Mustafa Akyol: Faith versus tradition in Islam

120,166 views ใƒป 2011-05-26

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Orr Shomroni ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
00:16
A few weeks ago, I had a chance to go to Saudi Arabia.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืœื›ืช ืœืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช.
00:20
And the first thing I wanted to do as a Muslim
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™
00:23
was to go to Mecca and visit the Kaaba,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืžื›ื” ื•ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืขื‘ื”,
00:25
the holiest shrine of Islam.
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ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื™ืกืœืื.
00:27
And I did that; I put on my ritualistic dress,
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ื•ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื–ืืช; ืœื‘ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ื˜ืงืกื™ื™ื;
ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืžืกื’ื“ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ;
00:30
I went to the holy mosque,
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00:31
I did my prayers,
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช;
00:33
I observed all the rituals.
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ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื™ื.
ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
00:36
And meanwhile, besides all the spirituality,
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช,
00:39
there was one mundane detail in the Kaaba
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ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื˜ ืื—ื“ ืฉื•ืœื™ ื‘ื›ืขื‘ื”
00:41
that was pretty interesting for me:
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ืฉื“ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™.
00:43
there was no separation of sexes.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
00:45
In other words, men and women were worshiping all together.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื
ืกื’ื“ื• ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•.
ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ืืฃ,
00:50
They were together while doing tawฤf, the circular walk around the Kaaba.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืงืคืช ื”ื›ืขื‘ื”,
00:54
They were together while praying.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”.
00:56
And if you wonder why this is interesting at all,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืชื•ื”ื™ื ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืฉืืจ ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช,
01:00
you have to see the rest of Saudi Arabia,
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01:02
because this a country which is strictly divided between the sexes.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื”
ืฉืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื.
01:07
In other words:
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
01:09
as men, you are simply not supposed to be in the same physical space
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื’ื‘ืจ, ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื.
01:12
with women.
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01:13
And I noticed this in a very funny way.
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ื•ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืžืฆื—ื™ืง.
01:15
I left the Kaaba to eat something in downtown Mecca.
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ืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื›ืขื‘ื”
ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ื”.
01:19
I headed to the nearest Burger King restaurant.
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ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืžืกืขื“ืช ื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ ืงื™ื ื’ ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื”.
ื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœืฉื --
01:22
And I went there -- I noticed that there was a male section,
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ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื,
01:25
which is carefully separated from the female section.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคืจื“ ื‘ื”ืงืคื“ื” ืžื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืœื ืฉื™ื.
01:28
I had to pay, order and eat in the male section.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื, ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:31
"It's funny," I said to myself,
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"ื–ื” ืžืฆื—ื™ืง", ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™,
01:33
"You can mingle with the opposite sex at the holy Kaaba,
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"ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ื“ืœ ืขื ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจ ื‘ื›ืขื‘ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”,
01:36
but not at the Burger King?"
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ ืงื™ื ื’."
01:38
(Laughter)
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ื“ื™ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™.
01:39
Quite, quite ironic.
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ืื™ืจื•ื ื™, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื’ื ืื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื•,
01:41
Ironic, and it's also, I think, quite telling,
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01:43
because the Kaaba and the rituals around it
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื›ืขื‘ื” ื•ื”ื˜ืงืกื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
01:46
are relics from the earliest phase of Islam,
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ื”ื ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืกืœื,
01:49
that of prophet Muhammad.
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ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืžื“.
01:51
And if there was a big emphasis at the time to separate men from women,
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื’ืฉ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”
ืขืœ ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื,
01:55
the rituals around the Kaaba could have been designed accordingly.
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ื”ื˜ืงืกื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื›ืขื‘ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืชืื™ืžื”.
01:58
But apparently, that was not an issue at the time.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”.
ืื– ื”ื˜ืงืกื™ื ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื”.
02:01
So the rituals came that way.
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02:02
This is also, I think, confirmed by the fact
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื’ื
ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื
02:05
that the seclusion of women in creating a divided society
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ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช
02:08
is something that you also do not find in the Koran --
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ืื™ื ื• ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืจืืŸ,
ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืกืœืื --
02:12
the very core of Islam, the divine core of Islam --
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ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืกืœืื
02:15
that all Muslims, equally myself, believe.
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืื ื™, ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื•.
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข
02:19
And I think it's not an accident
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02:20
that you don't find this idea in the very origin of Islam,
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ืฉืœื ืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืื™ืกืœืื.
