Dare to disagree | Margaret Heffernan

578,096 views ・ 2012-08-06

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00:00
Translator: Thu-Huong Ha Reviewer: Morton Bast
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Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Suzana Baric
00:15
In Oxford in the 1950s,
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U Oxfordu je 1950-ih
00:17
there was a fantastic doctor, who was very unusual,
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bila odlična doktorica koja je bila jako čudna,
00:21
named Alice Stewart.
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imenom Alice Stewart.
00:23
And Alice was unusual partly because, of course,
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Alice je bila čudna djelomično zato, naravno,
00:26
she was a woman, which was pretty rare in the 1950s.
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što je bila žena, a to je bilo dosta rijetko u 1950-ima.
00:29
And she was brilliant, she was one of the,
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I bila je genijalna, bila je jedna od,
00:32
at the time, the youngest Fellow to be elected to the Royal College of Physicians.
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u njezino vrijeme, najmlađih članica koja je izabrana za Kraljevsko društvo liječnika.
00:36
She was unusual too because she continued to work after she got married,
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Bila je neobična i zato što je nastavila raditi nakon što se udala
00:40
after she had kids,
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i nakon što je imala djecu,
00:42
and even after she got divorced and was a single parent,
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pa čak i nakon što se rastala i postala samohrani roditelj
00:45
she continued her medical work.
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nastavila je s radom u medicini.
00:48
And she was unusual because she was really interested in a new science,
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Bila je zanimljiva zato što je bila zaista zainteresirana za novu znanost
00:52
the emerging field of epidemiology,
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koja se razvijala, epidemiologiju,
00:54
the study of patterns in disease.
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znanost o obrascima u bolesti.
00:58
But like every scientist, she appreciated
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Ali, kao i svaki znanstvenik,
01:00
that to make her mark, what she needed to do
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željela je ostaviti svoj trag; trebala je
01:02
was find a hard problem and solve it.
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pronaći težak problem i riješiti ga.
01:07
The hard problem that Alice chose
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Težak problem koji je Alice odabrala bilo je
01:09
was the rising incidence of childhood cancers.
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povećanje slučajeva raka u djece.
01:13
Most disease is correlated with poverty,
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Većina bolesti je u korelaciji sa siromaštvom,
01:15
but in the case of childhood cancers,
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ali u slučaju dječjeg raka,
01:17
the children who were dying seemed mostly to come
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djeca koja su umirala najčešće su dolazila iz
01:20
from affluent families.
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bogatih obitelji.
01:22
So, what, she wanted to know,
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Htjela je znati
01:24
could explain this anomaly?
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što bi moglo objasniti ovu anomaliju.
01:27
Now, Alice had trouble getting funding for her research.
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Alice je imala problema pri dobivanju sredstava za svoje istraživanje.
01:30
In the end, she got just 1,000 pounds
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Na kraju je dobila samo 1,000 funti
01:32
from the Lady Tata Memorial prize.
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od priznanja Lady Tata Memorial prize.
01:34
And that meant she knew she only had one shot
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To je značilo da je znala kako ima samo jednu priliku
01:37
at collecting her data.
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za prikupljanje podataka.
01:39
Now, she had no idea what to look for.
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Nije imala pojma što tražiti.
01:41
This really was a needle in a haystack sort of search,
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To je stvarno bilo kao tražiti iglu u plastu sijena
01:44
so she asked everything she could think of.
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pa je pitala sve čega se mogla sjetiti.
01:47
Had the children eaten boiled sweets?
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Jesu li djeca jela kuhane slatkiše?
01:49
Had they consumed colored drinks?
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Jesu li pila obojena pića?
01:51
Did they eat fish and chips?
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Jesu li jela ribu i krumpiriće?
01:52
Did they have indoor or outdoor plumbing?
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Imaju li vanjske ili unutarnje vodovodne cijevi?
01:54
What time of life had they started school?
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U kojoj dobi su krenula u školu?
01:58
And when her carbon copied questionnaire started to come back,
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Kada su se njezine grafitne kopije upitnika počele vraćati,
02:01
one thing and one thing only jumped out
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jedna i samo jedna stvar je iskakala
02:04
with the statistical clarity of a kind that
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sa statističkom jasnoćom
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most scientists can only dream of.
