as cheap --
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01:59
we need to meet a new constraint,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื“ื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ
02:02
and that constraint has to do with CO2.
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ื“ื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžื—ืžื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
02:06
CO2 is warming the planet,
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
02:09
and the equation on CO2 is actually a very straightforward one.
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02:14
If you sum up the CO2 that gets emitted,
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ืื ื ืกื›ื•ื ืืช ื“ื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉื ืคืœื˜ืช,
02:18
that leads to a temperature increase,
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”,
02:21
and that temperature increase leads to some very negative effects:
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ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื›ืžื” ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช.
02:25
the effects on the weather; perhaps worse, the indirect effects,
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ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืš, ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืขืงื™ืคื•ืช,
ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงืฉืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ืืœื•,
02:29
in that the natural ecosystems can't adjust to these rapid changes,
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02:33
and so you get ecosystem collapses.
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
02:36
Now, the exact amount of how you map from a certain increase of CO2
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช
ืžื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ, ืœืื™ื–ื• ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื–ื” ื™ื‘ื™ื
02:42
to what temperature will be, and where the positive feedbacks are --
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช
02:45
there's some uncertainty there, but not very much.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
02:48
And there's certainly uncertainty about how bad those effects will be,
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ื•ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ืฉ ืื™-ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช.
02:51
but they will be extremely bad.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืชื”ื™ื ื” ืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
02:54
I asked the top scientists on this several times:
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ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”, ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื,
02:56
Do we really have to get down to near zero?
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ื”ืื ื‘ืืžืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจื“ืช, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืืคืก?
02:59
Can't we just cut it in half or a quarter?
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ื”ืื ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงืฆืฅ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ืื• ื‘ืจื‘ืข?
03:02
And the answer is, until we get near to zero,
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉ-ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื ื’ื™ืข ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืืคืก
03:06
the temperature will continue to rise.
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ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืœื•ืช
03:08
And so that's a big challenge.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื”ื• ืืชื’ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
03:10
It's very different than saying,
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืœื•ืžืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื”4 ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื“ื—ืก ืชื—ืช ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 3 ืžื˜ืจ,
03:12
"We're a twelve-foot-high truck trying to get under a ten-foot bridge,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืœ ืžืชื—ืช.
03:16
and we can just sort of squeeze under."
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03:18
This is something that has to get to zero.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืคืก.
03:22
Now, we put out a lot of carbon dioxide every year --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื”,
03:26
over 26 billion tons.
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ืœืžืขืœื” ืž26 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช.
03:28
For each American, it's about 20 tons.
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ืœื›ืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.ื›- 20 ื˜ื•ืŸ
03:32
For people in poor countries, it's less than one ton.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช, ื–ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“.
03:35
It's an average of about five tons for everyone on the planet.
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื›- 5 ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:39
And somehow, we have to make changes that will bring that down to zero.
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ื•ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืืคืก.
03:44
It's been constantly going up.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช.
ื•ืืœื” ืจืง ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ืฉืจื™ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืืช ื”ืขืงื•ืžื”,
03:47
It's only various economic changes that have even flattened it at all,
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03:51
so we have to go from rapidly rising to falling,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืชืžื™ื“
ืœื ืคื™ืœื”, ื•ื ืคื™ืœื” ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืืœ ื”ืืคืก.
03:55
and falling all the way to zero.
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03:57
This equation has four factors, a little bit of multiplication.
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ืœืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืืจื‘ืข ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื,
ืžืขื˜ ื›ืคืœ
04:01
So you've got a thing on the left, CO2, that you want to get to zero,
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ืื–, ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ, ื“ื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ , ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืืคืก,
ื•ื–ื” ื™ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืื ืฉื™ื,
04:05
and that's going to be based on the number of people,
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04:08
the services each person is using on average,
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ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ืœ ืื“ื, ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข
04:11
the energy, on average, for each service,
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช,
04:14
and the CO2 being put out per unit of energy.
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ื•ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืฉื ืคืœื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
04:18
So let's look at each one of these,
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ืื– ื‘ื•ื ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื
04:20
and see how we can get this down to zero.
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืื™ืš ืœืจื“ืช ืœืืคืก.
04:24
Probably, one of these numbers is going to have to get pretty near to zero.
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ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืืคืก.
04:28
(Laughter)
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืืœื’ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
04:29
That's back from high school algebra.
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04:31
But let's take a look.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื˜.
04:32
First, we've got population.
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
04:35
The world today has 6.8 billion people.
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ื ื” 6.8 ืžืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื.
04:38
That's headed up to about nine billion.
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ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›-ืชืฉืข ืžืœื™ืืจื“ ืื™ืฉ.
04:40
Now, if we do a really great job on new vaccines,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
04:44
health care, reproductive health services,
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ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื,
ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ื›-10 ืื• 15 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื,
04:47
we could lower that by, perhaps, 10 or 15 percent.
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04:50
But there, we see an increase of about 1.3.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 1.3.
04:54
The second factor is the services we use.
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ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื.
04:57
This encompasses everything:
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ื–ื” ืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ
04:59
the food we eat, clothing, TV, heating.
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ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื, ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“, ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื—ื™ืžื•ื.
ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
05:04
These are very good things.
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05:06
Getting rid of poverty means providing these services
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ื•ืœื”ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืขื•ื ื™, ืžืฉืžืข ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ืืœื”
05:09
to almost everyone on the planet.
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ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช.
05:11
And it's a great thing for this number to go up.
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื•ืœื” ืฉื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ืœื™ื.
05:15
In the rich world, perhaps the top one billion,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ,
05:17
we probably could cut back and use less,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ื›ื ืจืื” ืœืงืฆืฅ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช,
05:19
but every year, this number, on average, is going to go up,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื™ื™ืœื›ื• ื•ื™ืขืœื•
ื›ืš, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ, ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื•ื›ืคืœ
05:24
and so, overall, that will more than double
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05:27
the services delivered per person.