02:24
because many scholars who study the history of Islamic thought --
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื
ืฉื—ืงืจื• ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช --
02:28
Muslim scholars or Westerners --
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื --
02:30
think that, actually, the practice of dividing men and women physically
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ื•ื”ืœ
ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื
02:34
came as a later development in Islam,
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืกืœืื,
02:37
as Muslims adopted some preexisting cultures
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืื™ืžืฆื•
ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
02:40
and traditions of the Middle East.
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02:42
Seclusion of women was actually a Byzantine and Persian practice,
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ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”
ื ื•ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ ืื• ืคืจืกื™,
ื•ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ื–ื”
02:47
and Muslims adopted it and made it a part of their religion.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ืช.
02:51
Actually, this is just one example of a much larger phenomenon.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื• ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช
ืฉืœ ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
02:55
What we call today Islamic law, and especially Islamic culture --
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืกืœืžื™, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช --
ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช.
02:59
and there are many Islamic cultures, actually;
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ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“
03:01
the one in Saudi Arabia is much different
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ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”.
03:03
from where I come from in Istanbul or Turkey.
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03:05
But still, if you're going to speak about a Muslim culture,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช,
ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช,
03:09
this has a core: the divine message which began the religion.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ, ืžืกืจ ืงื“ื•ืฉ,
ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืช,
03:13
But then many traditions, perceptions, practices were added on top of it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช, ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช,
ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื•ื”ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื• ืœื•.
03:18
And these were traditions of the Middle East medieval traditions.
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ -- ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
03:22
There are two important messages, or two lessons,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื,
ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
03:26
to take from that reality.
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03:28
First of all, Muslims --
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื --
03:30
pious, conservative, believing Muslims who want to be loyal to their religion --
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ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืื“ื•ืงื™ื, ืฉืžืจื ื™ื, ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืืžื ื™ื ืœื“ืช ืฉืœื”ื --
ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
03:34
should not cling onto everything in their culture,
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03:36
thinking that that's divinely mandated.
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ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื–ื• ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื”ื ืžื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉื”ื ืจืขื™ื
03:39
Maybe some things are bad traditions and they need to be changed.
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ื•ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื.
03:42
On the other hand, the Westerners who look at Islamic culture
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื
ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช
03:46
and see some troubling aspects
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ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ืชื™ื™ื
03:48
should not readily conclude that this is what Islam ordains.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืกื™ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช.
03:51
Maybe it's a Middle Eastern culture that became confused with Islam.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื• ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื–ืจื— ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืช
ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืกืœืื.
ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ืœ ืฉื ืงืจื ืžื™ืœืช ื ืฉื™ื.
03:56
There is a practice called female circumcision.
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืจืื™, ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืข.
03:59
It's something terrible, horrible.
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04:01
It is basically an operation to deprive women of sexual pleasure.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื ื™ืชื•ื—
ืฉืžื•ื ืข ืžื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช.
04:06
And Westerners --
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืžืขืจื‘, ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื,
04:07
Europeans or Americans -- who didn't know about this before,
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ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ
04:11
[saw] this practice
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ื”ืœ
04:13
within some of the Muslim communities who migrated from North Africa.
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ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช
ืฉื”ื™ื’ืจื• ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
04:17
And they've thought,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, "ืื™ื–ื• ื“ืช ื ื•ืจืื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื•
04:18
"Oh, what a horrible religion that is, which ordains something like that."
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ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”."
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืœืช ื ืฉื™ื,
04:23
But when you look at female circumcision,
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื–ื” ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืื™ืกืœืื,
04:25
you see that it has nothing to do with Islam;
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื•ื”ืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงืื™,
04:27
it's just a North African practice which predates Islam.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื™ืกืœืื.
04:30
It was there for thousands of years.
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ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
04:32
And, quite tellingly, some Muslims do practice it --
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ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื›ืŸ ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
04:36
the Muslims in North Africa, not in other places.
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04:38
But also the non-Muslim communities of North Africa --
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” --
ืื ื™ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื
04:42
the animists, some Christians and even a Jewish tribe in North Africa --
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ื•ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”
ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ื ื•ื”ืœ ืžื™ืœืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื.
04:46
are known to practice female circumcision.
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04:48
So what might look like a problem within Islamic faith
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขื™ื”
ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช
04:53
might turn out to be a tradition that Muslims have subscribed to.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืกื•ืจืช
ืฉืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืื™ืžืฆื•.
