Dare to disagree | Margaret Heffernan

Translator: Thu-Huong Ha Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevodilac: Danica Nesic Lektor: Ivana Korom

In Oxford in the 1950s,

1950-tih godina u Oksfordu,

there was a fantastic doctor, who was very unusual,

bila je jedna fantastična doktorka, veoma neobična,

named Alice Stewart.

zvala se Alis Stjuart.

And Alice was unusual partly because, of course,

Alis je bila neobična i delom zbog toga što je,

she was a woman, which was pretty rare in the 1950s.

naravno, bila žena, što je bilo poprilično retko tada 1950-tih.

And she was brilliant, she was one of the,

A bila je genijalna, bila je jedna od, u to vreme

at the time, the youngest Fellow to be elected to the Royal College of Physicians.

najmlađih saradnika izabranih za Kraljevski koledž lekara.

She was unusual too because she continued to work after she got married,

Bila je neobična i zbog toga što je nastavila da radi i posle udaje

after she had kids,

i kada je dobila decu,

and even after she got divorced and was a single parent,

pa čak i onda kada se razvela i postala samohrani roditelj,

she continued her medical work.

nastavila je svoj medicinski rad.

And she was unusual because she was really interested in a new science,

A bila je neobična i zbog toga što se zaista zanimala za novu nauku,

the emerging field of epidemiology,

novu oblast u epidemiologiji,

the study of patterns in disease.

studiju obrazaca (ponavljanja) kod bolesti.

But like every scientist, she appreciated

Ali kao i svaki naučnik, znala je da,

that to make her mark, what she needed to do

da bi ostavila trag, ono što je trebalo da uradi je

was find a hard problem and solve it.

da pronađe težak zadatak i reši ga.

The hard problem that Alice chose

Taj teški zadatak koji je Alis odabrala

was the rising incidence of childhood cancers.

bio je povećana pojava kancera kod dece.

Most disease is correlated with poverty,

Većina bolesti je povezana sa siromaštvom,

but in the case of childhood cancers,

ali u slučaju kancera kod dece,

the children who were dying seemed mostly to come

deca koja su umirala

from affluent families.

činilo se da uglavnom dolaze iz imućnih porodica.

So, what, she wanted to know,

Dakle, ono što je ona htela znati je

could explain this anomaly?

može li objasniti ovo odstupanje?

Now, Alice had trouble getting funding for her research.

Alis je imala problem da nađe sredstva za istraživanje.

In the end, she got just 1,000 pounds

Na kraju, dobila je samo 1.000 funti

from the Lady Tata Memorial prize.

od nagrade Lejdi Tata Memorijal.

And that meant she knew she only had one shot

I to je značio da ima samo jedan pokušaj

at collecting her data.

u prikupljanju podataka.

Now, she had no idea what to look for.

Ali sada ona nije imala predstavu za čim da traga.

This really was a needle in a haystack sort of search,

Ta potraga je bila kao za iglom u plastu sena,

so she asked everything she could think of.

pa je tako pitala sve čega se mogla setiti.

Had the children eaten boiled sweets?

Da li su deca jela kuvane slatkiše?

Had they consumed colored drinks?

Da li su pila obojena pića?

Did they eat fish and chips?

Da li su jela pomfrit i prženu ribu?

Did they have indoor or outdoor plumbing?

Da li imaju unutrašnje ili spoljne instalacije?

What time of life had they started school?

Sa koliko godina su krenula u školu?

And when her carbon copied questionnaire started to come back,

Ali kada se njen indigom kopirani upitnik počeo vraćati,

one thing and one thing only jumped out

jedna jedina stvar je počela da se izdvaja

with the statistical clarity of a kind that

sa statističkom pouzdanošću

most scientists can only dream of.

o kakvoj većina naučnika može samo da sanja.

By a rate of two to one,

Po stopi dva prema jedan,

the children who had died

deca koja su umirala

had had mothers who had been X-rayed when pregnant.

bila su od majki koje su tokom trudnoće snimane rendgenom.

Now that finding flew in the face of conventional wisdom.

To otkriće je sada udarilo na opšte-prihvaćenu mudrost.

Conventional wisdom held

Prema kojoj

that everything was safe up to a point, a threshold.

je sve smatrano bezbednim do izvesne mere.

It flew in the face of conventional wisdom,

Suprotstavilo se opšte-prihvaćenom shvatanju,

which was huge enthusiasm for the cool new technology

koje se odnosilo na prevelika očekivanja od nove kul tehnologije

of that age, which was the X-ray machine.

toga doba - rendgen mašine.

And it flew in the face of doctors' idea of themselves,

A suprotstavilo se i mišljenju koje su o sebi imali doktori,

which was as people who helped patients,

a to je da kao ljudi koji pomažu pacijentima,

they didn't harm them.

nikako im ne mogu naškoditi.

