Dare to disagree | Margaret Heffernan

578,096 views ・ 2012-08-06

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00:00
Translator: Thu-Huong Ha Reviewer: Morton Bast
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譯者: Yuguo Zhang 審譯者: I-Hsiang Lin
00:15
In Oxford in the 1950s,
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在1950年代的牛津
00:17
there was a fantastic doctor, who was very unusual,
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有一位很優秀,不尋常的醫生,
00:21
named Alice Stewart.
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她叫Alice Stewart。
00:23
And Alice was unusual partly because, of course,
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她的特別之處在於
00:26
she was a woman, which was pretty rare in the 1950s.
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她是個女醫生,這在1950年代很罕見。
00:29
And she was brilliant, she was one of the,
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而且她非常厲害,她是當時被選為
00:32
at the time, the youngest Fellow to be elected to the Royal College of Physicians.
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"皇家醫師學院"最年輕的學員之一。
00:36
She was unusual too because she continued to work after she got married,
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還有特別在於她在結婚生子後
00:40
after she had kids,
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還繼續工作,
00:42
and even after she got divorced and was a single parent,
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甚至當她離婚成為單親媽媽之後,
00:45
she continued her medical work.
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她持續做她的醫學工作。
00:48
And she was unusual because she was really interested in a new science,
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還因為她對一門新科學十分感興趣,
00:52
the emerging field of epidemiology,
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也就是新興的流行病學,
00:54
the study of patterns in disease.
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專門研究疾病的型態。
00:58
But like every scientist, she appreciated
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但跟每個科學家一樣,她了解
01:00
that to make her mark, what she needed to do
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若要出名,她需要
01:02
was find a hard problem and solve it.
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找到難題然後解決它。
01:07
The hard problem that Alice chose
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Alice當時選擇的難題是
01:09
was the rising incidence of childhood cancers.
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增加的兒童癌症發生率。
01:13
Most disease is correlated with poverty,
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大多數疾病都跟貧窮有關,
01:15
but in the case of childhood cancers,
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不過在兒童癌症的例子來說,
01:17
the children who were dying seemed mostly to come
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這些垂死的孩子似乎大多數
01:20
from affluent families.
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來自富裕家庭。
01:22
So, what, she wanted to know,
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所以她想知道
01:24
could explain this anomaly?
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怎麼解釋這個異常現象?
01:27
Now, Alice had trouble getting funding for her research.
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當時,Alice很難幫她的研究籌備到資金。
01:30
In the end, she got just 1,000 pounds
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最後,她只從Lady Tata紀念獎
01:32
from the Lady Tata Memorial prize.
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得到1000英鎊。
01:34
And that meant she knew she only had one shot
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她知道她只有一次機會
01:37
at collecting her data.
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可以蒐集資料。
01:39
Now, she had no idea what to look for.
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但她完全不知道該尋找什麼。
01:41
This really was a needle in a haystack sort of search,
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這研究就像大老撈針一樣,
01:44
so she asked everything she could think of.
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因此她問了所有她能想到的問題。
01:47
Had the children eaten boiled sweets?
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這些孩子有沒有吃煮沸的甜食?
01:49
Had they consumed colored drinks?
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他們有沒有喝有顏色飲料?
01:51
Did they eat fish and chips?
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他們是不是吃了炸魚和薯條了?
01:52
Did they have indoor or outdoor plumbing?
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他們生活環境中是否有戶內或者戶外的管線裝置?
01:54
What time of life had they started school?
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他們什麼時候開始上學的?
01:58
And when her carbon copied questionnaire started to come back,
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而當她開始收回用碳粉印製成的問卷時,
02:01
one thing and one thing only jumped out
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一個,只有一個明確的統計數據
02:04
with the statistical clarity of a kind that
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顯現出來,
02:07
most scientists can only dream of.
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這是大多數科學家只能幻想的。
02:09
By a rate of two to one,
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這些死亡的孩子中,
02:11
the children who had died
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他們的母親在懷孕的時候
02:13
had had mothers who had been X-rayed when pregnant.
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做過X光檢查的人數是沒做過的兩倍。
02:20
Now that finding flew in the face of conventional wisdom.
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這個發現挑戰了傳統看法。
02:24
Conventional wisdom held
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傳統看法是
02:26
that everything was safe up to a point, a threshold.
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任何事情在一種程度上都是安全的,有一個門檻。
02:30
It flew in the face of conventional wisdom,
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這對於傳統看法是很大的衝擊,
02:32
which was huge enthusiasm for the cool new technology
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你要知道當代的酷炫新科技,也就是X光機,
02:36
of that age, which was the X-ray machine.