04:57
The same thing can be said for honor killings,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืจืฆื— ืขืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”,
04:59
which is a recurrent theme in the Western media --
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ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช --
05:02
and which is, of course, a horrible tradition.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืช ืื™ื•ืžื”.
05:05
And we see, truly, in some Muslim communities, that tradition.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช.
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืœื-ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
05:09
But in the non-Muslim communities of the Middle East,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช, ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง,
05:12
such as some Christian communities, Eastern communities,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ื•ื”ืœ.
05:14
you see the same practice.
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05:15
We had a tragic case of an honor killing
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžืงืจื” ื˜ืจืื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืจืฆื— ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”
ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืืจืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”
05:18
within Turkey's Armenian community just a few months ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
05:21
Now, these are things about general culture,
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ืืœื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช,
05:23
but I'm also very much interested in political culture
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื’ื ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช
05:26
and whether liberty and democracy is appreciated,
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ื•ื”ืื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”,
05:29
or whether there's an authoritarian political culture
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ืื• ื”ืื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ืจื™ืช
05:32
in which the state is supposed to impose things on the citizens.
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ื‘ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื•ืคื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืกื•ื“
05:36
And it is no secret
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05:37
that many Islamic movements in the Middle East
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ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืื™ืกืœืืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช,
05:40
tend to be authoritarian,
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05:41
and some of the so-called "Islamic regimes,"
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ื•ื—ืœืงืŸ ื ืงืจืื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• "ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืื™ืกืœืžื™ื™ื"
05:44
such as Saudi Arabia, Iran and the worst case, the Taliban in Afghanistan,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช, ืื™ืจืืŸ
ื•ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ืืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืืŸ,
05:49
they are pretty authoritarian -- no doubt about that.
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ืฉื”ื ื“ื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ื -- ื‘ืœื™ ืกืคืง.
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช
05:52
For example, in Saudi Arabia,
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05:53
there is a phenomenon called the religious police.
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ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื“ืช.
05:56
And the religious police imposes the supposed Islamic way of life
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ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื”ื“ืช ืื•ื›ืคืช
ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืกืœืืžื™ืช ืœื›ืื•ืจื”
06:00
on every citizen, by force --
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื–ืจื—, ื‘ื›ื•ื— --
06:02
like, women are forced to cover their heads --
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื›ื™ืคืช ื ืฉื™ื ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ืจืืฉื™ื”ืŸ --
ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ื’'ืื‘, ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืจืืฉ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™.
06:05
wear the hijab, the Islamic head cover.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ืจื™,
06:09
Now that is pretty authoritarian,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ื›ืœืคื™ื•.
06:10
and that's something I'm very much critical of.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™
06:13
But when I realized that the non-Muslim,
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ืฉื”ืœื-ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื,
06:17
or the non-Islamic-minded actors in the same geography
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ืื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื™ื–ื•ืจ,
ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืžื”,
06:21
sometimes behaved similarly,
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06:22
I realized that the problem maybe lies
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
06:24
in the political culture of the whole region, not just Islam.
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ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ, ืœื ืจืง ืืฆืœ ื”ืื™ืกืœืื.
06:27
Let me give you an example: in Turkey, where I come from,
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ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื: ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”,
06:30
which is a very hyper-secular republic,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:32
until very recently, we used to have what I call "secularism police,"
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ
ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช,
ืฉืฉืžืจื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช
06:38
which would guard the universities against veiled students.
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ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืขื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืจืืฉ.
06:42
In other words, they would force students to uncover their heads.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื ืื›ืคื• ืขืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื
ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ืจืืฉื.
06:47
And I think forcing people to uncover their head
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ืจืืฉื
06:49
is as tyrannical as forcing them to cover it.
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ื–ื” ืจื•ื“ื ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืื›ื™ืคืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืจืืฉ.
ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืื–ืจื—.
06:53
It should be the citizen's decision.
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06:54
But when I saw that, I said,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”, ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™,
06:56
"Maybe the problem is just an authoritarian culture in the region,
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"ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ,
07:00
and some Muslims have been influenced by that.
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืžืžื ื”."
ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžืžื ื”.
07:03
But the secular-minded people can be influenced by that.
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07:05
Maybe it's a problem of the political culture,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช,
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
07:08
and we have to think about how to change that political culture."