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ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื“ื.
05:30
Here we have a very basic service:
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ื›ืืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™.
05:32
Do you have lighting in your house to be able to read your homework?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืชืื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช,
05:35
And, in fact, these kids don't,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื™ืŸ, ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
05:37
so they're going out and reading their schoolwork
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ื•ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืชื—ืช ืชืื•ืจืช ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘.
05:39
under the street lamps.
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05:42
Now, efficiency, "E," the energy for each service --
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ื›ืขืช, ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช (E), ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
05:46
here, finally we have some good news.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช.
05:48
We have something that's not going up.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ืขื•ืœื”.
05:50
Through various inventions and new ways of doing lighting,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืื•ืจื”
05:53
through different types of cars, different ways of building buildings --
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื.
05:58
there are a lot of services
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ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื
06:00
where you can bring the energy for that service down
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ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ืœืจื“ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™,
06:03
quite substantially.
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06:05
Some individual services even bring it down by 90 percent.
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ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘- 90 ืื—ื•ื–.
06:08
There are other services, like how we make fertilizer,
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื“ืฉื ื™ื,
ืื• ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืชื•ื‘ืœื” ืื•ื™ืจื™ืช
06:12
or how we do air transport,
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06:13
where the rooms for improvement are far, far less.
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ืฉื ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžื•ืš.
06:17
And so overall, if we're optimistic, we may get a reduction
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ืื ื›ืš, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœ, ืื ื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืคื™ 3 ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืคื™ 6
06:21
of a factor of three to even, perhaps, a factor of six.
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06:26
But for these first three factors now,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
06:29
we've gone from 26 billion to, at best, maybe 13 billion tons,
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ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืž26 ืžืœื™ืืจื“, ืœ-ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื•ืœื™ 13 ืžืœื™ืืจื“ ื˜ื•ืŸ,
06:34
and that just won't cut it.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืงื™ื˜ื•ืŸ
06:36
So let's look at this fourth factor -- this is going to be a key one --
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™
ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจื ืžืคืชื—--
06:40
and this is the amount of CO2 put out per each unit of energy.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™, ื”ื ืคืœื˜ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
06:46
So the question is: Can you actually get that to zero?
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ืื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืืคืก?
06:49
If you burn coal, no.
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ืื ืืชื” ืฉื•ืจืฃ ืคื—ื, ืœื.
06:52
If you burn natural gas, no.
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ืื ืืชื” ืฉื•ืจืฃ ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืœื.
06:54
Almost every way we make electricity today,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉืื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
06:57
except for the emerging renewables and nuclear, puts out CO2.
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ื•ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช, ื ืคืœื˜ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™.
07:03
And so, what we're going to have to do at a global scale,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
07:06
is create a new system.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”.
07:09
So we need energy miracles.
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ืื– ื‘ืขืฆื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
07:11
Now, when I use the term "miracle," I don't mean something that's impossible.
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— "ื ืก", ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™
ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคืจื•ืกืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื ืก, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืก.
07:16
The microprocessor is a miracle.
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07:18
The personal computer is a miracle.
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07:20
The Internet and its services are a miracle.
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื ื ืก
07:23
So the people here have participated in the creation of many miracles.
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ืื–, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื ื˜ืœื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื
07:28
Usually, we don't have a deadline
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืชืืจื™ืš ื™ืขื“
07:30
where you have to get the miracle by a certain date.
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ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื ืก ืขื“ ืœืชืืจื™ืš ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
07:32
Usually, you just kind of stand by, and some come along, some don't.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื”ืฆื“, ื—ืœืง ืžื’ื™ืข ื•ื—ืœืง ืœื .
07:36
This is a case where we actually have to drive at full speed
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืงืจื”, ื‘ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžืœื•ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
07:40
and get a miracle in a pretty tight timeline.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื ืก ื‘ืœื•ื— ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ืฆืคื•ืฃ
07:45
Now, I thought, "How could I really capture this?
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื™, ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื–ื” ?
07:48
Is there some kind of natural illustration,
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื” ืื™ื•ืจ ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื™
07:50
some demonstration that would grab people's imagination here?"
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ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ืฉืชืœื›ื•ื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ?
07:55
I thought back to a year ago when I brought mosquitoes,
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ื›ืฉื”ื‘ืืชื™ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื,
07:59
and somehow people enjoyed that.
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ื•ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื”ื ื• ืžื–ื”.
08:01
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:03
It really got them involved in the idea of, you know,
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื’ืจื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ,ืฉ -
ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืขื ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื.
08:07
there are people who live with mosquitoes.
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08:09
With energy, all I could come up with is this.
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ืื– ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•, ื”ื™ื”
08:14
I decided that releasing fireflies
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช
08:17
would be my contribution to the environment here this year.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืชืจื•ืžืชื™ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ืฉื ื”.
08:21
So here we have some natural fireflies.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช
08:24
I'm told they don't bite; in fact, they might not even leave that jar.
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ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ืขื•ืงืฆื•ืช, ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืชืขื–ื•ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ืฆื ืฆื ืช.
08:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื™ืฉื ื, ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื™ืžื™ืงื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”,
08:31
Now, there's all sorts of gimmicky solutions like that one,
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08:35
but they don't really add up to much.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืกืชื›ืžื™ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื”.
08:37
We need solutions, either one or several,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืื—ื“ ืื• ื›ืžื”,
08:41
that have unbelievable scale and unbelievable reliability.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื ื™ืืžืŸ
ื•ืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืชื™ืืžืŸ
08:47
And although there's many directions that people are seeking,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื
08:50
I really only see five that can achieve the big numbers.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืจืง ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
08:54
I've left out tide, geothermal, fusion, biofuels.