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o kakvoj većina znanstvenika može samo sanjati.
02:09
By a rate of two to one,
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U omjeru dva prema jedan,
02:11
the children who had died
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djeca koja su umrla
02:13
had had mothers who had been X-rayed when pregnant.
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imala su majke koje su bile snimane rendgenskim zrakama tijekom trudnoće.
02:20
Now that finding flew in the face of conventional wisdom.
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To istraživanje je proturječilo konvencionalnoj mudrosti.
02:24
Conventional wisdom held
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Konvencionalna mudrost smatrala je
02:26
that everything was safe up to a point, a threshold.
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da je sve sigurno do određene točke, praga.
02:30
It flew in the face of conventional wisdom,
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Proturječilo je konvencionalnoj mudrosti
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which was huge enthusiasm for the cool new technology
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koja je bila vrlo entuzijastična zbog nove tehnologije
02:36
of that age, which was the X-ray machine.
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tog vremena, a to je rendgenski uređaj.
02:40
And it flew in the face of doctors' idea of themselves,
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A proturječilo je i ideji liječnika o sebi samima,
02:44
which was as people who helped patients,
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a to je da su oni ljudi koji pomažu pacijentima,
02:48
they didn't harm them.
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a ne štete im.
02:50
Nevertheless, Alice Stewart rushed to publish
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Ipak, Alice Stewart požurila je s objavljivanjem
02:54
her preliminary findings in The Lancet in 1956.
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svojih prvih otkrića u The Lancetu 1956.
02:58
People got very excited, there was talk of the Nobel Prize,
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Ljudi su se jako uzbudili, pričalo se o Nobelovoj nagradi
03:02
and Alice really was in a big hurry
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i Alice se zbilja žurila
03:04
to try to study all the cases of childhood cancer she could find
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pokušati proučiti sve slučajeve raka u djetinjstvu koje je mogla pronaći
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before they disappeared.
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prije nego što nestanu.
03:10
In fact, she need not have hurried.
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Zapravo se nije morala žuriti.
03:14
It was fully 25 years before the British and medical --
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Tek punih 25 godina kasnije su Britanci i
03:18
British and American medical establishments
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britanske i američke medicinske ustanove
03:21
abandoned the practice of X-raying pregnant women.
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napustile uporabu rendgena na trudnicama.
03:27
The data was out there, it was open, it was freely available,
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Podaci su bili tamo, javni i slobodni,
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but nobody wanted to know.
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ali nitko nije htio znati.
03:37
A child a week was dying,
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Tjedno je umiralo po jedno dijete,
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but nothing changed.
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ali ništa se nije mijenjalo.
03:42
Openness alone can't drive change.
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Dostupnost podataka javnosti ne može samo pokrenuti promjenu.
03:49
So for 25 years Alice Stewart had a very big fight on her hands.
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Tako je 25 godina Alice Stewart vodila veoma veliku bitku.
03:54
So, how did she know that she was right?
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Kako je znala da je u pravu?
03:57
Well, she had a fantastic model for thinking.
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Imala je odličan model razmišljanja.
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She worked with a statistician named George Kneale,
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Radila je sa statističarem Georgeom Knealeom
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and George was pretty much everything that Alice wasn't.
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i George je bio sve što Ailce nije.
04:06
So, Alice was very outgoing and sociable,
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Alice je bila otvorena i društvena,
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and George was a recluse.
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a George je bio povučen.
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Alice was very warm, very empathetic with her patients.
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Alice je bila topla, jako suosjećajna sa svojim pacijentima.
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George frankly preferred numbers to people.
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George je više volio brojeve nego ljude.
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But he said this fantastic thing about their working relationship.
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Ali je rekao nešto fantastično o njihovom radnom odnosu.
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He said, "My job is to prove Dr. Stewart wrong."
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Rekao je: "Moj posao je da dokažem kako je dr. Stewart u krivu."
04:30
He actively sought disconfirmation.
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Aktivno je pokušavao dokazati da je hipoteza pogrešna.
04:33
Different ways of looking at her models,
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Tražio je drugačije poglede na njezine modele,
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at her statistics, different ways of crunching the data
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njezine statistike, drugačije načine razumijevanja podataka
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in order to disprove her.
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kako bi pokazao da je u krivu.
