Tal Danino: We can use bacteria to detect cancer (and maybe treat it)

Translator: Azizbek Yakshinbayev Reviewer: Sevara Pulatova

Buni anglamagandirsiz,

lekin tanangizdagi bakteriyalar soni, galaktikamizdagi yulduzlardan ham ko’proq.

Ichimizdagi bakteriyalar olami

You may not realize this,

but there are more bacteria in your body than stars in our entire galaxy.

sog’ligimizning ajralmas qismidir va

texnologiyalar shunchalik tez rivojlanyaptiki,

biz bugun bu bakteriyalarni kompyuterlar singari dasturlay olamiz.

This fascinating universe of bacteria inside of us

is an integral part of our health,

Bu yerdagi diagramma,

and our technology is evolving so rapidly

bilaman, bu sport o’yiniga o’xshaydi

that today we can program these bacteria like we program computers.

lekin bu dastlabki rivojlantirgan mening bakterial dasturim.

Now, the diagram that you see here,

Va kompyuter dasturlari kabi turli xil bakteriyalarning

I know it looks like some kind of sports play,

algoritmlari uchun biz ham DNK yarata olamiz.

but it is actually a blueprint of the first bacterial program I developed.

Bu dastur ritmik tarzda oqsillarni

And like writing software, we can print and write DNA

ishlab chiqaradi

into different algorithms and programs inside of bacteria.

va kichik molekula hosil qiladi

va unga muloqot qilish va sinxronlashishga imkon beradi,

What this program does is produces fluorescent proteins

xuddi bu filmda ko’rib turganingizdek.

in a rhythmic fashion

Bakteriyalarning o’sib borayotgan koloniyasi

and generates a small molecule

odam sochi hajmi atrofida bo’ladi.

that allows bacteria to communicate and synchronize,

Hozir, siz ko’rolmaydigan narsa: genetik tizimimiz

as you're seeing in this movie.

u bakteriyalarga kichik molekula yaratishni buyuradi

The growing colony of bacteria that you see here

is about the width of a human hair.

va bu molekulalar boshqa minglab bakteriyalar orasida sayohat qiladi

Now, what you can't see is that our genetic program

va ularga yo’riqnoma beradilar.

instructs these bacteria to each produce small molecules,

Va bakteriyalar juda yaxshi miqyosda sinxronlashadi,

and these molecules travel between the thousands of individual bacteria

lekin sinxronlashtiruvchi molekula tufayli ular juda tez sayohat qilishlari mumkin,

telling them when to turn on and off.

katta koloniyalarida,natijada bir-biridan uzoqda bo’lgan

And the bacteria synchronize quite well at this scale,

bakteriyalar o’rtasida to’lqinlar hosil bo’ladi,

but because the molecule that synchronizes them together can only travel so fast,

o’ngdan chapga bu to’lqinlarni ko’rishingiz mumkin.

in larger colonies of bacteria, this results in traveling waves

Endi bizning genetik dasturimiz kvorum sezish degan tabiat

between bacteria that are far away from each other,

hodisasiga tayanadi,

unda bakteriyalar muvofiqlashtirilgan va ba’zan salbiy

and you can see these waves going from right to left across the screen.

xatti-harakatlarni kritik zichlikka yetgach boshlaydi.

Now, our genetic program relies on a natural phenomenon

Kvorum sezilishni bu filmda kuzatishingiz mumkin,

called quorum sensing,

in which bacteria trigger coordinated and sometimes virulent behaviors

bu yerda bakteriyalar koloniyasi o’sadi yuqori yoki kritik zichlikka

once they reach a critical density.

erishgach faqat porlaydi.

You can observe quorum sensing in action in this movie,

Bizning genetik dastur

oqsillar ritmik harakatini chiqarishda davom etadi,

where a growing colony of bacteria only begins to glow

chunki koloniya tashqariga qarab o’sib boradi.

once it reaches a high or critical density.

Bu maxsus film va tajribani Biz Supernova deb ataymiz,

Our genetic program

continues producing these rhythmic patterns of fluorescent proteins

chunki u portlayotgan yulduzga o’xshaydi.

as the colony grows outwards.