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ื”ืฉืžื˜ืชื™ ืืช ื’ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื, ื’ื™ืื•ืชืจืžื™, ื”ื™ืชื•ืš, ื“ืœืง ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
08:59
Those may make some contribution,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ืžืฉื”ื•
09:01
and if they can do better than I expect, so much the better.
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ื•ืื ื”ื ื™ืฉืชืคืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฆืคื”, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช
ืื‘ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ืฉืœื™ ื›ืืŸ
09:04
But my key point here is that we're going to have to work on
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ืžืฉ
09:07
each of these five,
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09:09
and we can't give up any of them because they look daunting,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ืืฉ ืžื”ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ืžืจืชื™ืขื™ื
09:13
because they all have significant challenges.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื
09:17
Let's look first at burning fossil fuels,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื“ืœืง ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื
09:19
either burning coal or burning natural gas.
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ื’ื ืฉืจื™ืคืช ืคื—ื ื•ื’ื ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™
09:23
What you need to do there seems like it might be simple, but it's not.
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ืžื” ืฉืขื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื ืจืื” ืื•ืœื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื
ื•ื–ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื“ื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ืจืš ื”ืืจื•ื‘ื”
09:27
And that's to take all the CO2,
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09:29
after you've burned it, going out the flue,
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09:32
pressurize it, create a liquid, put it somewhere,
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ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ืืช ื–ื”, ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื ื•ื–ืœ, ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืžืงื•ื
09:35
and hope it stays there.
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ื•ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืฉื
09:37
Now, we have some pilot things
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคื™ื™ืœื•ื˜ ืฉืžื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื–ื” ืขื“ ืจืžื” ืฉืœ 60-80 ืื—ื•ื–
09:39
that do this at the 60 to 80 percent level.
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09:41
But getting up to that full percentage -- that will be very tricky.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ืœืžืืช ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘
09:45
And agreeing on where these CO2 quantities should be put will be hard,
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ื•ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื™ืื•ื—ืกื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื”
09:51
but the toughest one here is this long-term issue:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš
09:54
Who's going to be sure?
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ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—
09:55
Who's going to guarantee
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ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืจื•ื‘ ืœืžืฉื”ื•, ืฉืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช, ืคื™ ืžืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
09:57
something that is literally billions of times larger
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10:00
than any type of waste you think of in terms of nuclear or other things?
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ืžืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืฉืคื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืื• ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
10:04
This is a lot of volume.
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ื–ื”ื• ื ืคื— ืขืฆื•ื
10:07
So that's a tough one.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืงืฉื”
10:09
Next would be nuclear.
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ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ืื˜ื•ื
10:11
It also has three big problems:
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ื’ื ืœื•, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขืงืจื™ื•ืช
10:14
cost, particularly in highly regulated countries, is high;
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ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
10:18
the issue of safety, really feeling good about nothing could go wrong,
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช. ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ.
10:22
that, even though you have these human operators,
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
10:25
the fuel doesn't get used for weapons.
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ืœื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื“ืœืง ืœื ื™ืฉืžืฉ ืœื ืฉืง.
10:28
And then what do you do with the waste?
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ื•ืื– ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช?
10:30
Although it's not very large, there are a lot of concerns about that.
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื™ืฉื ื ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”.
ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื ื•ื— ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”.
10:34
People need to feel good about it.
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10:35
So three very tough problems that might be solvable,
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ื•ืื›ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืื“ ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืคืชื™ืจื•ืช,
10:40
and so, should be worked on.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ
10:42
The last three of the five, I've grouped together.
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ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืžืฉ ืงื™ื‘ืฆืชื™ ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
10:45
These are what people often refer to as the renewable sources.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช
10:49
And they actually -- although it's great they don't require fuel --
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉืžื— ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ืฆื•ืจื›ื•ืช ื“ืœืง -
10:53
they have some disadvantages.
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ื™ืฉ ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช
10:55
One is that the density of energy gathered in these technologies
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ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
11:01
is dramatically less than a power plant.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžืื˜ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื›ื—.
11:03
This is energy farming,
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื›ืš ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื.
11:05
so you're talking about many square miles, thousands of times more area
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ืคื™ ืืœืคื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื—ื ืช ื›ื— ื ื•ืจืžืืœื™ืช
11:09
than you think of as a normal energy plant.
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11:12
Also, these are intermittent sources.
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ื•ื›ืŸ ืืœื• ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ืจืฆื™ืคื™ื
11:15
The sun doesn't shine all day, it doesn't shine every day,
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ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœื ื–ื•ืจื—ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžืžื”, ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœื ืžืื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
11:18
and likewise, the wind doesn't blow all the time.
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ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ืจื•ื— ืœื ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
11:21
And so, if you depend on these sources,
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ื•ื›ืš, ืื ืืชื” ืžืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื•
11:23
you have to have some way of getting the energy
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ื™ืฉ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื™ื–ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
11:26
during those time periods that it's not available.
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ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื”
11:29
So we've got big cost challenges here.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืืชื’ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช
11:32
We have transmission challenges;
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ื™ืฉื ื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื”
11:34
for example, say this energy source is outside your country,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœืš
ืœื ืจืง ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
11:38
you not only need the technology,
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ืืœื ืฉื’ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ
11:40
but you have to deal with the risk of the energy coming from elsewhere.
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11:44
And, finally, this storage problem.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ืื—ืกื•ืŸ
ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืกื“ืจื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ, ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืกืงืจืชื™
11:47
To dimensionalize this,
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11:48
I went through and looked at all the types of batteries made --
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ืืช ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช
11:52
for cars, for computers, for phones, for flashlights, for everything --
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ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืœื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื, ืœืคื ืกื™ื, ืœื›ืœ ืžื˜ืจื”
11:56
and compared that to the amount of electrical energy the world uses.