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可是非常熱門的。
02:40
And it flew in the face of doctors' idea of themselves,
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而這也挑戰醫生對自己的想法,
02:44
which was as people who helped patients,
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因為他們是要幫助病人,
02:48
they didn't harm them.
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而不是傷害他們。
02:50
Nevertheless, Alice Stewart rushed to publish
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儘管如此,Alice Stewart急切地
02:54
her preliminary findings in The Lancet in 1956.
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在1956年的刺胳針雜誌(The Lancet)雜誌中發表了她的初步發現。
02:58
People got very excited, there was talk of the Nobel Prize,
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人們都很興奮,還有提到得諾貝爾獎的可能性。
03:02
and Alice really was in a big hurry
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Alice也很著急
03:04
to try to study all the cases of childhood cancer she could find
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試著在案例消失之前,
03:08
before they disappeared.
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研究所有她能找到的兒童癌症病例。
03:10
In fact, she need not have hurried.
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事實上,她不需要著急。
03:14
It was fully 25 years before the British and medical --
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過了整整25年之後,
03:18
British and American medical establishments
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英國和美國的醫療機構
03:21
abandoned the practice of X-raying pregnant women.
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禁止讓懷孕女人照X光。
03:27
The data was out there, it was open, it was freely available,
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數據都存在,開放且唾手可得,
03:33
but nobody wanted to know.
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但是沒人想知道。
03:37
A child a week was dying,
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每週都有一個小孩快死掉,
03:40
but nothing changed.
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但什麼都沒發生。
03:42
Openness alone can't drive change.
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單究開放性是無法帶來改變的。
03:49
So for 25 years Alice Stewart had a very big fight on her hands.
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25年來,Alice Stewart一直在奮鬥。
03:54
So, how did she know that she was right?
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所以她怎麼知道她當時是對的?
03:57
Well, she had a fantastic model for thinking.
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她有一個極佳的思考模式。
04:01
She worked with a statistician named George Kneale,
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她當時與一位名叫George Kneale的統計學家合作,
04:03
and George was pretty much everything that Alice wasn't.
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而George剛好與Alice互補。
04:06
So, Alice was very outgoing and sociable,
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Alice非常和善且擅交際,
04:09
and George was a recluse.
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而George是個隱居者。
04:11
Alice was very warm, very empathetic with her patients.
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Alice很熱情,用同理心和她的病人互動。
04:15
George frankly preferred numbers to people.
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而George則喜歡數字甚於人類。
04:19
But he said this fantastic thing about their working relationship.
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不過他提到件他們工作關係最棒的事。
04:23
He said, "My job is to prove Dr. Stewart wrong."
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他說:「我的工作就是證明Stewart博士是錯的。」
04:30
He actively sought disconfirmation.
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他積極地尋找錯誤的證明。
04:33
Different ways of looking at her models,
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以不同方式研究她的模型,
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at her statistics, different ways of crunching the data
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她的數據,以及不同方式分析數據,
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in order to disprove her.
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來證明她是錯的。
04:42
He saw his job as creating conflict around her theories.
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他把他自己的工作當作為Alice的理論創造矛盾。
04:47
Because it was only by not being able to prove
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因為只有當他無法證明
04:51
that she was wrong,
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Alice是錯的時候,
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that George could give Alice the confidence she needed
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George就可以給Alice所需要的自信
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to know that she was right.
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讓她知道她是正確的。
04:59
It's a fantastic model of collaboration --
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這是完美的合作的模式 --
05:04
thinking partners who aren't echo chambers.
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思考夥伴不當你的回聲蟲。
05:09
I wonder how many of us have,
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我想知道有多少人有過,
05:11
or dare to have, such collaborators.
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或者敢有這樣的合作夥伴。
05:18
Alice and George were very good at conflict.
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Alice和George擅長處理矛盾。
05:22
They saw it as thinking.
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他們認為這就是思考。
05:25
So what does that kind of constructive conflict require?
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那麼這種建設性的矛盾需要什麼呢?
05:29
Well, first of all, it requires that we find people
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首先,它需要我們去找到
05:33
who are very different from ourselves.
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與我們大不相同的人們。
05:35
That means we have to resist the neurobiological drive,
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這意味著我們必須抗拒神經生物學的驅力,
05:40
which means that we really prefer people mostly like ourselves,
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也就是我們喜歡像我們的人們,
05:44
and it means we have to seek out people
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而我們必須尋找
05:46
with different backgrounds, different disciplines,
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有不同背景,不同教養,
05:49
different ways of thinking and different experience,
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不同思考方法和不同經驗的人們,
05:53
and find ways to engage with them.
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而且去想辦法與他們交流。
05:57
That requires a lot of patience and a lot of energy.
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這需要很多耐心和精力。
06:01
And the more I've thought about this,
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當我更深層思考,
06:03
the more I think, really, that that's a kind of love.