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He saw his job as creating conflict around her theories.
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Vidio je svoj posao kao stvaranje sukoba oko njezinih teorija.
04:47
Because it was only by not being able to prove
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Zato što je jedino ne mogavši dokazati
04:51
that she was wrong,
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da ona nije u pravu,
04:53
that George could give Alice the confidence she needed
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George mogao dati Alice pouzdanje koje je trebala
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to know that she was right.
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kako bi znala da je u pravu.
04:59
It's a fantastic model of collaboration --
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To je fantastičan model suradnje –
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thinking partners who aren't echo chambers.
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partneri koji razmišljaju i ne slažu se oko svega.
05:09
I wonder how many of us have,
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Pitam se koliko nas ima
05:11
or dare to have, such collaborators.
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ili koliko bi nas se odvažilo na takvu suradnju.
05:18
Alice and George were very good at conflict.
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Alice i George su bili dobri u neslaganju.
05:22
They saw it as thinking.
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Vidjeli su to kao način razmišljanja.
05:25
So what does that kind of constructive conflict require?
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Što je potrebno za takvo konstruktivno neslaganje?
05:29
Well, first of all, it requires that we find people
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Prije svega, potrebno je pronaći ljude
05:33
who are very different from ourselves.
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koji su drugačiji od nas.
05:35
That means we have to resist the neurobiological drive,
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To znači da moramo odoljeti neurobiološkom porivu,
05:40
which means that we really prefer people mostly like ourselves,
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zbog kojeg uglavnom preferiramo ljude poput nas,
05:44
and it means we have to seek out people
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i to znači da moramo tražiti ljude
05:46
with different backgrounds, different disciplines,
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s različitom pozadinom, različitim disciplinama,
05:49
different ways of thinking and different experience,
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različitim načinom razmišljanja i različitim iskustvima,
05:53
and find ways to engage with them.
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a potrebno je i pronaći način za radi s njima.
05:57
That requires a lot of patience and a lot of energy.
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To zahtijeva dosta strpljenja i dosta energije.
06:01
And the more I've thought about this,
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Što više razmišljam o ovome,
06:03
the more I think, really, that that's a kind of love.
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to više mislim da je to jedan oblik ljubavi.
06:08
Because you simply won't commit that kind of energy
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Zato što jednostavno nećete uložiti toliko energije
06:11
and time if you don't really care.
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i vremena ako vam nije stalo.
06:16
And it also means that we have to be prepared to change our minds.
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To znači da moramo biti spremni promijeniti svoje mišljenje.
06:21
Alice's daughter told me
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Aliceina kćer mi je rekla
06:23
that every time Alice went head-to-head with a fellow scientist,
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kako svaki put kada bi se Alice suočila s kolegom znanstvenikom,
06:26
they made her think and think and think again.
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navodili su je da razmišlja i razmišlja i ponovno razmišlja.
06:30
"My mother," she said, "My mother didn't enjoy a fight,
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Rekla je: "Moja majka nije voljela svađe,
06:34
but she was really good at them."
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ali je bila stvarno dobra u njima."
06:39
So it's one thing to do that in a one-to-one relationship.
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To je jedna stvar koja se radi u jedan-na-jedan odnosima.
06:44
But it strikes me that the biggest problems we face,
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Ali najviše me čudi to da najveći problemi koje susrećemo,
06:47
many of the biggest disasters that we've experienced,
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mnoge od najvećih katastrofa koje smo doživjeli,
06:50
mostly haven't come from individuals,
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uglavnom nisu došli od pojedinaca,
06:52
they've come from organizations,
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već od organizacija
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some of them bigger than countries,
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od kojih su neke veće od država,
06:56
many of them capable of affecting hundreds,
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mnoge od njih su sposobne utjecati na stotine,
06:58
thousands, even millions of lives.
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tisuće pa čak i milijune života.
07:02
So how do organizations think?
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Kako organizacija razmišlja?
07:06
Well, for the most part, they don't.
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U većini slučajeva ne razmišlja.
07:10
And that isn't because they don't want to,
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I to nije zato što ne žele,
07:13
it's really because they can't.
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već zato što ne mogu.
07:16
And they can't because the people inside of them
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A ne mogu zato što su ljudi unutar njih
07:19
are too afraid of conflict.