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ื•ื”ืฉื•ื™ืชื™ ืœื›ืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืฆื•ืจืš
12:01
What I found is that all the batteries we make now
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
12:05
could store less than 10 minutes of all the energy.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืื’ื•ืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจ ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
12:09
And so, in fact, we need a big breakthrough here,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ืืŸ
12:12
something that's going to be a factor of 100 better
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ ืžืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘
12:16
than the approaches we have now.
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ืžื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขืชื”
12:18
It's not impossible, but it's not a very easy thing.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื“ ืงืœ
12:22
Now, this shows up when you try to get the intermittent source
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจืฆื™ืฃ
12:26
to be above, say, 20 to 30 percent of what you're using.
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื ื™ื— 20 ืื• 30 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืชืฆืจื•ื›ืช
12:30
If you're counting on it for 100 percent,
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ืื ืืชื” ืกื•ืžืš ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืื” ืื—ื•ื–
ืืชื” ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืกื•ืœืœื” ื ื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœื ืชื™ืืžืŸ
12:33
you need an incredible miracle battery.
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12:38
Now, how are we going to go forward on this -- what's the right approach?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื? ืžื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”
12:41
Is it a Manhattan Project? What's the thing that can get us there?
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ื–ื” ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ? ืžื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉื
12:45
Well, we need lots of companies working on this -- hundreds.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืžืื•ืช
12:50
In each of these five paths, we need at least a hundred people.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืžืื” ืื ืฉื™ื
12:53
A lot of them, you'll look at and say, "They're crazy."
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื, ืชืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืชืืžืจ ืืœื” ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื. ื•ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘
12:56
That's good.
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12:57
And, I think, here in the TED group,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช TED,
13:00
we have many people who are already pursuing this.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื–ื”
13:04
Bill Gross has several companies, including one called eSolar
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ืœื‘ื™ืœ ื’ืจื•ืก ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื ืื™ ืกื•ืœืจ
13:08
that has some great solar thermal technologies.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืชืจืžื•-ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช ืžืขื•ืœื”
ื•ื™ื ื•ื“ ืงืกืœื” ืžืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืชืจื™ืกืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
13:11
Vinod Khosla is investing in dozens of companies
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13:14
that are doing great things and have interesting possibilities,
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ืฉืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช
13:18
and I'm trying to help back that.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื–ื”
13:20
Nathan Myhrvold and I actually are backing a company
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ื ืชืŸ ืžืื™ืจื•ื•ืœื“ ื•ืื ื™ ืื›ืŸ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”
13:24
that, perhaps surprisingly, is actually taking the nuclear approach.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืข ื ื•ืงื˜ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ
13:28
There are some innovations in nuclear: modular, liquid.
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ: ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช, ื ื•ื–ืœ.
13:32
Innovation really stopped in this industry quite some ago,
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ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ื ืขืฆืจื” ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื” ื–ื• ืžื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
13:36
so the idea that there's some good ideas laying around
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื›ื” ืžืคืชื™ืขื”
13:39
is not all that surprising.
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13:41
The idea of TerraPower is that, instead of burning a part of uranium --
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื”ืคืื•ืืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื
13:47
the one percent, which is the U235 --
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ื”ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” (ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื) U235
13:50
we decided, "Let's burn the 99 percent, the U238."
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื•, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื”- 99 ืื—ื•ื–, ืืช (ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื) U238.
13:54
It is kind of a crazy idea.
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข.
13:57
In fact, people had talked about it for a long time,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘
14:00
but they could never simulate properly whether it would work or not,
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ืืš ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืื ื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื• ืœื
14:04
and so it's through the advent of modern supercomputers
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืขืœ
14:07
that now you can simulate and see that, yes,
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื•ืœืจืื•ืช, ื›ืŸ
14:09
with the right materials approach, this looks like it would work.
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ืขื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“
14:15
And because you're burning that 99 percent,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ืืช 99 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
14:18
you have greatly improved cost profile.
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ืฉื™ืคืจื ื• ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืช ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื”ืขืœื•ืช
14:22
You actually burn up the waste, and you can actually use as fuel
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ืืชื” ืฉื•ืจืฃ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ื•ืžื ืฆืœ ืื•ืชื” ื›ื“ืœืง
14:26
all the leftover waste from today's reactors.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
14:29
So instead of worrying about them, you just take that, it's a great thing.
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืคืกื•ืœืช ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืื•ืชื”.ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
14:34
It breeds this uranium as it goes along, so it's kind of like a candle.
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ื–ื” ืžื›ืœื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืชื•ืš ืฆืจื™ื›ืชื• ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื ืจ
14:38
You see it's a log there, often referred to as a traveling wave reactor.
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ืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืชื›ืœื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื ืงืจื: ื›ื•ืจ ื’ืœ ื ื•ืกืข
14:42
In terms of fuel, this really solves the problem.
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื“ืœืง, ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืคื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
14:46
I've got a picture here of a place in Kentucky.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืงื ื˜ืืงื™
14:49
This is the leftover, the 99 percent,
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ืืœื• ื”ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช, ื”99 ืื—ื•ื–
14:51
where they've taken out the part they burn now,
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ืžืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืžื“ื•ืœืœ
14:54
so it's called depleted uranium.
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14:55
That would power the US for hundreds of years.
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ื–ื” ื™ืชื“ืœืง ืืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื
14:58
And simply by filtering seawater in an inexpensive process,
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžื™ ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืื™ื ื” ื™ืงืจื”
ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื“ืœืง ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
15:02
you'd have enough fuel for the entire lifetime of the rest of the planet.
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15:06
So, you know, it's got lots of challenges ahead,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื™ืฉื ื ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื ื•
15:10
but it is an example of the many hundreds and hundreds of ideas
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžืชื•ืš ืžืื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
15:15
that we need to move forward.
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืงื“ื
15:18
So let's think: How should we measure ourselves?
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•
15:21
What should our report card look like?
