Magical houses, made of bamboo | Elora Hardy

3,286,484 views ・ 2015-05-12

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譯者: Yamei Huang 審譯者: Marssi Draw
00:12
When I was nine years old,
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在我九歲那年,
00:14
my mom asked me what I would want my house to look like,
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我媽媽問我 將來想要什麼樣的房子,
00:18
and I drew this fairy mushroom.
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我畫了這個童話般的蘑菇屋。
00:20
And then she actually built it.
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而她真的蓋了這樣的房子。
00:23
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
00:25
I don't think I realized this was so unusual at the time,
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我想我當時沒發現這個有多特別,
00:28
and maybe I still haven't,
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也許我依然還沒完全理解,
00:29
because I'm still designing houses.
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因為我現在仍不斷在設計房屋,
00:35
This is a six-story bespoke home on the island of Bali.
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這是一棟在峇里島 六層樓訂製的房子。
00:38
It's built almost entirely from bamboo.
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它幾乎完全是用竹子打造而成。
00:42
The living room overlooks the valley from the fourth floor.
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客廳位於四樓,可以鳥瞰山谷。
00:46
You enter the house by a bridge.
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房子的入口是一座橋。
00:50
It can get hot in the tropics,
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熱帶地區通常很熱,
00:52
so we make big curving roofs to catch the breezes.
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所以我們製造出巨大的曲簷 讓風進入房子。
00:57
But some rooms have tall windows to keep the air conditioning in
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有些房間有高高的窗戶 可讓空氣流通,
01:01
and the bugs out.
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同時隔絕蚊蟲。
01:05
This room we left open.
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這房間是開放的。
01:07
We made an air-conditioned, tented bed.
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我們做了一個 可以讓空氣流通的帳篷床。
01:10
And one client wanted a TV room in the corner of her living room.
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還有一位客戶想要在 客廳的角落做一間電視房。
01:14
Boxing off an area with tall walls just didn't feel right,
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把一個區域用高牆 隔成許多小房間蠻奇怪的,
01:18
so instead, we made this giant woven pod.
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所以我們做了這個巨大的竹編隔間。
01:24
Now, we do have all the necessary luxuries, like bathrooms.
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還做了所有必要的設施,例如浴室。
01:28
This one is a basket in the corner of the living room,
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這是客廳角落的籃子,
01:32
and I've got tell you, some people actually hesitate to use it.
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我得告訴你們, 有些人不願意住這種房子。
01:36
We have not quite figured out our acoustic insulation.
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我們還沒有解決隔音問題。
01:39
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:41
So there are lots of things that we're still working on,
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所以我們還在努力解決一些問題,
01:44
but one thing I have learned
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不過我學會一件事
01:46
is that bamboo will treat you well if you use it right.
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就是,如果正確使用, 竹子也會善待你。
01:50
It's actually a wild grass.
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竹子實際上是一種野草。
01:52
It grows on otherwise unproductive land --
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它生長在貧瘠的土地上:
01:55
deep ravines, mountainsides.
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深谷裡,山坡上。
01:59
It lives off of rainwater, spring water, sunlight,
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它靠雨水、泉水、陽光生長,
02:03
and of the 1,450 species of bamboo that grow across the world,
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全世界有 1,450 種竹子,
02:08
we use just seven of them.
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我們只使用其中 7 種。
02:10
That's my dad.
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這是我父親。
02:12
He's the one who got me building with bamboo,
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他就是那個影響我、 讓我用竹子建造房子的人,
02:14
and he is standing in a clump
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他正站在一叢
02:16
of Dendrocalamus asper niger that he planted just seven years ago.
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馬來甜龍竹林裡, 那是他七年前種的。
02:20
Each year, it sends up a new generation of shoots.
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每年,它都長出全新的竹筍。
02:23
That shoot, we watched it grow a meter in three days just last week,
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這竹筍,上週我們看到它 三天內長高一公尺,
02:28
so we're talking about sustainable timber in three years.
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所以三年內 這些竹子就能成為可用的建材。
02:35
Now, we harvest from hundreds of family-owned clumps.