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
07:11
Now, these are some of the questions I had in mind a few years ago
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ืืœื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉืืœื•ืช
ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
07:15
when I sat down to write a book.
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกืคืจ.
07:17
I said, "Well, I will do research
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™, "ืื ื™ ืืขืฉื” ืžื—ืงืจ
ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ืื™ืกืœืื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื• ื›ื™ื•ื,
07:20
about how Islam actually came to be what it is today,
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ืื™ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืขืฉื•
07:25
and what roads were taken and what roads could have been taken."
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช."
ืฉื ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื "Islam Without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty."
07:29
The name of the book is "Islam Without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty."
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07:33
And as the subtitle suggests,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ ืžืฆื™ืข,
07:35
I looked at Islamic tradition and the history of Islamic thought
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ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืขืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช
07:38
from the perspective of individual liberty,
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืคืจื˜,
07:40
and I tried to find what are the strengths with regard to individual liberty.
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื”ื ื”ื—ื•ื–ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืกืœืื
ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืคืจื˜.
07:44
And there are strengths in Islamic tradition.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื–ืงื™ื ืœืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืื™ืกืœืืžื™ืช.
ื”ืื™ืกืœืื, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื“ืช ืžื•ื ื•ืชืื™ืกื˜ื™ืช
07:47
Islam, actually, as a monotheistic religion,
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07:49
which defined man as a responsible agent by itself,
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ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื›ืื—ืจืื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•,
07:53
created the idea of the individual in the Middle East,
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ื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
ื•ื”ืฆื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื• ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื
07:56
and saved it from the communitarianism, the collectivism of the tribe.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜.
08:00
You can derive many ideas from that.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื–ื”.
08:02
But besides that, I also saw problems within Islamic tradition.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืจืื™ืชื™ ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืกืœืืžื™ืช.
08:05
But one thing was curious:
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืงืจืŸ:
08:07
most of those problems turn out to be problems that emerged later,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ,
08:10
not from the very divine core of Islam, the Koran,
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ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืกืœืื, ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ,
08:13
but from, again, traditions and mentalities,
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ืืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืžืกื•ืจืช ื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช,
ืื• ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ
08:17
or the interpretations of the Koran that Muslims made in the Middle Ages.
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ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
08:21
The Koran, for example, doesn't condone stoning.
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ืœื ืžื•ื—ืœ ืขืœ ืกืงื™ืœื”.
08:24
There is no punishment for apostasy.
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ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืคื™ืจื”.
08:26
There is no punishment for personal sins like drinking.
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ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืชื™ื™ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ.
ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืื™ืกืœืืžื™,
08:30
These things which make Islamic law,
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08:33
the troubling aspects of Islamic law,
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ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืื™ืกืœืืžื™,
08:36
were developed into later interpretations of Islam.
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ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื›ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืกืœืื.
08:39
Which means that Muslims can, today,
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ื,
08:41
look at those things and say,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“
08:43
"Well, the core of our religion is here to stay with us.
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"ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช
ื ืฉืืจ ืื™ืชื ื•.
08:47
It's our faith, and we will be loyal to it.
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ื–ื• ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื”ื™ื” ื ืืžื ื™ื ืœื”."
08:49
But we can change how it was interpreted,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”,
08:51
because it was interpreted according to the time
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืคื•ืจืฉื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
08:53
and milieu in the Middle Ages.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื—ืจ
08:55
Now we're living in a different world,
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ืขื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
08:57
with different values and political systems."
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ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
08:59
That interpretation is quite possible and feasible.
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09:02
Now, if I were the only person thinking that way,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืš,
09:05
we would be in trouble.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื”.
09:08
But that's not the case at all.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื”ืžืฆื‘.
09:10
Actually, from the 19th century on,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ื”ืœืื”,
09:13
there's a whole revisionist, reformist -- whatever you call it -- tradition,
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ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืจืคื•ืจืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืช --
ืื™ืš ืฉืœื ืชืงืจืื• ืœื–ื” --
ืžืกื•ืจืช,
09:19
a trend in Islamic thinking.
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ืžื’ืžื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื™ืกืœืืžื™ืช.
09:22
These were intellectuals or statesmen
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื”
ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
09:25
of the 19th century, and later, 20th century,
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09:27
which looked at Europe, basically,
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
09:29
and saw that Europe has many things to admire,
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ื•ืจืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
09:31
like science and technology.
