Why the universe seems so strange | Richard Dawkins

1,848,124 views ใƒป 2007-01-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:25
My title: "Queerer than we can suppose: the strangeness of science."
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ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืืชื™ ื”ื™ื:
"ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืžืคื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืขืจ: ืžื•ื–ืจื•ึผืช ื”ืžื“ืข."
00:31
"Queerer than we can suppose" comes from J.B.S. Haldane, the famous biologist,
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"ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืขืจ" ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื’'ื‘"ืก ื”ื•ืœื“ื™ื™ืŸ,
ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื, ืฉืืžืจ, "ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื“
00:35
who said, "Now, my own suspicion is that the universe is not only queerer
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"ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืขืจื™ื,
00:40
than we suppose, but queerer than we can suppose.
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"ืืœื ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืฉืขืจ.
00:44
I suspect that there are more things in heaven and earth
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฉื ื" ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
00:47
than are dreamed of, or can be dreamed of, in any philosophy."
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"ืฉื ืคืœืื• ืื• ื™ื™ืคืœืื• ืžื“ืขืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•." (ืข"ืค ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ)
00:54
Richard Feynman compared the accuracy of quantum theories --
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ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช --
ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื --
00:59
experimental predictions --
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01:00
to specifying the width of North America to within one hair's breadth of accuracy.
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ืœื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืจื•ื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืžืจื™ืงื”
ื‘ืจืžืช-ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืขืจื”.
01:07
This means that quantum theory has got to be, in some sense, true.
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ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
01:11
Yet the assumptions that quantum theory needs to make
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืฉืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื ื™ื—
01:14
in order to deliver those predictions are so mysterious
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื›ื” ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
01:18
that even Feynman himself was moved to remark,
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื—ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืขื™ืจ:
01:21
"If you think you understand quantum theory,
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"ืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื,
01:24
you don't understand quantum theory."
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"ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื."
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:28
It's so queer that physicists resort to one or another
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื”,
ืฉืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžืคืœื˜ ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™ืช ื›ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”.
01:32
paradoxical interpretation of it.
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01:35
David Deutsch, who's talking here, in "The Fabric of Reality,"
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ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฉืžืจืฆื” ื›ืืŸ, ืžืืžืฅ ื‘"ืžืืจื’ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช" ืฉืœื•
01:39
embraces the many-worlds interpretation of quantum theory,
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ืืช ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช "ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช" ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื,
01:45
because the worst that you can say about it
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ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื”,
ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื ื™ืช ืขื“ ื’ื™ื—ื•ืš.
01:47
is that it's preposterously wasteful.
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01:49
It postulates a vast and rapidly growing number of universes existing in parallel,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื•ื ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื,
ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืื™ื ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื“ื“ื™
01:55
mutually undetectable,
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01:57
except through the narrow porthole of quantum mechanical experiments.
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ืืœื ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืืฉื ื‘ ื”ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ื”ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช.
02:05
And that's Richard Feynman.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ.
02:08
The biologist Lewis Wolpert believes
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ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืœื•ืื™ืก ื•ื•ืœืคืจื˜ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช
02:10
that the queerness of modern physics
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02:12
is just an extreme example.
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ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช
02:14
Science, as opposed to technology,
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ื”ืžื“ืข, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื”ืชืขืœืœ ื‘ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจ;
02:16
does violence to common sense.
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02:19
Every time you drink a glass of water, he points out,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื›ื•ืก ืžื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ,
02:22
the odds are that you will imbibe at least one molecule
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืชืฉืชื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืื—ืช
02:26
that passed through the bladder of Oliver Cromwell.
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ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื“ืจืš ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืœื™ื‘ืจ ืงืจื•ืžื•ื•ืœ.
02:29
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:31
It's just elementary probability theory.
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ื–ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช.
02:33
(Laughter)
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02:34
The number of molecules per glassful is hugely greater
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืก ืžื™ื ืื—ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
02:37
than the number of glassfuls, or bladdersful, in the world.
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ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืื• ื”ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
02:41
And of course, there's nothing special about Cromwell or bladders --
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ืžื•ื•ืœ ืื• ืœืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชืŸ:
02:44
you have just breathed in a nitrogen atom
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ื›ืจื’ืข ื ืฉืžืชื ืื˜ื•ื ื—ื ืงืŸ
02:47
that passed through the right lung of the third iguanodon
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ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื™ืื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื’ื•ืื ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™
ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืขืฅ ื”ืฆื™ืงืก ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”
02:51
to the left of the tall cycad tree.
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02:56
"Queerer than we can suppose."
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"ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืขืจ".
02:59
What is it that makes us capable of supposing anything,
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ืžื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืฉืขืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
03:03
and does this tell us anything about what we can suppose?
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ื•ื”ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืขืจ?
03:07
Are there things about the universe that will be forever beyond our grasp,
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ืงื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ,ืฉื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ืœื ืฆื— ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืคื™ืฉืชื ื•
03:13
but not beyond the grasp of some superior intelligence?
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ืืš ืœื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืคื™ืฉืชื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื• ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื ืขืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ?