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現在我們從數百家 自有的竹林取得建材。
02:38
Betung, as we call it, it's really long,
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我們叫它勿洞竹,它相當長,
02:41
up to 18 meters of usable length.
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可用部分長達 18 公尺。
02:42
Try getting that truck down the mountain.
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我們試圖用貨車把它載下山去。
02:45
And it's strong: it has the tensile strength of steel,
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它很堅固, 有鋼鐵般的抗拉强度,
02:49
the compressive strength of concrete.
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抗壓强度與水泥相同。
02:51
Slam four tons straight down on a pole,
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以四噸重的力道 直接沖擊一根竹子,
02:54
and it can take it.
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它也能夠承受。
02:57
Because it's hollow, it's lightweight,
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因爲它是空心的,重量輕,
03:00
light enough to be lifted by just a few men,
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輕到幾個男人就能擡起來,
03:03
or, apparently, one woman.
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或者,顯而易見, 一個女人就能擡起來。
03:06
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(笑聲)(掌聲)
03:14
And when my father built Green School in Bali,
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當我的父親 在巴里島建造「綠色學校」時,
03:18
he chose bamboo for all of the buildings on campus,
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他選用竹子作爲建造校園的建材,
03:21
because he saw it as a promise.
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因爲他把它看成是一個承諾。
03:23
It's a promise to the kids.
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一個對孩子們許下的諾言。
03:25
It's one sustainable material that they will not run out of.
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竹子是一種可持續使用的材料, 不會用完。
03:30
And when I first saw these structures under construction about six years ago,
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當我六年前 第一次看見這些建造中的結構時,
03:34
I just thought, this makes perfect sense.
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我就明白這完全可行。
03:38
It is growing all around us.
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竹子無處不在。
03:40
It's strong. It's elegant.
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它很結實,又很優雅。
03:43
It's earthquake-resistant.
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它還能抗震。
03:45
Why hasn't this happened sooner, and what can we do with it next?
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爲什麽沒有早一點用竹子建房屋, 下一步要怎麼做?
03:49
So along with some of the original builders of Green School,
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於是我和當初的綠色學校建造者
03:54
I founded Ibuku.
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成立 Ibuku。
03:56
Ibu means "mother," and ku means "mine," so it represents my Mother Earth,
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Ibu 是「母親」,ku 是 「我的」 的意思,意即大地母親,
04:02
and at Ibuku, we are a team of artisans, architects and designers,
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在 Ibuku,我們是工匠、 建築師和設計師的團隊,
04:07
and what we're doing together is creating a new way of building.
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一起創造一個全新的建造方式。
04:12
Over the past five years together,
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在過去的五年裡,
04:14
we have built over 50 unique structures, most of them in Bali.
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我們建造超過五十棟獨特的建築, 大部分是在峇里島。
04:20
Nine of them are at Green Village --
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其中九座在「綠色村莊」
04:23
you've just seen inside some of these homes --
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──你們剛剛看到的是 房屋内部的照片──
04:26
and we fill them with bespoke furniture,
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裡面放置訂製的家具,
04:30
we surround them with veggie gardens,
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房屋四周設置蔬菜花園,
04:32
we would love to invite you all to come visit someday.
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我們誠摯邀請各位 將來有機會來參觀。
04:35
And while you're there, you can also see Green School --
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當你到那裡, 你也可以看到綠色學校,
04:38
we keep building classrooms there each year --
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我們每年持續不斷地搭建教室,
04:41
as well as an updated fairy mushroom house.
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還蓋了升級版的童話蘑菇屋。
04:46
We're also working on a little house for export.
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我們也建造一種專供出口的房子。
04:49
This is a traditional Sumbanese home that we replicated,
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這是我們建造的傳統松巴屋,
04:53
right down to the details and textiles.
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細節和紋路都很精緻的複製房屋。
04:57
A restaurant with an open-air kitchen.
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開放式厨房的餐廳。
05:01
It looks a lot like a kitchen, right?
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看起來像厨房,對吧?
05:04
And a bridge that spans 22 meters across a river.
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還建了一座橫跨江面的橋, 有 22 公尺長。
05:09
Now, what we're doing, it's not entirely new.