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ืื™ืš ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช "ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื”"
15:24
Well, let's go out to where we really need to get,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืขื“
15:27
and then look at the intermediate.
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ื•ืื– ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
15:29
For 2050, you've heard many people talk about this 80 percent reduction.
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ื™ืขื“ 2050. ืฉืžืขืชื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ 80 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืคื—ืชื”.
ื•ืื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื.
15:35
That really is very important, that we get there.
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15:38
And that 20 percent will be used up by things going on in poor countries --
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ื•ืฉืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืื—ื•ื– ื™ืฉืžืฉื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช,
15:42
still some agriculture; hopefully, we will have cleaned up forestry, cement.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
ื‘ืชืงื•ื” ืฉื ื™ืงื™ื ื• ืืช ืขื ืฃ ื”ื™ืขืจื ื•ืช, ืžืœื˜.
15:48
So, to get to that 80 percent,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืชื ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื•ื–
15:51
the developed countries, including countries like China,
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืŸ
15:55
will have had to switch their electricity generation altogether.
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ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื— ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
16:00
The other grade is: Are we deploying this zero-emission technology,
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ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืืคืก ืคืœื™ื˜ื”
16:06
have we deployed it in all the developed countries
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ื”ืื ื”ืคืฆื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช
16:08
and are in the process of getting it elsewhere?
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ
16:11
That's super important.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
16:13
That's a key element of making that report card.
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ื–ื”ื• ื’ื•ืจื ืžืคืชื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื” "ืชืขื•ื“ื”"
16:17
Backing up from there, what should the 2020 report card look like?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ 2020 ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช?
16:22
Well, again, it should have the two elements.
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ืื›ืŸ, ืฉื•ื‘, ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื.
16:24
We should go through these efficiency measures to start getting reductions:
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืคื—ืชื•ืช.
16:28
The less we emit, the less that sum will be of CO2,
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ื›ื›ื•ืœ ืฉื ื–ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืš ืชืคื—ืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื“ื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ,
16:31
and therefore, the less the temperature.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชืคื—ืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”.
16:33
But in some ways, the grade we get there,
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ืืš ื‘ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืงื‘ืœ ืฉื
16:36
doing things that don't get us all the way to the big reductions,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืขื“ ืœื”ืคื—ืชื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืคื—ื•ืชื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื
16:41
is only equally, or maybe even slightly less, important than the other,
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16:44
which is the piece of innovation on these breakthroughs.
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ืžื”ื• ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ื“ืจืš
16:48
These breakthroughs, we need to move those at full speed,
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ืื•ืชืŸ ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืงื“ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
16:52
and we can measure that in terms of companies,
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16:54
pilot projects, regulatory things that have been changed.
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ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ ืคื™ื™ืœื•ื˜, ืชืงื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืชื ื•
16:57
There's a lot of great books that have been written about this.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืคืจื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”
17:00
The Al Gore book, "Our Choice,"
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ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืืœ ื’ื•ืจ, "ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•"
17:03
and the David MacKay book, "Sustainable Energy Without the Hot Air."
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ื•ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืง'ืงื™ื™, "ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ื—ื."
17:06
They really go through it and create a framework
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ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžืกื’ืจืช
ื›ืš ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”
17:10
that this can be discussed broadly,
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17:11
because we need broad backing for this.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื–ื”
17:14
There's a lot that has to come together.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ
17:16
So this is a wish.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืืœื”
17:18
It's a very concrete wish that we invent this technology.
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ืžืฉืืœื” ืžืื“ ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
17:22
If you gave me only one wish for the next 50 years --
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ืœื• ื ืชืชื ืœื™ ืจืง ืžืฉืืœื” ืื—ืช ืœ50 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช
17:25
I could pick who's president,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื
17:27
I could pick a vaccine, which is something I love,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืœื™ื‘ื™,
17:30
or I could pick that this thing
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ืื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื”
17:32
that's half the cost with no CO2 gets invented --
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ื–ื” ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื“ื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืฆืื”
17:36
this is the wish I would pick.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืžืฉืืœื” ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ
17:38
This is the one with the greatest impact.
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ื–ื• ื”ืื—ืช ืขื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
17:40
If we don't get this wish,
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ืื ืœื ื ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•
17:41
the division between the people who think short term and long term
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ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื• ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ ื•ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš ืชื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืจืื”,
17:45
will be terrible,
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17:46
between the US and China, between poor countries and rich,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืกื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช
17:49
and most of all,
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ 2 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื™ื•ืจืขื•
17:50
the lives of those two billion will be far worse.
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17:54
So what do we have to do?
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ืื– ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
17:56
What am I appealing to you to step forward and drive?
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ืžื” ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื ืœืฆืขื•ื“ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ
18:01
We need to go for more research funding.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ืงื™ ืžื—ืงืจ
18:04
When countries get together in places like Copenhagen,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชื›ื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืžื• ืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ
ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื“ื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ
18:07
they shouldn't just discuss the CO2.
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18:09
They should discuss this innovation agenda.
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ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื’'ื ื“ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช
18:11
You'd be stunned at the ridiculously low levels of spending
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ื•ืชื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืžื™ื ืžื”ืจืžื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื—ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช
18:16
on these innovative approaches.
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ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
18:18
We do need the market incentives -- CO2 tax, cap and trade --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง, ืžืก ื“ื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ, ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื•ืกื—ืจ
18:22
something that gets that price signal out there.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื•ื™ืื•ืชืช ืื™ืชื•
18:25
We need to get the message out.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ
18:26
We need to have this dialogue be a more rational,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
18:29
more understandable dialogue,
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18:30
including the steps that the government takes.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ื ื ืงื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”
18:33
This is an important wish, but it is one I think we can achieve.