03:16
Are there things about the universe
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ืงื•ื
ืฉืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช, ืื™ื ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืชืคื™ืฉื” ืข"ื™ ืฉื•ื ืžื•ื—,
03:18
that are, in principle, ungraspable by any mind,
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03:22
however superior?
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ื ืขืœื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”?
03:25
The history of science has been one long series of violent brainstorms,
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ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื™ื• ืกื“ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืขื•ืจื™-ืžื•ื— ืืœื™ืžื™ื,
03:30
as successive generations have come to terms with
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ื›ืฉื“ื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ื“ื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื™ื ืขื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ
ืฉืœ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
03:33
increasing levels of queerness in the universe.
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03:36
We're now so used to the idea that the Earth spins,
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ืื ื• ื›ื” ืžื•ืจื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘,
03:39
rather than the Sun moves across the sky,
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ื•ืœื ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืขื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
03:42
it's hard for us to realize
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03:43
what a shattering mental revolution that must have been.
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ืื™ื–ื• ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืžื–ืขื–ืขืช ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
03:47
After all, it seems obvious that the Earth is large and motionless,
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ื”ืจื™ ืœืžืจืื™ืช-ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื ื™ื™ื—
03:50
the Sun, small and mobile.
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ื•ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื ื™ื™ื“ืช,
03:52
But it's worth recalling Wittgenstein's remark on the subject:
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ืืš ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื•ื™ื˜ื’ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”.
03:57
"Tell me," he asked a friend, "why do people always say
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"ืืžื•ืจ ืœื™," ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•,
"ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื”ื ื™ื—
04:01
it was natural for man to assume that the Sun went 'round the Earth,
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"ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื—ื’ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ "ื•ืœื ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื’ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”?"
04:05
rather than that the Earth was rotating?"
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04:08
And his friend replied, "Well, obviously,
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจื• ืขื ื”,
04:10
because it just looks as though the Sun is going round the Earth."
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"ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื ืขื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ!"
04:15
Wittgenstein replied, "Well, what would it have looked like
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ืขื ื” ื•ื™ื˜ื’ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ: "ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื”,
04:18
if it had looked as though the Earth was rotating?"
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"ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉื ืขื”?"
04:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื”ืžื“ืข ืœื™ืžื“ื ื•, ื—ืจืฃ ื›ืœ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื”,
04:27
Science has taught us, against all intuition,
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ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ืœืžืจืื™ืช-ืขื™ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืกืœืขื™ื,
04:30
that apparently solid things, like crystals and rocks,
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04:33
are really almost entirely composed of empty space.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง.
04:37
And the familiar illustration is the nucleus of an atom
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ื•ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืœ ืืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ื•ื ืœื–ื‘ื•ื‘
04:42
is a fly in the middle of a sports stadium,
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ืฉื ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืื™ืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ,
04:45
and the next atom is in the next sports stadium.
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ื›ืฉื”ืื˜ื•ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ืื™ืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืžื•ืš.
04:48
So it would seem the hardest, solidest, densest rock
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ื›ืš ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืกืœืข ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื”, ืื™ืชืŸ ื•ืžื•ืฆืง,
04:52
is really almost entirely empty space,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื• ื—ืœืœ ืฉืจื™ืงื ื•ืชื• ืžื•ืคืจืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื,
04:55
broken only by tiny particles so widely spaced they shouldn't count.
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ืฉืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ืขื“ ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืฉื ื™ื.
05:00
Why, then, do rocks look and feel solid and hard and impenetrable?
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ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื’ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื, ืงืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™-ื—ื“ื™ืจื™ื?
05:06
As an evolutionary biologist, I'd say this: our brains have evolved
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ื›ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืš:
ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื• ืœืฉืจื•ื“
05:10
to help us survive within the orders of magnitude, of size and speed
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ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื ื•.
05:17
which our bodies operate at.
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05:19
We never evolved to navigate in the world of atoms.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืžืฆื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
05:22
If we had, our brains probably would perceive rocks
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ื›ื™ ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื• ื•ื“ืื™ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืฉื”ืกืœืข ืžืœื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง.
05:25
as full of empty space.
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05:26
Rocks feel hard and impenetrable
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ื”ืกืœืข ืžื•ืจื’ืฉ ืงืฉื” ื•ื‘ืœืชื™-ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืœืžื’ืข ื™ื“ื™ื ื•,
05:29
to our hands, precisely because objects like rocks and hands
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขืฆืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกืœืขื™ื ื•ื™ื“ื™ื™ื
ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืืœื” ืœืชื•ืš ืืœื”.
05:34
cannot penetrate each other.
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05:36
It's therefore useful
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ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืžื•ื—ื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืžื•ืฆืงื•ึผืช" ื•"ืื™-ื—ื“ื™ืจื•ึผืช",
05:38
for our brains to construct notions like "solidity" and "impenetrability,"
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05:44
because such notions help us to navigate our bodies
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ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื•
ื“ืจืš ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ-ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืžืฆื.
05:48
through the middle-sized world in which we have to navigate.
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05:52
Moving to the other end of the scale,
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ืื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœื ื”ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืงื•ืกืžื•ืก
05:54
our ancestors never had to navigate through the cosmos
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05:57
at speeds close to the speed of light.