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我們所做的 並不完全是新東西。
05:13
From little huts to elaborate bridges like this one in Java,
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從小房子到複雜的橋梁, 就像爪哇的這座橋,
05:18
bamboo has been in use across the tropical regions of the world
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竹子普遍使用於熱帶地區。
05:21
for literally tens of thousands of years.
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至今已有千萬年之久。
05:24
There are islands and even continents that were first reached by bamboo rafts.
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有些島嶼甚至還有大陸 是人們乘坐竹筏發現的。
05:30
But until recently,
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但直到最近,
05:32
it was almost impossible to reliably protect bamboo from insects,
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人們幾乎無法找到 有效的竹材防蟲方法,
05:37
and so, just about everything that was ever built out of bamboo is gone.
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因此,以竹子做的東西已不存在。
05:42
Unprotected bamboo weathers.
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竹子沒有被保護 經風吹日曬受風化。
05:44
Untreated bamboo gets eaten to dust.
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未經處理的竹材 被腐蝕成為塵土。
05:48
And so that's why most people, especially in Asia,
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這就是為什麼大部分的人, 尤其是亞洲人,
05:51
think that you couldn't be poor enough or rural enough to actually want
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即使很窮或是在很鄉下的地方,
05:55
to live in a bamboo house.
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也沒人願意住在竹子建造的房子。
05:58
And so we thought,
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所以我們想,
05:59
what will it take to change their minds,
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要如何改變人們的想法,
06:02
to convince people that bamboo is worth building with,
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說服大家實際將竹子用在建築,
06:05
much less worth aspiring to?
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而不只是想?
06:08
First, we needed safe treatment solutions.
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首先,我們要有安全的防蟲方式。
06:11
Borax is a natural salt.
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硼砂是一種天然的鹽。
06:13
It turns bamboo into a viable building material.
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它能將竹子加工成可用的建材。
06:15
Treat it properly, design it carefully,
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正確的處理方法,仔細地設計,
06:18
and a bamboo structure can last a lifetime.
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竹造建築可用一輩子。
06:22
Second, build something extraordinary out of it.
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第二,用竹子建造特別的房子。
06:26
Inspire people.
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去啟發人們。
06:28
Fortunately,
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幸運的是,
06:29
Balinese culture fosters craftsmanship.
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峇里人扶植手工藝文化。
06:31
It values the artisan.
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工匠受到尊重。
06:33
So combine those with the adventurous outliers
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因此要結合出類拔萃、有創意、
06:35
from new generations of locally trained architects
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當地新生代的建築師、
06:39
and designers and engineers,
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設計師和工程師,
06:42
and always remember that you are designing
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並記住你要設計的
06:45
for curving, tapering, hollow poles.
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是彎曲、尖細、空心的竹子。
06:49
No two poles alike, no straight lines,
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沒有兩根是一樣的,沒有直線條,
06:52
no two-by-fours here.
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這裡沒有方正的木材。
06:55
The tried-and-true, well-crafted formulas and vocabulary of architecture
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經驗法則、 精心設計的公式和建築術語,
07:00
do not apply here.
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這裡通通不適用。
07:01
We have had to invent our own rules.
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我們要建立自己的規則。
07:03
We ask the bamboo what it's good at, what it wants to become,
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我們問竹子它們能做什麼, 想要做什麼,
07:08
and what it says is: respect it, design for its strengths,
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它的回答是:尊重它們, 將它們的優點設計出來,
07:12
protect it from water, and to make the most of its curves.
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做好防水, 運用它們的曲線特性。
07:16
So we design in real 3D,
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所以我們用真的三度空間設計,
07:18
making scale structural models
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依比例製作結構模型,
07:20
out of the same material that we'll later use to build the house.
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模型的材質 與實際建築物相同。
07:23
And bamboo model-making, it's an art,
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而製作竹子模型也是一門藝術,
07:25
as well as some hardcore engineering.
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也是工程的核心部分。
07:34
So that's the blueprint of the house.