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ื–ื• ืžืฉืืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืืš ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื’ื”
18:37
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
18:38
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื)
18:48
(Applause ends)
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18:50
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
18:52
Chris Anderson: Thank you. Thank you.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
18:54
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื)
18:59
CA: Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื˜ืจื”ืคืื•ืืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ --
19:01
So to understand more about TerraPower.
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19:05
I mean, first of all, can you give a sense of what scale of investment this is?
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ?
19:10
Bill Gates: To actually do the software, buy the supercomputer,
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ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก: ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื”, ืงื ื” ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืขืœ
19:14
hire all the great scientists, which we've done,
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ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื“ื’ื•ืœื™ื - ืžืฉ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•
19:16
that's only tens of millions.
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ืฉื–ื” ืจืง ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื
19:19
And even once we test our materials out in a Russian reactor
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ื•ืื ืคืขื ื ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื—ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื•ืจ ืจื•ืกื™
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื—ืžืจื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืชืงื™ืŸ
19:23
to make sure our materials work properly,
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19:26
then you'll only be up in the hundreds of millions.
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ืื– ื™ืกืชื›ื ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื
19:28
The tough thing is building the pilot reactor --
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื”ื•ื•ื” ืคื™ื™ืœื•ื˜
19:31
finding the several billion, finding the regulator, the location
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืžื” ืžืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื, ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง, ืœืืชืจ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื
19:36
that will actually build the first one of these.
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ืฉื™ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื
19:38
Once you get the first one built, if it works as advertised,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื ื”, ื•ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืคืจืกื•ืžืช......
19:42
then it's just clear as day,
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ืฉืžืฉ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
19:43
because the economics, the energy density, are so different
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ื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื
19:47
than nuclear as we know it.
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19:48
CA: So to understand it right,
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืžืง ื‘ืื“ืžื”
19:50
this involves building deep into the ground,
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19:52
almost like a vertical column of nuclear fuel, of this spent uranium,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืขืžื•ื“ ืื ื›ื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง ืื˜ื•ืžื™
ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืžื“ื•ืœืœ
19:57
and then the process starts at the top and kind of works down?
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ื•ืื– ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืœืžืขืœื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื”?
20:01
BG: That's right.
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ื‘.ื’: ืื›ืŸ. ื›ื™ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชื“ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืจ
20:02
Today, you're always refueling the reactor,
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20:04
so you have lots of people and lots of controls that can go wrong,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืงืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ
20:07
where you're opening it up and moving things in and out --
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืืชื” ืคื•ืชื— ื•ืžื›ื ื™ืก ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื—ืžืจื™ื
20:10
that's not good.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘
20:12
So if you have very --
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื“ืœืง ืžืื“ ื–ื•ืœ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืจื•ืš 60 ืฉื ื”
20:13
(Laughter)
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20:14
very cheap fuel that you can put 60 years in --
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20:17
just think of it as a log --
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ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ืœ ืขืฅ
20:19
put it down and not have those same complexities.
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ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื
20:22
And it just sits there and burns for the 60 years, and then it's done.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื•ืžืชื›ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื ื’ืžืจ
20:27
CA: It's a nuclear power plant that is its own waste disposal solution.
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ื›.ื: ื–ื” ืชื—ื ืช ื›ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืคื•ืชืจืช ืืช ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื”
20:31
BG: Yeah; what happens with the waste,
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ื‘.ื’: ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช?
20:33
you can let it sit there -- there's a lot less waste under this approach --
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื -- ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืคืกื•ืœืช ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• --
20:38
then you can actually take that
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ื•ืื– ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื–ื”
20:40
and put it into another one and burn that.
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ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœื›ื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ื•ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ
20:43
And we start out, actually, by taking the waste that exists today
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžื›ืš ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืคืกื•ืœืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื™ื•ื,
20:47
that's sitting in these cooling pools or dry-casking by reactors --
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ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืื• ืื—ืกื ื” ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ื•ืช
20:51
that's our fuel to begin with.
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ื–ื” ื”ื“ืœืง ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ืœื”
20:53
So the thing that's been a problem from those reactors
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื”ื
20:56
is actually what gets fed into ours,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืžื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
20:58
and you're reducing the volume of the waste quite dramatically
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ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืคื— ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžืื˜ื™
21:01
as you're going through this process.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื–ื•
21:03
CA: You're talking to different people around the world
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ื›.ื. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ
21:06
about the possibilities.
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21:07
Where is there most interest in actually doing something with this?
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืชืขื ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืขื ื–ื”?
21:10
BG: Well, we haven't picked a particular place,
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ื‘.ื’: ืœื ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ื•ื ืงืจื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™
21:15
and there's all these interesting disclosure rules
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21:18
about anything that's called "nuclear."
390
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21:21
So we've got a lot of interest.
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืชืขื ื™ื ื•ืช
21:23
People from the company have been in Russia, India, China.
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ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืกื™ืŸ
21:27
I've been back seeing the secretary of energy here,
393
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ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ
21:29
talking about how this fits into the energy agenda.
394
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ืฉื•ื—ื—ื ื• ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
21:33
So I'm optimistic.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™. ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืขืฉื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
21:34
The French and Japanese have done some work.
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21:36
This is a variant on something that has been done.
397
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ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ืขืฉืชื”
21:40
It's an important advance, but it's like a fast reactor,
398
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ื–ื• ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืจ ืžื”ื™ืจ
21:44
and a lot of countries have built them,
399
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืชื
21:46
so anybody who's done a fast reactor is a candidate
400
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื ื” ื›ื•ืจ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื™ื‘ื ื” ืื—ื“
21:48
to be where the first one gets built.
401
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21:51
CA: So, in your mind,
402
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ื›.ื.: ืœื“ืขืชืš ืžื” ืœื•ื— ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื? ื”ื”ื™ืชื›ื ื•ืช
21:54
timescale and likelihood of actually taking something like this live?
403
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ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ื™ืชื‘ืฆืข?