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ. ืื™ืœื• ื›ืš ื”ื™ื”,
06:00
If they had, our brains would be much better at understanding Einstein.
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ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ.
06:05
I want to give the name "Middle World" to the medium-scaled environment
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื›ื ื•ืช "ืขื•ืœื ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ"
ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืงื ื”-ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื” ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชืคืงื“...
06:10
in which we've evolved the ability to take act --
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06:12
nothing to do with "Middle Earth" --
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ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื”; "ืขื•ืœื ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ".
06:14
Middle World.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:15
(Laughter)
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06:17
We are evolved denizens of Middle World,
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ื›ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
06:20
and that limits what we are capable of imagining.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
06:23
We find it intuitively easy to grasp ideas like,
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ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืงืœ ืœื ื• ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
ื›ืžื• ื–ื”: ื›ืืฉืจ ืืจื ื‘, ืฉื ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช
06:26
when a rabbit moves at the sort of medium velocity
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ืฉื‘ื” ื ืขื™ื ืืจื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืขืฆืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
06:29
at which rabbits and other Middle World objects move,
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06:32
and hits another Middle World object like a rock, it knocks itself out.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ืขื•ืœื-ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ, ื›ืžื• ืกืœืข, ื”ื•ื ืžืชืขืœืฃ.
06:37
May I introduce Major General Albert Stubblebine III,
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ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืฆื™ื’ ืœืคื ื™ื›ื ืืช ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืกื˜ื‘ืœื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™,
06:43
commander of military intelligence in 1983.
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ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘-1983.
06:48
"...[He] stared at his wall in Arlington, Virginia, and decided to do it.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื” ื‘ืงื™ืจ ืžืฉืจื“ื• ื‘ืืจืœื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื”,
ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
06:54
As frightening as the prospect was, he was going into the next office.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืกืžื•ืš.
07:00
He stood up and moved out from behind his desk.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืขืžื“ ื•ื™ืฆื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•.
07:05
'What is the atom mostly made of?' he thought, 'Space.'
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"ืžืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ืื˜ื•ื?" ื—ืฉื‘. "ืžื—ืœืœ."
07:09
He started walking. 'What am I mostly made of? Atoms.'
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœื›ืช.
"ืžืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืื ื™? ืžืื˜ื•ืžื™ื."
07:15
He quickened his pace, almost to a jog now.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฆืขื“ื™ื•, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืจืฅ.
07:18
'What is the wall mostly made of?'
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"ืžืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ืงื™ืจ? ืžืื˜ื•ืžื™ื!
07:20
(Laughter)
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07:21
'Atoms!'
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07:23
All I have to do is merge the spaces.
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"ืขืœื™ ืจืง ืœืžื–ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื."
ื•ืื– ื’ื ืจืœ ืกื˜ื‘ืœื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ื˜ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืืช ืืคื• ื‘ืงื™ืจ ืžืฉืจื“ื•.
07:28
Then, General Stubblebine banged his nose hard on the wall of his office.
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07:34
Stubblebine, who commanded 16,000 soldiers,
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ืกื˜ื‘ืœื‘ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืคืงื“ื ืฉืœ 16,000 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื,
07:38
was confounded by his continual failure to walk through the wall.
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ื ื“ื”ื ืžื›ืฉืœื•ื ื• ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ื ืฉื ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื™ืจ.
07:42
He has no doubt that this ability will one day be a common tool
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื• ืกืคืง ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืคืจื™ื˜ ืจื’ื™ืœ
07:45
in the military arsenal.
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ื‘ืืจืกื ืœ ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ืฆื‘ืื™.
07:46
Who would screw around with an army that could do that?"
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ืžื™ ื™ืชืขืกืง ืขื ืฆื‘ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”?
07:50
That's from an article in Playboy,
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ื–ื” ืœืงื•ื— ืžืžืืžืจ ื‘"ืคืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™" ืื•ืชื• ืงืจืืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื.
07:52
which I was reading the other day.
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07:54
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:56
I have every reason to think it's true;
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื• ืืžืช;
ื•ืื ื™ ืงืจืืชื™ "ืคืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™" ื›ื™ ื’ื ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืืžืจ ืฉื.
07:58
I was reading Playboy because I, myself, had an article in it.
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08:01
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:07
Unaided human intuition, schooled in Middle World,
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉื˜ื•ืคื—ื” ืœืœื ืขื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื’ืœื™ืœืื•,
08:12
finds it hard to believe Galileo when he tells us
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ื”ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉืขืฆื ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ืขืฆื ืงืœ, ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
08:15
a heavy object and a light object, air friction aside,
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08:18
would hit the ground at the same instant.
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ื™ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
08:20
And that's because in Middle World, air friction is always there.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
08:24
If we'd evolved in a vacuum,
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ื‘ืจื™ืง,
08:25
we would expect them to hit the ground simultaneously.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืฆืคื™ื ืžื”ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืงืจืงืข.
ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื,
08:29
If we were bacteria,
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08:30
constantly buffeted by thermal movements of molecules,
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ื”ื ื—ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืœืœื-ื”ืจืฃ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช,
08:33
it would be different.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื”. ืืš ืื ื•, ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
08:35
But we Middle-Worlders are too big to notice Brownian motion.
