Tal Danino: We can use bacteria to detect cancer (and maybe treat it)

60,152 views ใƒป 2015-05-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:12
You may not realize this,
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
00:14
but there are more bacteria in your body than stars in our entire galaxy.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:20
This fascinating universe of bacteria inside of us
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžืจืชืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•
00:23
is an integral part of our health,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
00:25
and our technology is evolving so rapidly
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ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ
00:27
that today we can program these bacteria like we program computers.
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ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื ืชื™ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
00:33
Now, the diagram that you see here,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื”,
00:34
I know it looks like some kind of sports play,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜,
00:37
but it is actually a blueprint of the first bacterial program I developed.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืคื™ืชื—ืชื™.
00:41
And like writing software, we can print and write DNA
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืชื•ื›ื ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ื•ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ DNA
00:44
into different algorithms and programs inside of bacteria.
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ืœืชื•ืš ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื”.
00:48
What this program does is produces fluorescent proteins
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™ื™ื
00:51
in a rhythmic fashion
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช
00:52
and generates a small molecule
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ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
00:54
that allows bacteria to communicate and synchronize,
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื•ืœื”ืกืชื ื›ืจืŸ,
00:57
as you're seeing in this movie.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
00:59
The growing colony of bacteria that you see here
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ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื”
01:01
is about the width of a human hair.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื.
01:03
Now, what you can't see is that our genetic program
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ื” ืฉื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
01:06
instructs these bacteria to each produce small molecules,
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ืžื•ืจื” ืœื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
01:09
and these molecules travel between the thousands of individual bacteria
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช
01:13
telling them when to turn on and off.
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ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ ืžืชื™ ืœื”ื“ืœืง ื•ืžืชื™ ืœื”ื›ื‘ื•ืช.
01:15
And the bacteria synchronize quite well at this scale,
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ื•ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืกืชื ื›ืจื ื•ืช ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
01:19
but because the molecule that synchronizes them together can only travel so fast,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืกื ื›ืจื ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช,
01:23
in larger colonies of bacteria, this results in traveling waves
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ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื’ืœื™ื ื ืขื™ื
01:26
between bacteria that are far away from each other,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
01:29
and you can see these waves going from right to left across the screen.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืžืกืš.
01:33
Now, our genetic program relies on a natural phenomenon
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืกืชืžื›ืช ืขืœ ืชื•ืคืขื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
01:36
called quorum sensing,
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื—ื™ืฉื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช,
01:37
in which bacteria trigger coordinated and sometimes virulent behaviors
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ื‘ื” ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืžื•ืช ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช
01:40
once they reach a critical density.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช.
01:43
You can observe quorum sensing in action in this movie,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
01:46
where a growing colony of bacteria only begins to glow
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืžื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื” ืจืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืจ
01:49
once it reaches a high or critical density.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืื• ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช.
01:52
Our genetic program
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
01:54
continues producing these rhythmic patterns of fluorescent proteins
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ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™ื
01:57
as the colony grows outwards.
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื’ื“ืœื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
01:59
This particular movie and experiment we call The Supernova,
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ืœืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”,
02:03
because it looks like an exploding star.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ.
02:06
Now, besides programming these beautiful patterns,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืชื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
02:08
I wondered, what else can we get these bacteria to do?
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ืชื”ื™ืชื™, ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
02:11
And I decided to explore how we can program bacteria
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
02:13
to detect and treat diseases in our bodies like cancer.
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ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืžื• ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
02:18
One of the surprising facts about bacteria
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ืื—ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
02:20
is that they can naturally grow inside of tumors.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
02:23
This happens because typically tumors
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ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื’ื™ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ
02:25
are areas where the immune system has no access,
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ื”ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื”,
02:27
and so bacteria find these tumors
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:29
and use them as a safe haven to grow and thrive.
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ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื›ืžืงื•ื ืžืคืœื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœืฉื’ืฉื’.
02:33
We started using probiotic bacteria
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช
02:35
which are safe bacteria that have a health benefit,
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
02:38
and found that when orally delivered to mice,
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ืื•ืจืœื™ืช ืœืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื,
02:40
these probiotics would selectively grow inside of liver tumors.
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ื”ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื• ืชื‘ื—ืจ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ ื›ื‘ื“.
02:44
We realized that the most convenient way
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ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ื ื•ื—ื”
02:46
to highlight the presence of the probiotics,
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ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”,
02:48
and hence, the presence of the tumors,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
02:50
was to get these bacteria to produce a signal
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืช
02:52
that would be detectable in the urine,
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืชืŸ,
02:55
and so we specifically programmed these probiotics
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ืื– ืชื›ื ืชื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช
02:57
to make a molecule that would change the color of your urine
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืืช ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืฉืชืŸ ืฉืœื›ื
03:00
to indicate the presence of cancer.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
03:03
We went on to show that this technology
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ื”ืžืฉื›ื ื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
03:05
could sensitively and specifically detect liver cancer,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื›ื‘ื“,
03:08
one that is challenging to detect otherwise.
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ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช.
03:11
Now, since these bacteria specifically localize to tumors,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
03:14
we've been programming them to not only detect cancer
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ืชื›ื ืชื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื ืจืง ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ
03:17
but also to treat cancer
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื•
03:19
by producing therapeutic molecules from within the tumor environment
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืชืจืคื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืกืจื˜ื ื™ืช
03:22
that shrink the existing tumors,
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ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื,
03:24
and we've been doing this using quorum sensing programs
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ื•ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช
03:27
like you saw in the previous movies.
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ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื.
03:29
Altogether, imagine in the future taking a programmed probiotic
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ื™ื—ื“, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ืชืช
03:33
that could detect and treat cancer,
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ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
03:35
or even other diseases.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
03:38
Our ability to program bacteria
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืชื›ื ืช ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
03:40
and program life
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ื•ืœืชื›ื ืช ื—ื™ื™ื
03:42
opens up new horizons in cancer research,
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ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืื•ืคืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
03:45
and to share this vision, I worked with artist Vik Muniz
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ, ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขื ื”ืืžืŸ ื•ื™ืง ืžื•ื ื™ืฅ
03:47
to create the symbol of the universe,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืžืœ ืœื™ืงื•ื,
03:49
made entirely out of bacteria or cancer cells.
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ื›ื•ืœื• ืžื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืื• ืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
03:53
Ultimately, my hope is that the beauty and purpose of this microscopic universe
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ ื”ื–ื”
03:58
can inspire new and creative approaches for the future of cancer research.
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ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชืช ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
04:03
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
04:06
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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