Nevertheless, Alice Stewart rushed to publish

Pa ipak, Alis Stjuart je požurila da objavi

her preliminary findings in The Lancet in 1956.

svoja preliminarna zapažanja u "The Lancet"-u 1956.

People got very excited, there was talk of the Nobel Prize,

Ljudi su sa uzbuđenjem to dočekali, bilo je čak i pomena o Nobelovoj nagradi,

and Alice really was in a big hurry

a Alis je zaista bila u velikoj žurbi

to try to study all the cases of childhood cancer she could find

da prouči sve slučajeve kancera kod dece koje je mogla naći

before they disappeared.

pre nego što oni iščeznu.

In fact, she need not have hurried.

Zapravo, ona nije ni morala žuriti.

It was fully 25 years before the British and medical --

Trebalo je čitavih 25 godina da prođe pre nego što su britanske

British and American medical establishments

i američke lekarske ustanove

abandoned the practice of X-raying pregnant women.

obustavile upotrebu rendgenskog zračenja trudnih žena.

The data was out there, it was open, it was freely available,

Činjenice su bile tu, bile su javne i dostupne,

but nobody wanted to know.

ali niko za to nije mario.

A child a week was dying,

Jedno dete nedeljno je umiralo,

but nothing changed.

ali se ništa nije menjalo.

Openness alone can't drive change.

Otvorenost sama po sebi ne vodi u promene.

So for 25 years Alice Stewart had a very big fight on her hands.

Dakle, Alis Stjuart je 25 godina vodila veoma veliku borbu.

So, how did she know that she was right?

Kako je znala da je to što radi ispravno?

Well, she had a fantastic model for thinking.

Pa, imala je fantastičan uzor za razmišljanje.

She worked with a statistician named George Kneale,

Radila je sa statističarem zvanim Džordž Nil,

and George was pretty much everything that Alice wasn't.

a Džordž je bio uglavnom sve što Alis nije.

So, Alice was very outgoing and sociable,

Dakle, Alis je bila veoma otvorena i društvena,

and George was a recluse.

a Džordž je bio usamljenik.

Alice was very warm, very empathetic with her patients.

Alis je bila veoma topla, osećajna i strpljiva sa svojim pacijentima.

George frankly preferred numbers to people.

Džordža su više zanimale brojke od samih ljudi.

But he said this fantastic thing about their working relationship.

Ali on je rekao fatastičnu činjenicu o njihovom poslovnom odnosu.

He said, "My job is to prove Dr. Stewart wrong."

Rekao je: "Moj posao je da dokažem grešku dr Stjuart."

He actively sought disconfirmation.

Bio je istrajan u protivljenju.

Different ways of looking at her models,

Drugačiji načini sagledavanja njenih obrazaca,

at her statistics, different ways of crunching the data

njenih statistika, drugačiji načini baratanja činjenicama,

in order to disprove her.

a sve u cilju da je ospori.

He saw his job as creating conflict around her theories.

Svoj posao je zamislio kao suprotstavljanje njenim teorijama.

Because it was only by not being able to prove

Samo neuspevanjem da dokaže

that she was wrong,

da je ona grešila,

that George could give Alice the confidence she needed

Džordž je pružio samopouzdanje koje je trebalo Alis

to know that she was right.

da zna da je bila u pravu.

It's a fantastic model of collaboration --

To je fantastičan model saradnje -

thinking partners who aren't echo chambers.

kolege koje nisu istog mišljenja.

I wonder how many of us have,

Pitam se koliko nas ima

or dare to have, such collaborators.

ili se usuđuje da ima, takve saradnike.

Alice and George were very good at conflict.

Alis i Džordž su bili veoma dobri u sukobima.

They saw it as thinking.

Gledali su na njih kao na razmišljanje.

So what does that kind of constructive conflict require?

Šta dakle zahteva takva vrsta konstruktivnog sukoba?

Well, first of all, it requires that we find people

Pa, pre svega, zahteva da pronađemo ljude

who are very different from ourselves.

koji su mnogo drugačiji od nas samih.

That means we have to resist the neurobiological drive,

To znači da treba da se odupremo instiktivnom nagonu,

which means that we really prefer people mostly like ourselves,

po kome biramo ljude slične nama

and it means we have to seek out people

i da treba da tragamo za ljudima

with different backgrounds, different disciplines,

drugačijeg nasleđa, drugačijih interesovanja,

different ways of thinking and different experience,

drugačijeg miišljenja i drugačijeg iskustva,

and find ways to engage with them.

i nađemo načina da se povežemo sa njima.

That requires a lot of patience and a lot of energy.

To zahteva puno strpljenja i energije.

And the more I've thought about this,

I što sam više razmišljala o ovome,

the more I think, really, that that's a kind of love.

sve sam ubeđenija da je to vrsta ljubavi.