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ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืจืื•ื ื™ืช.
08:38
In the same way, our lives are dominated by gravity,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื•ืคืŸ, ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืข"ื™ ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”,
08:42
but are almost oblivious to the force of surface tension.
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ืืš ืื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืžืชื—-ื”ืคื ื™ื.
08:45
A small insect would reverse these priorities.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื—ืจืง ื”ืงื˜ืŸ, ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช.
08:50
Steve Grand -- he's the one on the left,
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ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ื’ืจื ื“ -- ื–ื” ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื ืžืฉืžืืœ,
08:52
Douglas Adams is on the right.
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ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ ื“ืื’ืœืก ืื“ืžืก -- ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ื’ืจื ื“,
08:54
Steve Grand, in his book, "Creation: Life and How to Make It,"
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ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ื‘ืจื™ืื”: ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืชื",
08:57
is positively scathing about our preoccupation with matter itself.
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ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื•ืงื‘ืช ืœืขื™ืกื•ืง-ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืขืฆืžื•.
09:03
We have this tendency to think that only solid, material things
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"ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืจืง ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื
09:07
are really things at all.
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"ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
09:09
Waves of electromagnetic fluctuation in a vacuum seem unreal.
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"ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืง ื ื“ืžื•ืช ืœื ื• ืœื-ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช.
09:14
Victorians thought the waves had to be waves in some material medium:
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"ื”ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื’ืœื™ื ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืชื•ื•ืš ื—ื•ืžืจื™,
09:19
the ether.
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"ื”ืึถืชึถืจ.
09:21
But we find real matter comforting
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"ืืš ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื ื—ืžื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืžืฉื™
09:23
only because we've evolved to survive in Middle World,
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"ืจืง ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ืœืฉืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
09:27
where matter is a useful fiction.
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"ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช."
ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช, ืœืคื™ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ื’ืจื ื“, ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืฉืœ ืกืœืข.
09:31
A whirlpool, for Steve Grand, is a thing with just as much reality
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09:35
as a rock.
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09:37
In a desert plain in Tanzania,
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ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื˜ื ื–ื ื™ื”, ื‘ืฆืœ ื”ืจ-ื”ื’ืขืฉ ืื•ืœ ื“ื•ื ื™ื• ืœื ื’ืื™,
09:40
in the shadow of the volcano Ol Doinyo Lengai,
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09:43
there's a dune made of volcanic ash.
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื•ื ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืืคืจ ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™.
09:46
The beautiful thing is that it moves bodily.
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ื”ื™ืคื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื ื•ืขืขืช ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ื™.
09:50
It's what's technically known as a "barchan,"
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ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืงืจื•ื™ื” "ื‘ืจื—ืŸ",
09:52
and the entire dune walks across the desert in a westerly direction
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ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื ืขื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื”
09:56
at a speed of about 17 meters per year.
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›-17 ืžื˜ืจ ืœืฉื ื”.
09:59
It retains its crescent shape and moves in the direction of the horns.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ืฆื™-ืกื”ืจ ื•ื ืขื” ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืจื ื™ื™ื.
10:04
What happens is that the wind blows the sand up the shallow slope
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืจื•ื— ืžืขื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ
ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ื“,
10:08
on the other side,
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10:09
and then, as each sand grain hits the top of the ridge, it cascades down
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ื•ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื’ืจื’ืจ-ื—ื•ืœ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืจื›ืก,
ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ืจื“ืจ ืžื˜ื” ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืกื”ืจ,
10:13
on the inside of the crescent,
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10:14
and so the whole horn-shaped dune moves.
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ื•ื›ืš ื ืขื” ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืงืจื ื™ื™ื.
10:19
Steve Grand points out that you and I are, ourselves,
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ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ื’ืจื ื“ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืืชื ื•ืื ื™, ืื ื• ืขืฆืžื ื•,
10:23
more like a wave than a permanent thing.
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ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืœ ืžืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข.
10:26
He invites us, the reader,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื•, ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื: "ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช,
10:28
to think of an experience from your childhood,
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10:31
something you remember clearly,
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"ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
10:32
something you can see, feel, maybe even smell,
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"ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ืœื—ื•ืฉ, ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืœื”ืจื™ื—,
10:35
as if you were really there.
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"ื›ืื™ืœื• ืืชื ืžืžืฉ ืฉื.
10:37
After all, you really were there at the time, weren't you?
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"ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฉื ืื–, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?"
10:41
How else would you remember it?
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"ืื—ืจืช, ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื–ืืช?
10:43
But here is the bombshell: You weren't there.
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"ืืš ื”ื ื” ื”ืคืฆืฆื”: ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฉื.
"ืฉื•ื ืื˜ื•ื ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื, ื›ืฉืื•ืชื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
10:46
Not a single atom that is in your body today
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10:48
was there when that event took place.
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10:51
Matter flows from place to place
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื–ื•ืจื ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื
10:53
and momentarily comes together to be you.
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"ื•ืœื–ืžืŸ-ืžื” ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื›ืœืœ 'ืืชื'.