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previše uplašeni konflikta.
07:23
In surveys of European and American executives,
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U anketama američkih i europskih direktora,
07:26
fully 85 percent of them acknowledged
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čak 85% njih je priznalo
07:29
that they had issues or concerns at work
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da imaju problema ili briga na poslu
07:33
that they were afraid to raise.
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koje se boje spomenuti.
07:36
Afraid of the conflict that that would provoke,
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Boje se konflikta koji bi mogli proizvesti,
07:39
afraid to get embroiled in arguments
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boje se da će zapasti u raspravu
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that they did not know how to manage,
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koju neće znati kako riješiti
07:44
and felt that they were bound to lose.
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i boje se da će izgubiti.
07:48
Eighty-five percent is a really big number.
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85% je zbilja velik broj.
07:55
It means that organizations mostly can't do
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To znači da organizacije uglavnom ne mogu
07:57
what George and Alice so triumphantly did.
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raditi ono što su George i Alice tako odlično radili.
08:00
They can't think together.
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Ne mogu razmišljati zajedno.
08:04
And it means that people like many of us,
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To znači da su ljudi poput mnogih od nas,
08:06
who have run organizations,
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koji su vodili organizaciju,
08:09
and gone out of our way to try to find the very best people we can,
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tražili najbolje ljude koje su mogli naći,
08:12
mostly fail to get the best out of them.
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ali nisu uspjeli dobiti ono najbolje od njih.
08:18
So how do we develop the skills that we need?
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Kako razviti vještine koje trebamo?
08:22
Because it does take skill and practice, too.
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Zato što je potrebne i vještine i praksa.
08:26
If we aren't going to be afraid of conflict,
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Ako se ne bojimo konflikta,
08:29
we have to see it as thinking,
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moramo to vidjeti kao razmišljanje
08:31
and then we have to get really good at it.
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i zatim moramo postati jako dobri u tome.
08:36
So, recently, I worked with an executive named Joe,
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Nedavno sam radila s jednim direktorom koji se zove Joe,
08:40
and Joe worked for a medical device company.
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a Joe radi za tvrtku medicinskih uređaja.
08:43
And Joe was very worried about the device that he was working on.
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Joe je bio vrlo zabrinut oko uređaja na kojem je radio.
08:46
He thought that it was too complicated
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Mislio je da je prekompliciran
08:49
and he thought that its complexity
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i da njegova kompleksnost
08:51
created margins of error that could really hurt people.
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stvara mjesto za pogreške koje bi mogle stvarno ozlijediti ljude.
08:56
He was afraid of doing damage to the patients he was trying to help.
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Bojao se da će nanijeti štetu pacijentima kojima je pokušavao pomoći.
09:00
But when he looked around his organization,
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Kada je pogledao po svojoj organizaciji,
09:02
nobody else seemed to be at all worried.
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nitko drugi nije bio zabrinut.
09:06
So, he didn't really want to say anything.
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Zato nije htio ništa reći.
09:09
After all, maybe they knew something he didn't.
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Naposljetku, možda su oni znali nešto što on nije znao.
09:11
Maybe he'd look stupid.
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Možda će ispasti glup.
09:14
But he kept worrying about it,
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Ali je i dalje brinuo zbog toga
09:16
and he worried about it so much that he got to the point
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i brinuo je zbog toga toliko da je došao do točke
09:19
where he thought the only thing he could do
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kada je mislio kako je jedina stvar koju može učiniti
09:21
was leave a job he loved.
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napustiti posao koji voli.
09:25
In the end, Joe and I found a way
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Na kraju smo Joe i ja pronašli način
09:29
for him to raise his concerns.
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kako da iznese svoje brige.
09:31
And what happened then is what almost always
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I tada se dogodilo ono što se gotovo uvijek dogodi
09:34
happens in this situation.
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u ovakvoj situaciji.
09:36
It turned out everybody had exactly the same
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Ispalo je da su svi imali
09:39
questions and doubts.
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ista pitanja i dvojbe.
09:41
So now Joe had allies. They could think together.
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I sada je Joe imao saveznike. Mogli su razmišljati zajedno.