Because you simply won't commit that kind of energy

Zato što jednostavno nećeš žrtvovati toliku energiju

and time if you don't really care.

i vreme ako ti zaista nije do toga stalo.

And it also means that we have to be prepared to change our minds.

A to takođe znači da treba da budemo spremni da promenimo svoje mišljenje.

Alice's daughter told me

Alisina ćerka mi je rekla

that every time Alice went head-to-head with a fellow scientist,

da svaki put kada bi se Alis našla prsa u prsa sa nekim od kolega naučnika,

they made her think and think and think again.

to bi je podstaklo da ponovo razmišlja i razmišlja i razmišlja.

"My mother," she said, "My mother didn't enjoy a fight,

"Moja majka", rekla je, "nije volela da se prepire,

but she was really good at them."

ali je bila zaista dobra u tome."

So it's one thing to do that in a one-to-one relationship.

Mada, jedna je stvar raditi to u odnosu jedan na jedan.

But it strikes me that the biggest problems we face,

Ali plaši me da najveći problemi sa kojima se suočavamo,

many of the biggest disasters that we've experienced,

mnoge od najvećih nesreća koje smo doživeli,

mostly haven't come from individuals,

uglavnom nisu od strane pojedinaca,

they've come from organizations,

već od organizacija,

some of them bigger than countries,

ponekad većih i od država,

many of them capable of affecting hundreds,

mnoge su u prilici da utiču na stotine,

thousands, even millions of lives.

hiljade, čak i milione života.

So how do organizations think?

Kako dakle te organizacije rasuđuju?

Well, for the most part, they don't.

Pa, u većini slučajeva i ne čine to.

And that isn't because they don't want to,

A to nije iz razloga što ne žele,

it's really because they can't.

već će pre biti da to ne mogu.

And they can't because the people inside of them

A ne mogu zato što se ljudi unutar tih organizacija

are too afraid of conflict.

previše plaše sukoba.

In surveys of European and American executives,

U anketiranju evropskih i američkih rukovodilaca,

fully 85 percent of them acknowledged

čak 85 procenata njih potvrdilo je

that they had issues or concerns at work

da su imali problema i nedoumica na poslu

that they were afraid to raise.

koje su se plašili da rešavaju.

Afraid of the conflict that that would provoke,

Plašili se da to može izazvati sukob,

afraid to get embroiled in arguments

da će upasti u raspravu

that they did not know how to manage,

u kojoj se ne bi snašli

and felt that they were bound to lose.

i u kojoj bi bili osuđeni da izgube.

Eighty-five percent is a really big number.

Osamdeset pet procenata je zaista veliki broj.

It means that organizations mostly can't do

To znači da organizacije uglavnom ne mogu

what George and Alice so triumphantly did.

ono što su Džordž i Alis pobedonosno postigli.

They can't think together.

One ne mogu skladno misliti.

And it means that people like many of us,

A to znači da ljudi kao i većina nas,

who have run organizations,

koji smo pokretali organizacije,

and gone out of our way to try to find the very best people we can,

i trudili se što bolje možemo da pronađemo najbolje ljude,

mostly fail to get the best out of them.

padamo na tome što iz njih ne izvučemo ono najbolje.

So how do we develop the skills that we need?

Dakle kako da razvijemo te osobine koje su nam potrebne?

Because it does take skill and practice, too.

Zato što to zahteva i umeće i vežbanje, takođe.

If we aren't going to be afraid of conflict,

Ako ne želimo da se plašimo sukobljavanja,

we have to see it as thinking,

treba ga doživeti kao razmatranje

and then we have to get really good at it.

i trebalo bi da postanemo zaista dobri u tome.

So, recently, I worked with an executive named Joe,

Tako sam, nedavno, radila sa jednim direktorom po imenu Džo,

and Joe worked for a medical device company.

a Džo je radio za kompaniju mediciskih aparata.

And Joe was very worried about the device that he was working on.

Džo je bio veoma zabrinut oko aparata na kome je radio.

He thought that it was too complicated

Smatrao je da je bio previše komplikovan

and he thought that its complexity

i da je njegova složenost ta koja je

created margins of error that could really hurt people.

pravila slučajne greške koje bi zaista mogle da naškode ljudima.

He was afraid of doing damage to the patients he was trying to help.

Plašio se da tako možda šteti pacijentima kojima je pokušavao da pomogne.

But when he looked around his organization,

Ali kada je sagledao svoju organizaciju,

nobody else seemed to be at all worried.

izgledalo je da niko drugi nije bio ni najmanje zabrinut.

So, he didn't really want to say anything.

Tako da je ipak odustao od toga da bilo šta kaže.

After all, maybe they knew something he didn't.

Pomislio je da su možda oni znali nešto što on nije.

Maybe he'd look stupid.

Pa bi možda ispao budala.