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ื›ืžื• ืžื“ืข ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
09:33
But not just that; also democracy, parliament,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืง ื–ื”; ื’ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ืคืจืœืžื ื˜,
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’,
09:36
the idea of representation,
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09:37
the idea of equal citizenship.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื”.
09:39
These Muslim thinkers, intellectuals and statesmen of the 19th century,
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ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื, ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื
ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืจืื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
09:44
looked at Europe, saw these things, and said,
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ื•ืืžืจื•, "ืœืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”?"
09:46
"Why don't we have these things?"
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืื™ืกืœืžื™ืช,
09:48
And they looked back at Islamic tradition,
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ื•ืจืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื™ื™ื,
09:50
and saw that there are problematic aspects,
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09:52
but they're not the core of the religion, so maybe they can be re-understood,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช, ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ
09:56
and the Koran can be reread in the modern world.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
09:59
That trend is generally called Islamic modernism,
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ืžื’ืžื” ื–ื•
ื ืงืจืืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื ืื™ืกืœืื,
10:04
and it was advanced by intellectuals and statesmen,
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ืงื•ื“ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
10:07
not just as an intellectual idea, though,
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™
10:09
but also as a political program.
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ืืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
10:11
And that's why, actually, in the 19th century,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19
10:13
the Ottoman Empire, which then covered the whole Middle East,
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ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช, ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื›ื™ืกืชื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
ืขืฉืชื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื --
10:17
made very important reforms --
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10:19
reforms like giving Christians and Jews an equal citizenship status,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืชืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช ืžืขืžื“
ืœื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื,
ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื”,
10:24
accepting a constitution,
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10:25
accepting a representative parliament,
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ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืขืœ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™,
10:27
advancing the idea of freedom of religion.
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ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื“ืช.
10:30
That's why the Ottoman Empire, in its last decades,
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ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
10:33
turned into a proto-democracy, a constitutional monarchy,
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ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™,
ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื” ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช.
10:37
and freedom was a very important political value at the time.
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ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืขืจืš ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”.
10:40
Similarly, in the Arab world,
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืžื”, ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™,
10:42
there was what the great Arab historian Albert Hourani defines
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื ืงืจืื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื’ื•ืœ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื—ื•ืจืื ื™
ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™.
10:46
as the Liberal Age.
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10:47
He has a book, "Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age,"
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื "ื”ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ 1789-1939".
ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™
10:50
and the Liberal Age, he defines as 19th century and early 20th century.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20.
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช
10:55
Quite notably, this was the dominant trend in the early 20th century
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20
10:59
among Islamic thinkers and statesmen and theologians.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื.
11:03
But there is a very curious pattern in the rest of the 20th century,
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื’ืžื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช
ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
11:07
because we see a sharp decline in this Islamic modernist line.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ื”
ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื ื”ืื™ืกืœืžื™.
11:11
And in place of that,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”,
11:13
what happens is that Islamism grows as an ideology which is authoritarian,
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ื”ืื™ืกืœืื ื’ื“ืœ
ื›ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ืจื™ืช,
11:19
which is quite strident,
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ืงืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™,
11:21
which is quite anti-Western,
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ืื ื˜ื™-ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช,
ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”
11:24
and which wants to shape society based on a utopian vision.
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ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœื”.
11:27
So Islamism is the problematic idea
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ืื– ืื™ืกืœืžื™ื–ื ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™
11:30
that really created a lot of problems in the 20th-century Islamic world.
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20.
11:35
And even the very extreme forms of Islamism
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืกืœืื
11:38
led to terrorism in the name of Islam --
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืื™ืกืœืื --
ื ื•ื”ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื•ื’ื“ ืืช ื”ืื™ืกืœืื,
11:42
which is actually a practice that I think is against Islam,
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11:44
but some, obviously, extremists, did not think that way.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ื ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืš.
11:47
But there is a curious question:
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืฉืืœื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช:
11:49
If Islamic modernism was so popular in the 19th and early 20th centuries,
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ืื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื ืื™ืกืœืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™
ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
11:54
why did Islamism become so popular in the rest of the 20th century?
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ืœืžื” ืื™ืกืœืžื™ื–ื ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™
ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20?
ื•ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื™
11:59
And this is a question, I think, which needs to be discussed carefully.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
12:02
In my book, I went into that question as well.
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ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื™ ื ื’ืขืชื™ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•.
12:04
And actually, you don't need to be a rocket scientist to understand that.
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ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”.
12:08
Just look at the political history of the 20th century,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื•.