Bu chiroyli naqshlarni dasturlashdan tashqari

This particular movie and experiment we call The Supernova,

Yana nima olishimiz mumkin, bu bakteriyalar bilan?

Va bakteriyalarni saraton kabi kasalliklarni

because it looks like an exploding star.

aniqlash va davolash uchun dasturlay boshladim.

Now, besides programming these beautiful patterns,

I wondered, what else can we get these bacteria to do?

Bakteriyalar haqida ajoyib faktlardan biri

And I decided to explore how we can program bacteria

ular tabiiy ravishda o’simtalar ichida o’sishi mumkin.

to detect and treat diseases in our bodies like cancer.

Chunki o’simtalarda immun sistemasi

bo’lmaydi, va shunday bakteriyalar

One of the surprising facts about bacteria

o’simtalarni topadi va ulardan o’sishi

is that they can naturally grow inside of tumors.

uchun boshpana sifatida foydalanadi.

This happens because typically tumors

are areas where the immune system has no access,

Biz probiotik bakteriyadan foydalandik

and so bacteria find these tumors

chunki ular xavfsiz bakteriyalar va sog’liq uchun

and use them as a safe haven to grow and thrive.

foydasi bor, sichqonlarga og’iz bn yuborilganda,

probiotiklar mal’um jigar o’simtalarida o’sadi.

We started using probiotic bacteria

which are safe bacteria that have a health benefit,

Probiyotiklar mavjudligini ta’kidlash

and found that when orally delivered to mice,

uchun eng qulay usul ekanligini aniqladik.

these probiotics would selectively grow inside of liver tumors.

o’simtalarning borligi shu sababli,

bakteriyalar signal qilishini olish uchun

We realized that the most convenient way

ya’ni siydikda aniqlanish uchun edi,

to highlight the presence of the probiotics,

shuning uchun biz bu probiotiklarni maxsus

and hence, the presence of the tumors,

dasturladik, agar saraton bo’lsa

was to get these bacteria to produce a signal

siydik rangini o’zgartirish uchun.

that would be detectable in the urine,

Bu texnologiya aniqlik bilan saraton

and so we specifically programmed these probiotics

aniqlashini ko’rsatish uchun

to make a molecule that would change the color of your urine

shouga bordik.

to indicate the presence of cancer.

We went on to show that this technology

Hozirda, bu bakteriya o’simtalarni aniqlash uchun moslashgan,

could sensitively and specifically detect liver cancer,

biz ularni nafaqat saraton kasalligini aniqlash,

one that is challenging to detect otherwise.

balki saratonni davolash uchun ham

terapevtik molekulalarni ishlab chiqarish orqali dasturlayapmiz

Now, since these bacteria specifically localize to tumors,

we've been programming them to not only detect cancer

u mavjud o’smalarni qisqartiradi,

va buni kvorum sezish dasturlari yordamida qildik,

but also to treat cancer

by producing therapeutic molecules from within the tumor environment

oldingi filmlarda ko’rganingizdek.

Tasavvur qiling, kelajakda dasturlashtirilgan probiotikni ishlatib

that shrink the existing tumors,

and we've been doing this using quorum sensing programs

saratonni aniqlash va davolash mumkin,

like you saw in the previous movies.

hatto boshqa kasalliklarni ham.

Altogether, imagine in the future taking a programmed probiotic

Bakteriyalarni dasturlay olishimiz

va hayotni dasturlash

that could detect and treat cancer,

saraton ishida yangi qirralarni ochadi,

or even other diseases.

va bu tasavvurni koinot ramzini yaratish uchun,

Our ability to program bacteria

rassom Vik Muniz bilan ishlaganman,

and program life

bu butunlay bakteriya yoki saraton hujayralaridan iborat.

opens up new horizons in cancer research,

Shunday qilib, mening tilagim-mikroskopik olamning go’zallig

and to share this vision, I worked with artist Vik Muniz

to create the symbol of the universe,

made entirely out of bacteria or cancer cells.

saraton tadqiqotining yorqin kelajagi uchun yangi yondashuvlarga undaydi.

Ultimately, my hope is that the beauty and purpose of this microscopic universe

Rahmat.

(Qarsaklar)

can inspire new and creative approaches for the future of cancer research.

Thank you.

(Applause)