But he kept worrying about it,

Ali je nastavio da o tome razmišlja

and he worried about it so much that he got to the point

i toliko se zabrinuo da je na kraju došao do tačke

where he thought the only thing he could do

da je mislio da jedina stvar koju može da uradi

was leave a job he loved.

jeste da napusti posao koji je voleo.

In the end, Joe and I found a way

Na kraju smo Džo i ja pronašli način

for him to raise his concerns.

kako da se oslobodi svojih sumnji.

And what happened then is what almost always

I ono što se tada dogodilo je nešto što se skoro uvek

happens in this situation.

događa u takvoj situaciji.

It turned out everybody had exactly the same

Ispostavilo se da su baš sve mučila ista

questions and doubts.

pitanja i sumnje.

So now Joe had allies. They could think together.

Tako da je Džo sada imao saveznike. Mogli su skupa da razmišljaju.

And yes, there was a lot of conflict and debate

I naravno, bilo je dosta i sukoba i rasprava i svađa

and argument, but that allowed everyone around the table

ali je to omogućilo svakome za stolom

to be creative, to solve the problem,

da bude kreativan, da bi se rešio problem

and to change the device.

i promenio aparat.

Joe was what a lot of people might think of

Džo je bio ono što bi mnogi ljudi nazvali

as a whistle-blower,

tužibabom,

except that like almost all whistle-blowers,

jedino što za razliku od nje

he wasn't a crank at all,

on ni najmanje nije bio prevrtljiv,

he was passionately devoted to the organization

on je bio strastveno posvećen organizaciji

and the higher purposes that that organization served.

i visokim ciljevima koje je ona imala.

But he had been so afraid of conflict,

On se toliko plašio suprotstavljanja,

until finally he became more afraid of the silence.

dok na kraju nije postao mnogo više uplašen ćutanja.

And when he dared to speak,

A kada se usudio da progovori,

he discovered much more inside himself

otkrio je mnogo više o sebi samom

and much more give in the system than he had ever imagined.

i doprineo sistemu mnogo više nego što je ikada mogao zamisliti.

And his colleagues don't think of him as a crank.

A njegove kolege ne vide u njemu prevrtljivca.

They think of him as a leader.

Oni ga smatraju liderom.

So, how do we have these conversations more easily

Kako da onda takve razgovore vodimo lakše

and more often?

i češće?

Well, the University of Delft

Pa, Univerzitet u Delftu

requires that its PhD students

zahteva od svojih studenata na doktorskim studijama

have to submit five statements that they're prepared to defend.

da prilože pet izjava koje su spremni da odbrane.

It doesn't really matter what the statements are about,

Zapravo nije ni važno šta one tvrde,

what matters is that the candidates are willing and able

ali ono što je svakako bitno je da su kandidati voljni i u stanju

to stand up to authority.

da se usprotive autoritetu.

I think it's a fantastic system,

Ja smatram da je to fantastičan sistem,

but I think leaving it to PhD candidates

ali mislim i da, ostane li se samo na doktorantima,

is far too few people, and way too late in life.

biće to suviše mali broj ljudi i suviše kasno u životu.

I think we need to be teaching these skills

Ja smatram da treba učiti ovim veštinama

to kids and adults at every stage of their development,

decu i odrasle u svim dobima njihovog razvoja,

if we want to have thinking organizations

ako želimo da imamo intelektualne organizacije

and a thinking society.

i kritičko društvo.

The fact is that most of the biggest catastrophes that we've witnessed

Činjenica je da većina najvećih katastrofa kojih smo svedoci

rarely come from information that is secret or hidden.

retko proizlazi iz informacija koje su sakrivene ili tajne.

It comes from information that is freely available and out there,

Zapravo dolaze iz informacija koje su javne i dostupne,

but that we are willfully blind to,

ali koje svesno ignorišemo,

because we can't handle, don't want to handle,

zato što ne možemo ili ne želimo da se izborimo

the conflict that it provokes.

sa sukobom koje one donose.

But when we dare to break that silence,

Ali kada se usudimo da razbijemo tišinu,

or when we dare to see,

ili sakupimo hrabrost da progledamo

and we create conflict,

i usprotivimo se,

we enable ourselves and the people around us

na taj način podstičemo i sebe i ljude oko nas

to do our very best thinking.

da na najbolji način sagledamo stvari.

Open information is fantastic,

Slobodne informacije su fantastične,

open networks are essential.

otvorene veze su od suštinskog značaja.

But the truth won't set us free

Ali istina nas neće osloboditi

until we develop the skills and the habit and the talent

sve dok ne razvijemo veštine i naviku i sposobnost

and the moral courage to use it.

i moralnu čvrstinu da ih upotrebimo.

Openness isn't the end.

Otvorenost nije kraj.

It's the beginning.

Zapravo je početak.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)