12:11
and you see things have changed a lot.
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ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืฉืชื ื”.
12:13
The contexts have changed.
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12:14
In the 19th century,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19,
12:15
when Muslims were looking at Europe as an example,
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ื›ืฉืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžื,
12:18
they were independent; they were more self-confident.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
12:21
In the early 20th century, with the fall of the Ottoman Empire,
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ืขื ื ืคื™ืœืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช,
12:24
the whole Middle East was colonized.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื˜ื— ื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘.
12:27
And when you have colonialization, what do you have?
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ื— ื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื” ื ื•ืฆืจ?
12:29
You have anti-colonialization.
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ืชื ื•ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ.
12:31
So Europe is not just an example now to emulate;
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ืื– ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœื—ื™ืงื•ื™;
12:34
it's an enemy to fight and to resist.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื•ื™ื‘ ืฉื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ื• ื•ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื•.
12:37
So there's a very sharp decline in liberal ideas in the Muslim world,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ื” ืžืื•ื“
ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ืจืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™,
ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื–ื” ื–ืŸ ื”ื’ื ืชื™,
12:42
and what you see is more of a defensive, rigid, reactionary strain,
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ื ื•ืงืฉื” ื•ืจื™ืืงืฆื™ื•ื ืจื™ (ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื•ื“ื),
12:47
which led to Arab socialism, Arab nationalism
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื ืขืจื‘ื™, ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช
12:49
and ultimately to the Islamist ideology.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืกืœืžื™ืช.
12:52
And when the colonial period ended,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื ื’ืžืจื”,
12:55
what you had in place of that was generally secular dictators,
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ืžื™ ืฉืงืžื•
ื”ื™ื•, ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช, ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื,
ืฉืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
13:00
which say they're a country,
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13:01
but did not bring democracy to the country,
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ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”,
13:03
and established their own dictatorship.
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ื•ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื.
13:05
And I think the West, at least some powers in the West,
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ื•ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ืžืขืจื‘, ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื‘,
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
13:09
particularly the United States,
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13:10
made the mistake of supporting those secular dictators,
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ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืœื”,
13:13
thinking that they were more helpful for their interests.
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ื›ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
13:16
But the fact that those dictators suppressed democracy in their country
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
ื“ื™ื›ืื• ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื
13:20
and suppressed Islamic groups in their country
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ื•ื“ื™ื›ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื™ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
13:22
actually made the Islamists much more strident.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืื™ืกืœืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื.
ื›ืš ืงืจื” ืฉื‘ืžืื” ื”-20,
13:25
So in the 20th century,
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13:26
you had this vicious cycle in the Arab world,
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ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื’ืœ ืงืกืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™
13:28
where you have a dictatorship suppressing its own people,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื” ืžื“ื›ืืช ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
13:31
including the Islamic pious,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืงื™ื,
13:33
and they're reacting in reactionary ways.
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ื•ื”ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื™ืืงืฆื™ื•ื ืจื™ื•ืช.
13:36
There was one country, though,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช
13:38
which was able to escape or stay away from that vicious cycle.
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ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข
ืžืื•ืชื• ืžืขื’ืœ ืงืกืžื™ื.
13:43
And that's the country where I come from, Turkey.
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ื–ื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืžื ื” ืื ื™ ื‘ื: ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”.
13:46
Turkey has never been colonized,
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ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื—ืช ืฉื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™,
ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื” ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื ืคื™ืœืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช.
13:49
so it remained as an independent nation after the fall of the Ottoman Empire.
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ.
13:52
That's one thing to remember;
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืค ืื ื˜ื™-ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™
13:54
it did not share the same anti-colonial hype
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ.
13:57
that you can find in some other countries in the region.
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13:59
Secondly, and most importantly,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™, ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
14:01
Turkey became a democracy
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ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”
14:03
earlier than any of the countries we are talking about.
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ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ.
14:05
In 1950, Turkey had the first free and fair elections,
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ื‘-1950, ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ืขืจื›ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช
ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™,
14:08
which ended the more autocratic secular regime,
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14:10
which was in the beginning of Turkey.
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ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”.
14:12
And the pious Muslims in Turkey
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”
14:14
saw that they could change the political system by voting.
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ืจืื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”.
14:18
And they realized that democracy is something compatible with Islam,
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ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืขื ื”ืื™ืกืœืื,
ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืขื ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื”,
14:22
compatible with their values,
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14:23
and they've been supportive of democracy.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
14:25
That's an experience
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช
14:27
that not every other Muslim nation in the Middle East had,
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ.