09:45
And yes, there was a lot of conflict and debate
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I, da, bilo je puno konflikta i rasprava i svađa,
09:48
and argument, but that allowed everyone around the table
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ali to je omogućilo svima za stolom
09:52
to be creative, to solve the problem,
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da budu kreativni, da riješe problem
09:56
and to change the device.
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i da promijene uređaj.
10:01
Joe was what a lot of people might think of
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Joe je bio ono što bi mnogi
10:04
as a whistle-blower,
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smatrali zviždačem,
10:06
except that like almost all whistle-blowers,
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osim što za razliku od gotovo svih zviždača
10:09
he wasn't a crank at all,
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on nije ekscentrik,
10:11
he was passionately devoted to the organization
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već je strastveno odan organizaciji
10:15
and the higher purposes that that organization served.
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i višim ciljevima kojima je organizacija služila.
10:18
But he had been so afraid of conflict,
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Ali se bojao konflikta
10:22
until finally he became more afraid of the silence.
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sve dok se na kraju nije više bojao tišine.
10:27
And when he dared to speak,
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I kada se usudio govoriti,
10:29
he discovered much more inside himself
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otkrio je mnogo više toga u sebi
10:32
and much more give in the system than he had ever imagined.
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i dao sustavu puno više no što je mogao zamisliti.
10:38
And his colleagues don't think of him as a crank.
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I njegovi kolege ne misle da je ekscentrik.
10:41
They think of him as a leader.
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Smatraju ga vođom.
10:46
So, how do we have these conversations more easily
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Kako možemo voditi takve razgovore lakše
10:50
and more often?
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i češće?
10:52
Well, the University of Delft
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Sveučilište u Delftu
10:54
requires that its PhD students
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traži da doktorandi
10:57
have to submit five statements that they're prepared to defend.
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pripreme 5 izjava koje su spremni obraniti.
11:01
It doesn't really matter what the statements are about,
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Zapravo nije važno o čemu su izjave,
11:04
what matters is that the candidates are willing and able
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važno je da su kandidati spremni i sposobni
11:08
to stand up to authority.
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usprostaviti se autoritetu.
11:10
I think it's a fantastic system,
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Mislim da je to odličan sustav,
11:13
but I think leaving it to PhD candidates
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ali mislim da ako to ostavimo za kandidate za doktorat,
11:15
is far too few people, and way too late in life.
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premalo ljudi će raditi na tome i prekasno u životu.
11:20
I think we need to be teaching these skills
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Mislim da ovim vještinama trebamo učiti
11:23
to kids and adults at every stage of their development,
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djecu i odrasle svih stupnjeva razvoja
11:27
if we want to have thinking organizations
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ako želimo imati organizacije koje razmišljaju
11:29
and a thinking society.
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i društvo koje razmišlja.
11:33
The fact is that most of the biggest catastrophes that we've witnessed
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Činjenica je da je većina najvećih katastrofa kojima smo svjedočili
11:39
rarely come from information that is secret or hidden.
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rijetko došla od informacija koje su tajne ili skrivene.
11:45
It comes from information that is freely available and out there,
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Došle su od informacija koje su dostupne i vani,
11:49
but that we are willfully blind to,
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ali smo svojevoljno slijepi
11:52
because we can't handle, don't want to handle,
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jer se ne možemo suočiti, ne želimo se suočiti
11:55
the conflict that it provokes.
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s konfliktom koji uzrokuje.
11:59
But when we dare to break that silence,
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Ali kada se usudimo progovoriti
12:02
or when we dare to see,
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ili kada se usudimo vidjeti
12:05
and we create conflict,
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i kada stvorimo konflikt,
12:07
we enable ourselves and the people around us
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omogućujemo sebi i ljudima oko nas
12:10
to do our very best thinking.
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da razmišljamo na najbolji način.
12:14
Open information is fantastic,
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Otvorene informacije su fantastične,
12:17
open networks are essential.
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otvorene mreže su nužne.
12:20
But the truth won't set us free
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Ali istina nas neće osloboditi
12:22
until we develop the skills and the habit and the talent
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dok ne razvijemo vještine, navike, talente,
12:26
and the moral courage to use it.
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moral i hrabrost da je iskoristimo.
12:30
Openness isn't the end.
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Otvorenost nije kraj.
12:34
It's the beginning.
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Ona je početak.
12:37
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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