"ืœื›ืŸ, ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื•, ืื™ื ื›ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ
10:56
Whatever you are, therefore,
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10:57
you are not the stuff of which you are made.
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"ืžืžื ื• ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื.
11:01
If that doesn't make the hair stand up on the back of your neck,
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"ืื ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืžืจ ืืช ืฉื™ืขืจ ืขื•ืจืคื›ื,
11:04
read it again until it does, because it is important.
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"ืงื™ืจืื• ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื“ ืฉืฉื™ืขืจื›ื ื™ืกืžื•ืจ, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘."
11:09
So "really" isn't a word that we should use with simple confidence.
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ื›ืš ืฉ"ื‘ืืžืช" ืื™ื ื” ืžื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
ืื ืœื ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื— ืฉื”ืชืคืชื— ืืฆืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื ื›ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื•,
11:14
If a neutrino had a brain,
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11:16
which it evolved in neutrino-sized ancestors,
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11:19
it would say that rocks really do consist of empty space.
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ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืกืœืขื™ื ืื›ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง.
11:23
We have brains that evolved in medium-sized ancestors
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ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืืฆืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื“ืจ-ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™,
11:26
which couldn't walk through rocks.
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ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืกืœืขื™ื.
11:29
"Really," for an animal, is whatever its brain needs it to be
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื”, "ืืžื™ืชื™" ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื—ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื”
11:33
in order to assist its survival.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืฉืจื™ื“ืชื”,
ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
11:36
And because different species live in different worlds,
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11:38
there will be a discomforting variety of "reallys."
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื“ ืื™-ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื".
11:45
What we see of the real world is not the unvarnished world,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื,
11:49
but a model of the world, regulated and adjusted by sense data,
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ืืœื ื“ื’ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืžื•ื•ืกืช ื•ืžื•ืชืื ืข"ื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื™ื,
11:53
but constructed so it's useful for dealing with the real world.
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ืืš ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
11:58
The nature of the model depends on the kind of animal we are.
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ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื’ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ื—ื™ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื•.
ื—ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืคืคืช ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื“ื’ื ืฉื•ื ื”
12:02
A flying animal needs a different kind of model
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12:05
from a walking, climbing or swimming animal.
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ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื” ืžื”ืœื›ืช, ืžื˜ืคืกืช ืื• ืฉื•ื—ื”.
12:08
A monkey's brain must have software capable of simulating
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ืœืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื“ืžื•ืช
12:12
a three-dimensional world of branches and trunks.
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ืขื•ืœื ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื ืคื™ื ื•ื’ื–ืขื™ื.
ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื“, ืฉืžื—ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœืžื•,
12:16
A mole's software for constructing models of its world will be customized
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ืชื•ืชืื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™.
12:20
for underground use.
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12:22
A water strider's brain doesn't need 3D software at all,
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ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืจืฅ-ืžื™ื ืื™ื ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืง ื›ืœืœ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื” ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช,
12:26
since it lives on the surface of the pond,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ืขืœ ืคื ื™-ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืœื™ืช
12:28
in an Edwin Abbott flatland.
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ื‘"ืืจืฆืฉื˜ื•ื—ื”" ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื•ื˜.
12:32
I've speculated that bats may see color with their ears.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืขืจืชื™ ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ื–ื ื™ื”ื.
12:37
The world model that a bat needs in order to navigate
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ื“ื’ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ืขื˜ืœืฃ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ื—ืจืงื™ื
12:40
through three dimensions catching insects
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12:42
must be pretty similar to the world model that any flying bird --
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ื•ื“ืื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื“ ืœื“ื’ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ-ื™ื•ื ืžืขื•ืคืคืช, ื›ืžื• ืกื ื•ื ื™ืช,
12:45
a day-flying bird like a swallow -- needs to perform the same kind of tasks.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’.
ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืขื˜ืœืฃ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืคืœื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช,
12:50
The fact that the bat uses echoes in pitch darkness
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12:53
to input the current variables to its model,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืงืœื˜ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื’ื ืฉืœื•,
12:56
while the swallow uses light, is incidental.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืกื ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื ืฆืœืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
12:59
Bats, I've even suggested, use perceived hues, such as red and blue,
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ื˜ืขื ืชื™ ื’ื ืฉืœืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชืคื™ืฉืช ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืื“ื•ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
13:04
as labels, internal labels, for some useful aspect of echoes --
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™-ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื --
13:10
perhaps the acoustic texture of surfaces, furry or smooth and so on --
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืคืจื•ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื—ืœืงื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”,
13:15
in the same way as swallows or indeed, we, use those perceived hues --
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืกื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื’ื ืื ื•,
ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” -- ืื“ื•ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” --
13:20
redness and blueness, etc. --
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13:21
to label long and short wavelengths of light.
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ืœืชื™ื•ื’ ืื•ืจื›ื™-ื’ืœ ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ.
13:24
There's nothing inherent about red that makes it long wavelength.
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื’ืœ-ืื•ืจ ืืจื•ืš.
13:28
The point is that the nature of the model is governed by how it is to be used,
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื˜ื‘ืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื ืงื‘ืข ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื™ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื•,
13:32
rather than by the sensory modality involved.
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ื•ืœื ืœืคื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ื›ืš.