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我更認為這真的是一種愛。
06:08
Because you simply won't commit that kind of energy
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因為如果你不在乎的話,
06:11
and time if you don't really care.
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你不可能付出這般的能量。
06:16
And it also means that we have to be prepared to change our minds.
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這也意味著我們必須準備去改變我們的想法。
06:21
Alice's daughter told me
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Alice的女兒告訴我
06:23
that every time Alice went head-to-head with a fellow scientist,
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每次Alice和一個同事科學家正面交鋒時,
06:26
they made her think and think and think again.
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他們讓她一次又一次的思考。
06:30
"My mother," she said, "My mother didn't enjoy a fight,
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「我的母親,」她說,「我的母親不喜歡爭吵,
06:34
but she was really good at them."
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但是她很擅長。」
06:39
So it's one thing to do that in a one-to-one relationship.
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所以這是在一對一的關係中要做的事。
06:44
But it strikes me that the biggest problems we face,
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但這使我想到那些我們面對的最大難題,
06:47
many of the biggest disasters that we've experienced,
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很多我們經歷過的最嚴重災難,
06:50
mostly haven't come from individuals,
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大多都不是由個人引起的,
06:52
they've come from organizations,
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而是從組織中來的,
06:54
some of them bigger than countries,
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當中有些還比國家還大,
06:56
many of them capable of affecting hundreds,
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大多數都有影響上百人,
06:58
thousands, even millions of lives.
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上千人,甚至上百萬人生命的能力。
07:02
So how do organizations think?
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那麼這些組織是怎麼想的呢?
07:06
Well, for the most part, they don't.
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大多數情況下,他們不思考。
07:10
And that isn't because they don't want to,
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這不是因為他們不要,
07:13
it's really because they can't.
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而是因為他們不能。
07:16
And they can't because the people inside of them
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他們不能是因為在組織裡的人
07:19
are too afraid of conflict.
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太害怕衝突。
07:23
In surveys of European and American executives,
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在對歐洲和美國經理人所作的調查中,
07:26
fully 85 percent of them acknowledged
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當中有百分之85承認
07:29
that they had issues or concerns at work
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他們害怕提出一些
07:33
that they were afraid to raise.
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工作上的話題和擔憂。
07:36
Afraid of the conflict that that would provoke,
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對可能挑起的衝突有恐懼,
07:39
afraid to get embroiled in arguments
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害怕被捲入
07:42
that they did not know how to manage,
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他們不知道該怎麼處理的爭論中,
07:44
and felt that they were bound to lose.
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而且感到他們肯定會輸。
07:48
Eighty-five percent is a really big number.
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百分之85可是很大的數字。
07:55
It means that organizations mostly can't do
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這意味著大多數組織沒法做
07:57
what George and Alice so triumphantly did.
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George和Alice成功做到的事情。
08:00
They can't think together.
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他們不能一起思考。
08:04
And it means that people like many of us,
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而這代表著許多跟我們一樣
08:06
who have run organizations,
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帶領組織的人,
08:09
and gone out of our way to try to find the very best people we can,
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都盡我們能力找尋最好的人,
08:12
mostly fail to get the best out of them.
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但大多數無法帶出他們最好的一面。
08:18
So how do we develop the skills that we need?
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那麼我們要如何培養所需要的技巧呢?
08:22
Because it does take skill and practice, too.
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因為這的確需要技巧和練習。
08:26
If we aren't going to be afraid of conflict,
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如果我們要不懼怕衝突的話,
08:29
we have to see it as thinking,
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我們必須把它是為思考,
08:31
and then we have to get really good at it.
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然後我們必須上手。
08:36
So, recently, I worked with an executive named Joe,
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因此,最近我在和一個叫Joe的管理者工作,
08:40
and Joe worked for a medical device company.
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Joe在一家醫療設備公司工作。
08:43
And Joe was very worried about the device that he was working on.
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Joe非常擔心他正在作的這台設備。
08:46
He thought that it was too complicated
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他覺得這機器實在太複雜了,
08:49
and he thought that its complexity
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以至於它可能
08:51
created margins of error that could really hurt people.
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會產生一些錯誤去傷害人們。
08:56
He was afraid of doing damage to the patients he was trying to help.
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他很害怕去傷害那些他想幫助的病人。
09:00
But when he looked around his organization,
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但當他看了組織周遭的人,
09:02
nobody else seemed to be at all worried.
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似乎沒有人會擔心。
09:06
So, he didn't really want to say anything.
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所以他不想把自己的想法說出來。
09:09
After all, maybe they knew something he didn't.
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畢竟其他人可能知道他不知道的東西。
09:11
Maybe he'd look stupid.
