Tal Danino: We can use bacteria to detect cancer (and maybe treat it)

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Anja Saric

You may not realize this,

Možda ovo ne shvatate,

but there are more bacteria in your body than stars in our entire galaxy.

ali u našim telima ima više bakterija nego zvezda u celoj našoj galaksiji.

This fascinating universe of bacteria inside of us

Fascinantni univerzum bakterija koji se nalazi u nama

is an integral part of our health,

ključni je deo našeg zdravlja

and our technology is evolving so rapidly

i naša tehnologija se razvija tako brzo

that today we can program these bacteria like we program computers.

da danas možemo možemo programirati ove bakterije poput kompjutera.

Now, the diagram that you see here,

Dijagram koji ovde vidite,

I know it looks like some kind of sports play,

znam da izgleda kao neki plan igre,

but it is actually a blueprint of the first bacterial program I developed.

ali je to zapravo nacrt prvog programa za bakterije koji sam razvio.

And like writing software, we can print and write DNA

Baš poput pisanja softverskog koda, možemo štampati i pisati DNK

into different algorithms and programs inside of bacteria.

u razne algoritme i programe unutar bakterija.

What this program does is produces fluorescent proteins

Ovaj program proizvodi fluorescentne proteine

in a rhythmic fashion

u ritmu

and generates a small molecule

i stvara maleni molekul

that allows bacteria to communicate and synchronize,

koji bakterijama omogućava da komuniciraju i razmnožavaju se,

as you're seeing in this movie.

kao što vidite na ovom filmu.

The growing colony of bacteria that you see here

Rastuća kolonija bakterija koju vidite ovde

is about the width of a human hair.

otprilike je širine ljudske dlake.

Now, what you can't see is that our genetic program

Ono što ne možete da vidite je to da naš genetski program

instructs these bacteria to each produce small molecules,

daje instrukcije ovim bakterijama da svaka proizvodi male molekule

and these molecules travel between the thousands of individual bacteria

i ovi molekuli putuju između hiljada pojedinačnih bakterija

telling them when to turn on and off.

i govore im kada da se uključe i isključe.

And the bacteria synchronize quite well at this scale,

Bakterije se na ovoj razmeri sinhronizuju prilično dobro,

but because the molecule that synchronizes them together can only travel so fast,

ali pošto molekul koji ih sinhonizuje može da putuje samo na određenoj brzini,

in larger colonies of bacteria, this results in traveling waves

u velikim kolonijama bakterija, ovo za posledicu ima talase koji putuju

between bacteria that are far away from each other,

između bakterija koje su međusobno udaljene

and you can see these waves going from right to left across the screen.

i možete videti kako ovi talasi idu zdesna na levo preko ekrana.

Now, our genetic program relies on a natural phenomenon

Naš genetski programa oslanja se na prirodnu pojavu

koja se naziva detekcija kvoruma

called quorum sensing,

in which bacteria trigger coordinated and sometimes virulent behaviors

gde bakterije pokreću koordinisano i ponekad virusno ponašanje

once they reach a critical density.

kada dođu do kritične gustine.

You can observe quorum sensing in action in this movie,

Možete posmatrati detekciju kvoruma na delu u ovom snimku,

where a growing colony of bacteria only begins to glow

gde kolonija bakterija koja raste počinje da sija tek onda

once it reaches a high or critical density.

kada dođe do visoke ili kritične gustine.

Our genetic program

Naš genetski program

continues producing these rhythmic patterns of fluorescent proteins

nastavlja da proizvodi ove ritmičke šablone fluorescentnih proteina

as the colony grows outwards.

kako kolonija raste ka spolja.

This particular movie and experiment we call The Supernova,

Ovaj naročiti snimak i eksperiment nazivamo Supernova

because it looks like an exploding star.

jer izgleda kao zvezda koja eksplodira.

Now, besides programming these beautiful patterns,

Pored programiranja ovih predivnih šablona,

I wondered, what else can we get these bacteria to do?

zapitao sam se, šta još možemo da nateramo bakterije da urade?

And I decided to explore how we can program bacteria

Odlučio sam da istražim kako možemo programirati bakterije

to detect and treat diseases in our bodies like cancer.

da otkriju i leče bolesti u našem telu poput raka.

Jedna od iznenađujućih činjenica u vezi sa bakterijama

One of the surprising facts about bacteria

is that they can naturally grow inside of tumors.

je da mogu prirodno da rastu unutar tumora.

This happens because typically tumors

Ovo se dešava jer su tumori obično

are areas where the immune system has no access,

područja gde imuni sistem nema pristup,

and so bacteria find these tumors

i bakterije tako nalaze ove tumore

and use them as a safe haven to grow and thrive.

i koriste ih kao bezbednu luku da rastu i napreduju.

We started using probiotic bacteria

Počeli smo da koristimo probiotičke bakterije

which are safe bacteria that have a health benefit,

koje su bezbedne i imaju zdravstvenu korist,

and found that when orally delivered to mice,

i otkrili smo da kada ih miševi oralno konzumiraju,

these probiotics would selectively grow inside of liver tumors.

ove bakterije će selektivno rasti unutar tumora jetre.

We realized that the most convenient way

Shvatili smo da je najzgodniji način

to highlight the presence of the probiotics,

da se obeleži prisustvo probiotika

and hence, the presence of the tumors,

i stoga prisustvo tumora,

was to get these bacteria to produce a signal

taj da ove bakterije nateramo da proizvode signal

that would be detectable in the urine,

koji se može otkriti u urinu

and so we specifically programmed these probiotics

i tako smo posebno programirali ove probiotike

to make a molecule that would change the color of your urine

da stvaraju molekule koji bi promenili boju vašeg urina

to indicate the presence of cancer.

tako da prikazuje prisustvo raka.

We went on to show that this technology

Dalje smo pokazali da ova tehnologija

could sensitively and specifically detect liver cancer,

može senzorno i isključivo da otkrije rak jetre,

one that is challenging to detect otherwise.

koji je inače težak za otkriti.

Now, since these bacteria specifically localize to tumors,

Pošto se ove bakterije posebno lokalizuju na tumore,

we've been programming them to not only detect cancer

programirali smo ih ne samo da otkriju rak,

but also to treat cancer

već i da leče rak

by producing therapeutic molecules from within the tumor environment

proizvodeći terapeutske molekule iz unutrašnjosti okruženja tumora,

that shrink the existing tumors,

koji bi smanjivali postojeće tumore

and we've been doing this using quorum sensing programs

i ovo smo radili koristeći programe za detekciju kvoruma

like you saw in the previous movies.

kao što ste videli u prethodnim snimcima.

Altogether, imagine in the future taking a programmed probiotic

Na kraju, možete zamisliti da u budućnosti uzimate programirani probiotik

that could detect and treat cancer,

koji bi mogao da otkrije i leči rak

or even other diseases.

ili čak i druge bolesti.

Our ability to program bacteria

Naša sposobnost da programiramo bakterije

and program life

i programiramo život

opens up new horizons in cancer research,

otvara nove horizonte u istraživanju raka

and to share this vision, I worked with artist Vik Muniz

i da bih podelio ovu zamisao, radio sam s umetnikom Vikom Munizom

to create the symbol of the universe,

da bih stvorio simbol univerzuma,

made entirely out of bacteria or cancer cells.

stvoren u potpunosti od bakterija ili ćelija raka.

Ultimately, my hope is that the beauty and purpose of this microscopic universe

Na kraju, moj cilj je da lepota i svrha ovog mikroskopskog univerzuma

can inspire new and creative approaches for the future of cancer research.

može da nadahne kreativne pristupe za buduća istraživanja raka.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)