13:37
J.B.S. Haldane himself had something to say about animals
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ืœ-ื’'ื‘"ืก ื”ื•ืœื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•
ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื™ื— ืžื•ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื.
13:40
whose world is dominated by smell.
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13:43
Dogs can distinguish two very similar fatty acids, extremely diluted:
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ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืื“,
ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžืื“: ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืงืคืจื™ืœื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืงืคืจื•ืื™ืช.
13:49
caprylic acid and caproic acid.
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13:52
The only difference, you see,
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืื—ืช ื™ืฉ ื–ื•ื’ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ.
13:53
is that one has an extra pair of carbon atoms in the chain.
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13:56
Haldane guesses that a dog would probably be able to place the acids
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ื”ื•ืœื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื—ืฉ ืฉื”ื›ืœื‘ ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช
14:01
in the order of their molecular weights by their smells,
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ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ืžืฉืงืœืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื™ื—ืŸ,
14:04
just as a man could place a number of piano wires
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืชืจื™ ืคืกื ืชืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ืื•ืจืš
14:07
in the order of their lengths by means of their notes.
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
14:11
Now, there's another fatty acid, capric acid,
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืฉื•ืžื ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืงืืคืจื™ืช,
14:15
which is just like the other two,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช,
14:17
except that it has two more carbon atoms.
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ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ.
14:20
A dog that had never met capric acid would, perhaps,
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ื›ืœื‘ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืงืืคืจื™ืช ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ืชืงืฉื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืจื™ื—ื”
14:23
have no more trouble imagining its smell
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14:26
than we would have trouble imagining a trumpet, say,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ืชืงืฉื” ืื ื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื” ืฉืžื ื’ื ืช ืชื• ืื—ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:29
playing one note higher than we've heard a trumpet play before.
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ืžื›ืœ ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื” ืฉืฉืžืขื ื• ืขื“ ืื–.
14:36
Perhaps dogs and rhinos and other smell-oriented animals smell in color.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื, ืงืจื ืคื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช-ืจื™ื— ืื—ืจื•ืช
ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื.
14:43
And the argument would be exactly the same as for the bats.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื–ื”ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื.
14:48
Middle World -- the range of sizes and speeds
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ -- ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช
14:51
which we have evolved to feel intuitively comfortable with --
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ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืื™ืชื ื ื•ื— ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
14:55
is a bit like the narrow range of the electromagnetic spectrum
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ื“ื•ืžื” ืงืฆืช ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™
14:59
that we see as light of various colors.
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ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
15:02
We're blind to all frequencies outside that,
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ืื ื• ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช, ืืœื ืื ื ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื.
15:04
unless we use instruments to help us.
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15:09
Middle World is the narrow range of reality
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆืจ ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื›ื ื•ืจืžืœื™,
15:12
which we judge to be normal, as opposed to the queerness
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:15
of the very small, the very large and the very fast.
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ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ื’ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื™-ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช;
15:20
We could make a similar scale of improbabilities;
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15:22
nothing is totally impossible.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™.
15:25
Miracles are just events that are extremely improbable.
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ื ื™ืกื™ื ื”ื ืจืง ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™-ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
15:29
A marble statue could wave its hand at us;
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ืคืกืœ-ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื•ืคืฃ ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื•;
15:32
the atoms that make up its crystalline structure
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ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืžื‘ื ื”ื• ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืžืžื™ืœื ืžืจืฆื“ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื•ืจื”.
15:34
are all vibrating back and forth anyway.
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15:37
Because there are so many of them,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš,
15:38
and because there's no agreement among them
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ,
15:41
in their preferred direction of movement,
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15:43
the marble, as we see it in Middle World, stays rock steady.
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ื”ืฉื™ืฉ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื™ื—.
15:47
But the atoms in the hand could all just happen to move
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ืืš ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื—ื“
15:49
the same way at the same time, and again and again.
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ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
15:52
In this case, the hand would move,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื ืขื” ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื ื•ืคืคืช ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
15:54
and we'd see it waving at us in Middle World.
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15:57
The odds against it, of course, are so great
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ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื–ื” ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
16:00
that if you set out writing zeros at the time of the origin of the universe,
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ืฉืื ื”ืชื—ืœืชื ืœืจืฉื•ื ืืคืกื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื
16:05
you still would not have written enough zeros to this day.
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉืขื“ ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื˜ืจื ื›ืชื‘ืชื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืืคืกื™ื.
16:09
Evolution in Middle World has not equipped us
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื ืฆื™ื™ื“ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืื“ ืœื-ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื;
16:12
to handle very improbable events; we don't live long enough.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉื ื›ืš.
16:16
In the vastness of astronomical space and geological time,
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ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
16:21
that which seems impossible in Middle World
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ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
16:24
might turn out to be inevitable.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืžื ืข.
16:28
One way to think about that is by counting planets.
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ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช.
16:31
We don't know how many planets there are in the universe,
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืžื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
ืืš ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›-100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื.
16:34
but a good estimate is about 10 to the 20, or 100 billion billion.