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或許他會看起來很愚蠢。
09:14
But he kept worrying about it,
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但是他一直在擔心,
09:16
and he worried about it so much that he got to the point
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擔心到達一種程度
09:19
where he thought the only thing he could do
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他覺得唯一可以做的事情
09:21
was leave a job he loved.
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就是辭掉他熱愛的工作。
09:25
In the end, Joe and I found a way
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最後Joe和我找到一個
09:29
for him to raise his concerns.
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提出他擔憂的方法。
09:31
And what happened then is what almost always
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接著發生的是這種情況中
09:34
happens in this situation.
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總是在發生的事。
09:36
It turned out everybody had exactly the same
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結果是所有人都有著相同的
09:39
questions and doubts.
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問題和懷疑。
09:41
So now Joe had allies. They could think together.
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所以現在Joe和他的夥伴,他們可以一起思考。
09:45
And yes, there was a lot of conflict and debate
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是的,這其中有很多的衝突,辯論
09:48
and argument, but that allowed everyone around the table
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和爭執,不過這使得所有相關的人
09:52
to be creative, to solve the problem,
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有創造力,能解決問題,
09:56
and to change the device.
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和改變這台設備。
10:01
Joe was what a lot of people might think of
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Joe有點像是大多數人認為的
10:04
as a whistle-blower,
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告密者,
10:06
except that like almost all whistle-blowers,
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但不像大多數的告密者,
10:09
he wasn't a crank at all,
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他不是在異想天開,
10:11
he was passionately devoted to the organization
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他激情地為組織付出,
10:15
and the higher purposes that that organization served.
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以及為組織的目標所努力。
10:18
But he had been so afraid of conflict,
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不過他太過於懼怕衝突,
10:22
until finally he became more afraid of the silence.
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直到最後沉默對他來說更為可怕。
10:27
And when he dared to speak,
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當他敢說出口的時候,
10:29
he discovered much more inside himself
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他發現更深層的自己
10:32
and much more give in the system than he had ever imagined.
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以及他付出比想象中更多的貢獻到系統中。
10:38
And his colleagues don't think of him as a crank.
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而且他的同事不認為他的想法是天方夜譚。
10:41
They think of him as a leader.
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他們視他為領導者。
10:46
So, how do we have these conversations more easily
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所以我們要如何簡單且經常地
10:50
and more often?
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進行這些對話呢?
10:52
Well, the University of Delft
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Delft 大學
10:54
requires that its PhD students
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要求所有的博士班學生
10:57
have to submit five statements that they're prepared to defend.
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提交他們已經準備好可以辯護的五個陳述。
11:01
It doesn't really matter what the statements are about,
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這些陳述的內容是什麼無所謂,
11:04
what matters is that the candidates are willing and able
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重要的是這些候選人願意而且有能力
11:08
to stand up to authority.
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挑戰權威。
11:10
I think it's a fantastic system,
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我認為這是一個絕佳的系統,
11:13
but I think leaving it to PhD candidates
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不過我覺得留給博士候選人來做
11:15
is far too few people, and way too late in life.
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實在太少人,而且時機太晚了。
11:20
I think we need to be teaching these skills
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我認為我們應該在小孩和大人
11:23
to kids and adults at every stage of their development,
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發展的每個階段都教授這些技巧。
11:27
if we want to have thinking organizations
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如果我們想要能夠思考的組織
11:29
and a thinking society.
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和能思考的社會。
11:33
The fact is that most of the biggest catastrophes that we've witnessed
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事實是多數我們曾經見證過的最大的災難,
11:39
rarely come from information that is secret or hidden.
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很少是從一些祕密或者隱藏的信息中產生。
11:45
It comes from information that is freely available and out there,
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都是從那些公開可取得的信息中而來的,
11:49
but that we are willfully blind to,
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不過我們蓄意忽略了,
11:52
because we can't handle, don't want to handle,
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因為我們不能也不想去處理
11:55
the conflict that it provokes.
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會挑起的各種衝突。
11:59
But when we dare to break that silence,
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但是當我們敢打破沉默,
12:02
or when we dare to see,
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或者我們敢於看見,
12:05
and we create conflict,
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並且製造衝突,
12:07
we enable ourselves and the people around us
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我們讓自己和周圍的人
12:10
to do our very best thinking.
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進行最有效的思考。
12:14
Open information is fantastic,
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公開信息是很棒的,
12:17
open networks are essential.
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公開的網絡很關鍵。
12:20
But the truth won't set us free
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但是直到我們發揮技能,習慣,天賦
12:22
until we develop the skills and the habit and the talent
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以及道德上的勇氣去利用它
12:26
and the moral courage to use it.
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事實才會讓我們自由。
12:30
Openness isn't the end.
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公開並不是結束
12:34
It's the beginning.
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它只是開始。
12:37
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
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