21:59
BG: Well, we need -- for one of these high-scale, electro-generation things
404
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ื‘.ื’.: ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ืช ืžืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืื“ ื–ื•ืœื”,
22:05
that's very cheap,
405
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22:06
we have 20 years to invent and then 20 years to deploy.
406
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 20 ืฉื ื” ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื•ืื– 20 ืฉื ื” ืœื‘ืฆืข.
22:10
That's sort of the deadline
407
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชืืจื™ืš ื™ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื
22:12
that the environmental models have shown us that we have to meet.
408
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ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื•.
22:17
And TerraPower -- if things go well, which is wishing for a lot --
409
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ื•ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ื˜ืจื”ืคืื•ืืจ, ืื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืชืงื“ืžื• ื›ืฉื•ืจื”, ืฉื–ื• ืžืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื
ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืš
22:23
could easily meet that.
410
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22:24
And there are, fortunately now, dozens of companies --
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ื•ื™ืฉ, ืœืฉืžื—ืชื ื• ื›ืขืช ืชืจื™ืกืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
22:27
we need it to be hundreds --
412
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืื•ืช
22:29
who, likewise, if their science goes well,
413
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืื ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื™ืชืงื“ื
22:31
if the funding for their pilot plants goes well,
414
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ืื ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืจ ืคื™ื™ืœื•ื˜ ื™ืœืš ื˜ื•ื‘
22:34
that they can compete for this.
415
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš
22:36
And it's best if multiple succeed,
416
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื•
22:38
because then you could use a mix of these things.
417
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
22:41
We certainly need one to succeed.
418
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืื—ืช ืชืฆืœื™ื—
22:43
CA: In terms of big-scale possible game changers,
419
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ื›.ื: ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื
22:46
is this the biggest that you're aware of out there?
420
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืชื” ืžื•ื“ืข ืืœื™ื•?
22:49
BG: An energy breakthrough is the most important thing.
421
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ื‘.ื’. ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
22:53
It would have been, even without the environmental constraint,
422
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš ื’ื ืœืœื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืจืง ืžืขืฆื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืžืื“
22:56
but the environmental constraint just makes it so much greater.
423
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23:00
In the nuclear space, there are other innovators.
424
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื
23:03
You know, we don't know their work as well as we know this one,
425
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืฉืœื ื•
23:06
but the modular people, that's a different approach.
426
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืฉื ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืจ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ืงืฆืช ืงืฉื”
23:10
There's a liquid-type reactor, which seems a little hard,
427
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23:13
but maybe they say that about us.
428
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœื™ื ื•
23:15
And so, there are different ones,
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”, ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ื
23:18
but the beauty of this is a molecule of uranium
430
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื
23:21
has a million times as much energy as a molecule of, say, coal.
431
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ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืคื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืืฉืจ ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ืคื—ื,
23:25
And so, if you can deal with the negatives,
432
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช
ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื”
23:29
which are essentially the radiation, the footprint and cost,
433
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ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื•ื”ืขืœื•ืช, ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ
23:32
the potential, in terms of effect on land and various things,
434
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
23:36
is almost in a class of its own.
435
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืจืžื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”
ื›.ื.: ื•ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“, ืื– ืžื”?
23:41
CA: If this doesn't work, then what?
436
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23:44
Do we have to start taking emergency measures
437
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ื”ืื ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื
23:48
to try and keep the temperature of the earth stable?
438
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”?
23:51
BG: If you get into that situation,
439
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ื‘.ื’.: ืื ื ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”
23:53
it's like if you've been overeating, and you're about to have a heart attack.
440
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืื›ืœืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™, ื•ืืชื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืชืงืคืช ืœื‘
23:58
Then where do you go?
441
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ื•ืื– ืœืืŸ ืชืœืš? ืื•ืœื™ ืชื–ื“ืงืง ื ืชื•ื— ืœื‘ ืื• ืžืฉื”ื•
24:00
You may need heart surgery or something.
442
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24:02
There is a line of research on what's called geoengineering,
443
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืชื—ื•ื ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”
24:06
which are various techniques that would delay the heating
444
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช
24:09
to buy us 20 or 30 years to get our act together.
445
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ื›ื“ื™ "ืœืงื ื•ืช" ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ 20 ืื• 30 ืฉื ื” ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช
24:12
Now, that's just an insurance policy; you hope you don't need to do that.
446
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ื›ืจื’ืข, ื–ื• ืจืง ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—
ืฉืืชื” ืžืงื•ื” ืฉืœื ืชืฆื˜ืจืš
24:16
Some people say you shouldn't even work on the insurance policy
447
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ืžืกืคืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—
ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืขืฆืœื ื•ืช
24:19
because it might make you lazy,
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ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืชื“ืข ืฉื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชืš
24:21
that you'll keep eating because you know heart surgery will be there to save you.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžื” ื—ื›ื, ื›ืฉื ืชื•ื ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
24:25
I'm not sure that's wise, given the importance of the problem,
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ืื‘ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืืช ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืื•-ื”ื ื“ืกื”
24:28
but there's now the geoengineering discussion
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24:31
about: Should that be in the back pocket in case things happen faster,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืก ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืงืจื• ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
24:35
or this innovation goes a lot slower than we expect?
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ืื• ืฉื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืชืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืฆืคื•ื™
24:40
CA: Climate skeptics:
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ื›.ื.: ืกืคืงื ื™ ืืงืœื™ื: ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื
24:42
If you had a sentence or two to say to them,
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ืื™ืš ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื ืฉื”ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื
24:46
how might you persuade them that they're wrong?
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24:50
BG: Well, unfortunately, the skeptics come in different camps.
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ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ืกืคืงื ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื
24:53
The ones who make scientific arguments are very few.