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16:38
And that gives us a nice way to express our estimate of life's improbability.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื“ืจืš ื ื—ืžื“ื” ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืื•ืžื“ื ื ื•
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™-ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
16:44
We could make some sort of landmark points along a spectrum of improbability,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ืžื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืกืคืงืจื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืื™-ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช,
16:48
which might look like the electromagnetic spectrum we just looked at.
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ืขืกืงื ื• ื‘ื•.
16:53
If life has arisen only once on any --
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ืื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ื›ืœ...
16:57
life could originate once per planet, could be extremely common
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ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืื—ืช ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช,
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื“ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื, ืื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืื—ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืฉ,
17:03
or it could originate once per star
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17:05
or once per galaxy or maybe only once in the entire universe,
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ืื• ืื—ืช ืœื’ืœืงืกื™ื”,
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
17:10
in which case it would have to be here.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื›ืืŸ.
17:12
And somewhere up there would be the chance
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ื•ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืฆืคืจื“ืข ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœื ืกื™ืš,
17:14
that a frog would turn into a prince,
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17:16
and similar magical things like that.
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืกื•ืžื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื”.
17:20
If life has arisen on only one planet in the entire universe,
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ืื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืจืง ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื›ื•ืœื•,
17:24
that planet has to be our planet, because here we are talking about it.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
ื›ื™ ื”ืจื™ ืื ื• ื›ืืŸ, ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš.
ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœืฆืืช ื ืฉื›ืจื™ื ืžื›ืš,
17:28
And that means that if we want to avail ourselves of it,
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17:30
we're allowed to postulate chemical events in the origin of life
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ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืืจืขื• ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื
17:34
which have a probability as low as one in 100 billion billion.
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ืฉืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ืœืžืื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื.
ืื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื™ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื›ืš,
17:39
I don't think we shall have to avail ourselves of that,
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17:41
because I suspect that life is quite common in the universe.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื“ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื›ืŸ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
17:44
And when I say quite common, it could still be so rare
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ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื™ "ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžื“ื™", ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื›ื” ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื,
17:47
that no one island of life ever encounters another,
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ืขื“ ืฉืฉื•ื ืื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ืคื’ื•ืฉ ืื™-ืคืขื ืื™ ืื—ืจ,
17:51
which is a sad thought.
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ื•ื–ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžืขืฆื™ื‘ื”.
17:54
How shall we interpret "queerer than we can suppose?"
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช "ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืขืจ?"
17:58
Queerer than can in principle be supposed,
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ื›"ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืœืฉืขืจ"?
18:00
or just queerer than we can suppose, given the limitations
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ืื• ืจืง "ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืขืจ,
"ืœืื•ืจ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ"?
18:04
of our brain's evolutionary apprenticeship in Middle World?
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ื”ื ื•ื›ืœ, ืข"ื™ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื•ืื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
18:09
Could we, by training and practice,
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18:10
emancipate ourselves from Middle World
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18:13
and achieve some sort of intuitive as well as mathematical understanding
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ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื™ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื ื” ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช
18:17
of the very small and the very large?
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ?
18:19
I genuinely don't know the answer.
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ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
18:22
I wonder whether we might help ourselves to understand, say, quantum theory,
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ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ,
ื ื ื™ื—, ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื, ืื ื ื—ื ืš ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘
18:25
if we brought up children to play computer games
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื—ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช,
18:29
beginning in early childhood,
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18:30
which had a make-believe world of balls going through two slits on a screen,
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ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืžื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™
ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืฉื ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš,
18:34
a world in which the strange goings-on of quantum mechanics were enlarged
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ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื
ื™ื•ื’ื“ืœื• ืข"ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ื”ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช,
18:38
by the computer's make-believe,
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18:40
so that they became familiar on the Middle-World scale of the stream.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืขืœ ืฆื’ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœืงื ื”-ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
18:44
And similarly, a relativistic computer game,
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ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืš, ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื™, ืฉื‘ื• ืขืฆืžื™ื ื‘ืžืกืš
18:46
in which objects on the screen manifest the Lorentz contraction, and so on,
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ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื™ื ืืช "ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื•ืจื ืฅ" ื•ื›ื“',
18:52
to try to get ourselves -- to get children into the way of thinking about it.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” --
ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš.
18:57
I want to end by applying the idea of Middle World
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
19:01
to our perceptions of each other.
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ืœืชืคื™ืฉืชื ื• ืื™ืฉ ืืช ื–ื•ืœืชื•.
19:03
Most scientists today subscribe to a mechanistic view of the mind:
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืžื›ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื—:
19:08
we're the way we are because our brains are wired up as they are,
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ืื ื• ื›ืืœื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืš ืžื—ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื•,
19:11
our hormones are the way they are.
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ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื ื›ืืœื”.
19:13
We'd be different, our characters would be different,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื”,
19:15
if our neuro-anatomy and our physiological chemistry were different.
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ืœื• ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•-ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
19:19
But we scientists are inconsistent.
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ืืš ืื ื• ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืขืงื‘ื™ื™ื.
19:22
If we were consistent,
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืงื‘ื™ื™ื,
19:23
our response to a misbehaving person, like a child-murderer,
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ื”ืžืขื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื—ืจื™ื’ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™, ื›ืžื• ืจื•ืฆื—-ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
19:27
should be something like:
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•:
19:28
this unit has a faulty component; it needs repairing.