14:30
until very recently.
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14:31
Secondly, in the past two decades,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
14:33
thanks to globalization, thanks to the market economy,
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืฉื•ืง,
14:36
thanks to the rise of a middle class,
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™,
14:38
we in Turkey see what I define as a rebirth of Islamic modernism.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”
ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชื—ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื ื”ืื™ืกืœืžื™.
14:44
Now, there's the more urban middle-class pious Muslims
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืื“ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœื”ื
14:48
who, again, look at their tradition
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ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืื™ืชื ื›ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
14:50
and see that there are some problems in the tradition,
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ื•ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.
14:53
and understand that they need to be changed and questioned and reformed.
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ื”ื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
14:56
And they look at Europe, and see an example, again, to follow.
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ื•ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœื—ื™ืงื•ื™.
15:00
They see an example, at least, to take some inspiration from.
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื”ืฉืจืื”.
ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™,
15:03
That's why the EU process, Turkey's effort to join the EU,
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ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™,
ื ืชืžืš ื‘ืชื•ืš ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”
15:07
has been supported inside Turkey by the Islamic pious,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืงื™ื,
15:10
while some secular nationalists were against it.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื ื’ื“ ื–ื”.
15:13
Well, that process has been a little bit blurred
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื” ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ ืคื ื™ื --
15:16
by the fact that not all Europeans are that welcoming,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ.
15:18
but that's another discussion.
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15:20
But the pro-EU sentiment in Turkey in the past decade
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
15:23
has become almost an Islamic cause and supported by the Islamic liberals
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ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื˜ืจื” ืื™ืกืœืืžื™ืช,
ื•ื ืชืžื›ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืจืืœื™ื
15:27
and the secular liberals as well, of course.
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ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืจืืœื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
15:30
And thanks to that,
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ื•ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš,
15:31
Turkey has been able to reasonably create a success story
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ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช
15:34
in which Islam and the most pious understandings of Islam
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืกืœืื ื•ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืกืœืื
15:39
have become part of the democratic game,
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ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™,
15:41
and even contributes to the democratic and economic advance of the country.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืชืจืžื• ืœืงื™ื“ืžื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
15:46
And this has been an inspiring example right now
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื”ืฉืจืื”
ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืื™ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช
15:50
for some of the Islamic movements
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ื•ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™.
15:52
or some of the countries in the Arab world.
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15:54
You must have all seen the Arab Spring,
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™,
15:56
which began in Tunis and in Egypt.
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ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื ื™ืกื™ื” ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื.
15:59
Arab masses just revolted against their dictators.
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ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืขืจื‘ื™ื
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืจื“ื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
16:03
They were asking for democracy; they were asking for freedom.
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ื”ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”; ื”ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœื”ื,
ื•ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืคืœืฆืช ื”ืื™ืกืœืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืช
16:07
And they did not turn out to be the Islamist boogeyman
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16:09
that the dictators were always using to justify their regime.
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ืฉื”ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื•
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฉืœื”ื.
ื”ื ืืžืจื• "ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
16:15
They said, "We want freedom; we want democracy.
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16:17
We are Muslim believers,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื,
16:19
but we want to be living as free people in free societies."
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช."
ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ืขื•ื“ ืืจื•ื›ื”.
16:23
Of course, this is a long road.
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ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืื™ื ื ื” ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ืœื”;
16:25
Democracy is not an overnight achievement; it's a process.
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ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—
16:29
But this is a promising era in the Muslim world.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™.
ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื ื”ืื™ืกืœืžื™
16:33
And I believe that the Islamic modernism which began in the 19th century,
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ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19,
16:36
but which had a setback in the 20th century
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ืืš ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™,
16:39
because of the political troubles of the Muslim world,
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ื—ื•ื•ื” ื›ืจื’ืข ืชื—ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
16:41
is having a rebirth.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื•ื
16:43
And I think the takeaway message from that would be that Islam,
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ืฉื”ืื™ืกืœืื,
16:47
despite some of the skeptics in the West,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืกืคืงื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘,
16:50
has the potential in itself
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•
16:52
to create its own way to democracy, create its own way to liberalism,
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื• ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื• ืœืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื–ื,
16:55
create its own way to freedom.
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื• ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ.
16:57
They just should be allowed to work for that.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
17:00
Thanks so much.
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17:01
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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