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ืืœื• ืฉืžืขืœื™ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื
24:58
Are they saying there's negative feedback effects
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ื”ืื ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœื™ืœื™
25:01
that have to do with clouds that offset things?
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ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื ื ื™ื ืฉืžืงื–ื–ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
25:03
There are very, very few things that they can even say
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜, ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื˜ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื•ืžืจ
ื™ืฉ ืกื›ื•ื™ ืื—ื“ ืœืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
25:07
there's a chance in a million of those things.
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25:09
The main problem we have here -- it's kind of like with AIDS:
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืขืงืจื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื“ืก
25:12
you make the mistake now, and you pay for it a lot later.
464
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ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืžืฉืœื ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ
25:16
And so, when you have all sorts of urgent problems,
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื“ื—ื•ืคื•ืช
25:20
the idea of taking pain now that has to do with a gain later,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื— ืžืื•ื—ืจ
ื•ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื›ืื‘ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข
25:24
and a somewhat uncertain pain thing.
467
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25:26
In fact, the IPCC report -- that's not necessarily the worst case,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื“ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื™ ืคื™ ืกื™ ืกื™, ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ืงืจื”
25:32
and there are people in the rich world who look at IPCC and say,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ ืคื™ ืกื™ ืกื™
ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ืื• ืงื™, ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืฆืขืงืชื”
25:36
"OK, that isn't that big of a deal."
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25:38
The fact is it's that uncertain part that should move us towards this.
471
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื“ืจื™ืš ืืชื ื• ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”
25:42
But my dream here is that,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœื™, ืฉืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™
25:44
if you can make it economic, and meet the CO2 constraints,
473
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ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื“ื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ
25:47
then the skeptics say,
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ืื–ื™ ื”ืกืคืงื ื™ื ื™ืืžืจื• ืื• ืงื™
25:49
"OK, I don't care that it doesn't put out CO2,
475
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ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืื ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ื ืข ื“ื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ืคื—ืžืŸ
25:51
I kind of wish it did put out CO2.
476
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื” ืฉื–ื” ื›ืŸ ื™ืžื ืข ื“ื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ืคื—ืžืŸ
25:53
But I guess I'll accept it,
477
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ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื•ืœ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื•ื“ื
25:54
because it's cheaper than what's come before."
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25:57
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื)
ื›.ื.: ื•ื›ืš ื•ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชืš ืœื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืจืŸ ืœื•ืžื‘ืจื’
26:02
CA: So that would be your response to the Bjรธrn Lomborg argument,
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26:05
basically if you spend all this energy trying to solve the CO2 problem,
481
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ืฉืื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืชื–ืจื– ื•ืชืฉืงื™ืข ื›ืœ ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืช ื“ื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ
26:09
it's going to take away all your other goals
482
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ื–ื” ื™ืขืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืš
26:11
of trying to rid the world of poverty and malaria and so forth,
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื—ืกืœ ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืžืœืจื™ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”
26:14
it's a stupid waste of the Earth's resources
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ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืœืฉื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื”
26:17
to put money towards that
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26:18
when there are better things we can do.
486
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
26:20
BG: Well, the actual spending on the R&D piece --
487
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ื‘.ื’.: ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืคืชื•ื—
26:23
say the US should spend 10 billion a year more than it is right now --
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืจื”"ื‘ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื 10 ืžืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืฉื ื” ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™
26:27
it's not that dramatic.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื›ื–ื” ื“ืจืžืื˜ื™
26:29
It shouldn't take away from other things.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืœืงื— ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
26:31
The thing you get into big money on, and reasonable people can disagree,
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ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ืŸ ืขืชืง, ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง
26:34
is when you have something that's non-economic
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžืžืŸ ืื•ืชื•
26:36
and you're trying to fund that --
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ื–ื”, ื ืจืื” ืœื™, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื–
26:38
that, to me, mostly is a waste.
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26:40
Unless you're very close,
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ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืืชื” ืžืื“ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื•ืžืžืžืŸ ืืช ืขืงื•ืžืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”
26:42
and you're just funding the learning curve and it's going to get very cheap,
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื“ ื–ื•ืœ.
26:45
I believe we should try more things
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืกื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ
26:48
that have a potential to be far less expensive.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
26:51
If the trade-off you get into is, "Let's make energy super expensive,"
499
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ืื ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืกื•ืคืจ ื™ืงืจื”
26:56
then the rich can afford that.
500
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ื•ืื– ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœืขืฆืžื
26:58
I mean, all of us here could pay five times as much for our energy
501
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ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืคื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
27:01
and not change our lifestyle.
502
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
27:03
The disaster is for that two billion.
503
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ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœืื•ืชื ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื™ืืจื“
27:05
And even Lomborg has changed.
504
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ื”ืฉืชื ื”
27:07
His shtick now is, "Why isn't the R&D getting more discussed?"
505
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ื”"ืฉื˜ื™ืง" ืฉืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ืคืชื•ื— ืœื ื ื“ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
27:12
He's still, because of his earlier stuff,
506
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ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœื•
27:14
still associated with the skeptic camp,
507
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืขื ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืกืคืงื ื™ื
27:16
but he's realized that's a pretty lonely camp,
508
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืžื—ื ื” ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืžื
27:19
and so, he's making the R&D point.
509
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืขืœื” ืืช ืฉืืœืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ืคืชื•ื—
27:22
And so there is a thread of something that I think is appropriate.
510
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืจืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื•ื™
27:27
The R&D piece -- it's crazy how little it's funded.
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ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ืคืชื•ื—. ื–ื” ื˜ืจื•ืฃ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืžืžื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”
27:30
CA: Well, Bill, I suspect I speak on behalf of most people here
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœ, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ, ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืžืฉืืœื” ืฉืœืš ืชืชื’ืฉื. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš.
27:34
to say I really hope your wish comes true.
513
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27:36
Thank you so much.
514
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ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
27:37
BG: Thank you.
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27:38
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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