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"ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืคื’ื•ื. ื™ืฉ ืœืชืงื ื”."
19:31
That's not what we say.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืืœื --
19:33
What we say -- and I include the most austerely mechanistic among us,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื’ื ืœืžื›ืื ื™ืกื˜ ื”ื›ื™ ืฆื ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•, ืฉื–ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ืื ื™ --
19:37
which is probably me --
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19:38
what we say is, "Vile monster, prison is too good for you."
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ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ืžืคืœืฆืช ืฉื›ืžื•ืš, ื”ื›ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš,"
19:42
Or worse, we seek revenge, in all probability thereby triggering
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ืื• ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื–ื”, ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ื ืงื,
ื•ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืื“ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ-ื”ืกืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื ืงืžื ื•ืช,
19:46
the next phase in an escalating cycle of counter-revenge,
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19:49
which we see, of course, all over the world today.
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ืฉืื ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
19:52
In short, when we're thinking like academics,
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ื‘ืงืฆืจื”, ื›ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืงื“ืžืื™ื,
19:54
we regard people as elaborate and complicated machines,
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื•ืช,
19:58
like computers or cars.
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ื›ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
20:00
But when we revert to being human,
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ืืš ื›ืฉืื ื• ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
20:02
we behave more like Basil Fawlty, who, we remember,
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ืื ื• ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื‘ืื–ื™ืœ ืคื•ืœื˜ื™...
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
20:06
thrashed his car to teach it a lesson,
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ืฉื›ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื“ื” ืœืงื— ืขืœ ืฉืœื ื”ืชื ื™ืขื”
20:08
when it wouldn't start on "Gourmet Night."
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ื›ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
20:10
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
20:12
The reason we personify things like cars and computers
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืื ื™ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
20:16
is that just as monkeys live in an arboreal world
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ื”ื™ื, ืฉื›ืžื• ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื,
20:19
and moles live in an underground world
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ ื”ื—ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™,
20:22
and water striders live in a surface tension-dominated flatland,
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ื•ืจืฆื™-ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆืฉื˜ื•ื—ื” ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืข"ื™ ืžืชื—-ืคึผื ื™ื,
20:26
we live in a social world.
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
20:28
We swim through a sea of people --
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ืื ื• ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื --
20:30
a social version of Middle World.
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ื’ื™ืจืกื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
20:33
We are evolved to second-guess the behavior of others
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื
ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืคื›ื ื• ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื.
20:37
by becoming brilliant, intuitive psychologists.
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20:41
Treating people as machines
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ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื›ืืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช
20:42
may be scientifically and philosophically accurate,
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ื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช,
20:46
but it's a cumbersome waste of time
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ืืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื–-ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกืจื‘ืœ,
20:48
if you want to guess what this person is going to do next.
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ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ื—ืฉ ืžื” ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืžืชืขืชื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื
20:52
The economically useful way to model a person
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ื”ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื• ื’ื•ืจื ืชื›ืœื™ืชื™ ื•ืฉื•ื—ืจ-ืžื˜ืจื•ืช
20:55
is to treat him as a purposeful, goal-seeking agent
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20:58
with pleasures and pains, desires and intentions,
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ื‘ืขืœ ืชืขื ื•ื’ื•ืช ื•ื›ืื‘ื™ื, ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช,
ืืฉื ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœื’ื™ื ื•ื™.
21:01
guilt, blame-worthiness.
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21:03
Personification and the imputing of intentional purpose
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ื”ืื ืฉื” ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ื›ื•ื•ื ืช-ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ
21:07
is such a brilliantly successful way to model humans,
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ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื›ื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ืœืžื“ืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื,
21:11
it's hardly surprising the same modeling software
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืื•ืชื” ืชื•ื›ื ืช ืžื™ื“ื•ืœ
21:14
often seizes control when we're trying to think about entities
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ืžืจื‘ื” ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“
ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืชืื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ,
21:18
for which it's not appropriate, like Basil Fawlty with his car
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืื–ื™ืœ ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื•,
21:21
or like millions of deluded people, with the universe as a whole.
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ืื• ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื—ืกื ื”ื”ื–ื•ื™ ืœื™ืงื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœื•.
21:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืื ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืขืจ,
21:29
If the universe is queerer than we can suppose,
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21:32
is it just because we've been naturally selected
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืฉืขืจ
21:34
to suppose only what we needed to suppose
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ืจืง ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื• ืœืฉืขืจ
21:37
in order to survive in the Pleistocene of Africa?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ื•ืงื ื™?
21:40
Or are our brains so versatile and expandable that we can train ourselves
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ืื• ืฉืžื ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื›ื” ืจื‘-ืฆื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™-ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”
ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•?
21:46
to break out of the box of our evolution?
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21:49
Or finally, are there some things in the universe so queer
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ืื•, ืœืกื™ื•ื, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื
21:54
that no philosophy of beings, however godlike, could dream them?
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ืฉื ืคืœืื• ืžื“ืขืช ื›ืœ ื—ื›ื, ื•ืœื• ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ืช ืืœ?
22:00
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
22:01
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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