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這是房子的藍圖。
07:36
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
07:39
And we bring it to site,
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我們將它帶到工地現場,
07:40
and with tiny rulers, we measure each pole,
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用小的尺量測每一根竹子,
07:43
and consider each curve, and we choose a piece of bamboo from the pile
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考量每一個曲線, 選擇適當的竹材
07:48
to replicate that house on site.
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在現場將房子複製出來。
07:52
When it comes down to the details, we consider everything.
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在細節部分, 我們考慮的面面俱到。
07:55
Why are doors so often rectangular?
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為何門非得方形不可?
07:57
Why not round?
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可以是圓的嗎?
07:58
How could you make a door better?
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要怎麼做才能把門做得更好?
08:00
Well, its hinges battle with gravity,
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它的樞軸往往得和重力抗衡,
08:02
and gravity will always win in the end,
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最後總是重力贏。
08:04
so why not have it pivot on the center
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為什麼不把樞軸設置在中間
08:07
where it can stay balanced?
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使它保持平衡的狀態?
08:09
And while you're at it, why not doors shaped like teardrops?
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當你做出圓形門, 為何不能有水滴形的門?
08:14
To reap the selective benefits and work within the constraints
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為了獲得精心設計的好處
08:17
of this material,
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以及在材質性能的限制下,
08:19
we have really had to push ourselves,
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我們必須往前邁進,
08:21
and within that constraint, we have found space for something new.
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在材料的限制下,不斷創新。
08:27
It's a challenge: how do you make a ceiling
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這是一項挑戰: 在沒有平坦板子的情況下
08:29
if you don't have any flat boards to work with?
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要如何蓋屋頂?
08:32
Let me tell you, sometimes I dream of sheet rock and plywood.
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讓我來告訴各位,有時 我會夢到石膏板和夾板。
08:37
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
08:39
But if what you've got is skilled craftsmen
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如果你有技巧精湛的工匠
08:43
and itsy bitsy little splits,
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和小巧玲瓏的竹片,
08:46
weave that ceiling together,
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就可以用它來編成屋頂,
08:48
stretch a canvas over it, lacquer it.
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上面鋪上帆布,上油漆。
08:51
How do you design durable kitchen countertops
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要如何設計耐用的櫥房檯面,
08:54
that do justice to this curving structure you've just built?
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對它做適當的處理 可與這曲面的建築相對應?
08:57
Slice up a boulder like a loaf of bread,
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將大石頭像麵包一樣切片,
09:00
hand-carve each to fit the other,
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手工打造使它們互相契合,
09:03
leave the crusts on,
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保留硬的表面,
09:05
and what we're doing, it is almost entirely handmade.
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我們所做的房子, 幾乎都是以手工完成。
09:09
The structural connections of our buildings
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建築物的結構連接
09:11
are reinforced by steel joints, but we use a lot of hand-whittled bamboo pins.
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是以鋼製接頭加強固定, 也採用大量手工製的竹栓。
09:16
There are thousands of pins in each floor.
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每一層樓使用數千片竹栓。
09:20
This floor is made of glossy and durable bamboo skin.
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地板是以光滑耐用的竹皮製成。
09:25
You can feel the texture under bare feet.
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光腳就可以感覺得到材質。
09:28
And the floor that you walk on,
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走在這地板上,
09:31
can it affect the way that you walk?
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是否能影響你走路的方式?
09:33
Can it change the footprint that you'll ultimately leave on the world?
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你生活在這世界的足跡 是否因此而改變?
09:38
I remember being nine years old
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我記得九歲的時候
09:40
and feeling wonder,
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充滿好奇心,
09:42
and possibility,
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覺得事情皆有其可能性,
09:44
and a little bit of idealism.
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還有一點點完美主義。
09:46
And we've got a really long way to go,
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我們還有很長的路要走,
09:49
there's a lot left to learn,
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還有很多事要學習,
09:51
but one thing I know is that with creativity and commitment,
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但我了解有創造力和執行力,
09:56
you can create beauty and comfort
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就能創造美好、舒適、
10:01
and safety and even luxury
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安全,甚至是奢華的生活,
10:04
out of a material that will grow back.
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只要使用竹子這種 取之不盡的材料就可以了。
10:07
Thank you.
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謝謝。
10:09
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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