The 4 stories we tell ourselves about death | Stephen Cave

749,182 views ・ 2013-12-12

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Stefan Zrnović Lektor: Mile Živković
00:12
I have a question:
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Imam pitanje:
00:14
Who here remembers when they first realized
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ko se od vas seća kada je prvi put shvatio
00:17
they were going to die?
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da će umreti?
00:21
I do. I was a young boy,
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Ja se sećam. Bio sam mladi dečak,
00:23
and my grandfather had just died,
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i deda mi je tad upravo umro
00:26
and I remember a few days later lying in bed at night
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i sećam se kako sam nakon nekoliko dana ležao noću u krevetu
00:30
trying to make sense of what had happened.
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pokušavajući da nađem smisao onoga što se dogodilo.
00:34
What did it mean that he was dead?
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Šta je značilo to da je on umro?
00:36
Where had he gone?
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Kuda je otišao?
00:38
It was like a hole in reality had opened up
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Bilo je kao da se rupa u stvarnosti otvorila
00:42
and swallowed him.
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i progutala ga.
00:44
But then the really shocking question occurred to me:
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Zatim me je zateklo zaista šokantno pitanje:
00:46
If he could die, could it happen to me too?
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ako je on umro, da li bi se to i meni moglo dogoditi?
00:50
Could that hole in reality open up and swallow me?
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Da li bi se ta rupa u stvarnosti otvorila i mene usisala?
00:53
Would it open up beneath my bed
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Da li bi se otvorila ispod mog kreveta
00:55
and swallow me as I slept?
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i progutala me dok spavam?
00:58
Well, at some point, all children become aware of death.
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U nekom trenutku sva deca postaju svesna smrti.
01:02
It can happen in different ways, of course,
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Naravno, može se dogoditi na različite načine,
01:04
and usually comes in stages.
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ali uglavno dolazi u fazama.
01:06
Our idea of death develops as we grow older.
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Naša ideja smrti razvija se kako starimo.
01:10
And if you reach back into the dark corners
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Ako biste posegli duboko u tamne uglove
01:12
of your memory,
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svog sećanja,
01:14
you might remember something like what I felt
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mogli biste se setiti nečega sličnom onome što sam ja osetio
01:17
when my grandfather died and when I realized
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kada mi je deda umro i kada sam shvatio
01:20
it could happen to me too,
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da bi se isto moglo i meni desiti,
01:22
that sense that behind all of this
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taj osećaj da iza svega ovoga
01:25
the void is waiting.
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nas čeka praznina.
01:28
And this development in childhood
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Ovaj razvoj u detinjstvu
01:31
reflects the development of our species.
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predstavlja razvoj naših vrsta.
01:33
Just as there was a point in your development
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Baš kao što je postojala tačka u vašem razvoju kao deteta
01:37
as a child when your sense of self and of time
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kada je vaš osećaj sopstvenosti i vremena
01:40
became sophisticated enough
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postao dovoljno sofisticiran
01:42
for you to realize you were mortal,
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da shvatite da ste smrtni,
01:46
so at some point in the evolution of our species,
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tako i u nekoj tački u evoluciji naših vrsta,
01:50
some early human's sense of self and of time
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neki osećaji sopstvenosti i vremena ranih ljudi
01:53
became sophisticated enough
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postaju dovoljno sofisticirani
01:55
for them to become the first human to realize,
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da oni postanu prva ljudska bića da shvate:
01:58
"I'm going to die."
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"Umreću".
02:02
This is, if you like, our curse.
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Ovo je, da kažem, naša kletva.
02:04
It's the price we pay for being so damn clever.
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To je cena koju plaćamo zato što smo tako pametni.
02:08
We have to live in the knowledge
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Moramo da živimo u uverenju
02:10
that the worst thing that can possibly happen
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da je najgora stvar koja se može desiti
02:13
one day surely will,
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a i hoće jednog dana,
02:14
the end of all our projects,
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kraj svih naših projekata,
02:16
our hopes, our dreams, of our individual world.
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naših nada, snova i našeg ličnog sveta.
02:19
We each live in the shadow of a personal
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Svako od nas živi u senci lične
02:23
apocalypse.
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apokalipse.
02:25
And that's frightening. It's terrifying.
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I to je zastrašujuće. Užasavajuće je.
02:27
And so we look for a way out.
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I tražimo izlaz iz toga.
02:29
And in my case, as I was about five years old,
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U mom slučaju, kada sam imao oko 5 godina,
02:33
this meant asking my mum.
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ovo je značilo da pitam svoju majku.
02:36
Now when I first started asking
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Kada sam prvi put počeo da postavljam pitanja
02:38
what happens when we die,
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o tome šta se dešava kada umremo,
02:40
the grown-ups around me at the time
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odrasli oko mene u to vreme
02:42
answered with a typical English mix of awkwardness
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odgovarali su tipičnom engleskom mešavinom neprijatnosti
02:45
and half-hearted Christianity,
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i neodlučnog hrišćanstva,
02:48
and the phrase I heard most often
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a rečenica koju sam najčešće slušao
02:50
was that granddad was now
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je da je deda sad
02:52
"up there looking down on us,"
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"tamo negde i gleda dole na nas,"
02:54
and if I should die too, which wouldn't happen of course,
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i ako bih i ja takođe umro, što se naravno ne bi desilo
02:57
then I too would go up there,
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onda bih i ja otišao tamo gore,
03:00
which made death sound a lot like
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što je učinilo da smrt veoma zvuči kao
03:02
an existential elevator.
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egzistencijalni lift.
03:05
Now this didn't sound very plausible.
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Ovo nije baš zvučalo veoma uverljivo.
03:08
I used to watch a children's news program at the time,
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Gledao sam program za decu u to vreme
03:11
and this was the era of space exploration.
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i ovo je bila era istraživanja svemira.
03:13
There were always rockets going up into the sky,
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Uvek je bilo raketa koje su letele u nebo,
03:15
up into space, going up there.
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u svemir, tamo gore.
03:18
But none of the astronauts when they came back
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Nijedan od astronauta koji se vratio
03:20
ever mentioned having met my granddad
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nikada nije pomenuo da je sreo mog dedu
03:24
or any other dead people.
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ili bilo koje druge mrtve ljude.
03:26
But I was scared,
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Ali sam bio uplašen,
03:27
and the idea of taking the existential elevator
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a ideja vožnje egzistencijalnim liftom
03:30
to see my granddad
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kako bih video svog dedu
03:31
sounded a lot better than being swallowed
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zvučala je mnogo bolje nego da me proguta
03:33
by the void while I slept.
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praznina dok sam spavao.
03:36
And so I believed it anyway,
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Verovao sam u to bez obzira na sve,
03:38
even though it didn't make much sense.
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čak i kad nije imalo smisla.
03:41
And this thought process that I went through
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Ovaj proces razmišljanja kroz koji sam prošao
03:43
as a child, and have been through many times since,
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kao dete, i u kojem sam se nalazio mnogo puta,
03:46
including as a grown-up,
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uključujući i onda kada sam odrastao,
03:48
is a product of what psychologists call
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je proizvod onoga što psiholozi nazivaju
03:50
a bias.
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pristrasnošću.
03:51
Now a bias is a way in which we systematically
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Pristrasnost je način na koji sistematično
03:55
get things wrong,
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shvatamo stvari pogrešno,
03:56
ways in which we miscalculate, misjudge,
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načini na koje pogrešno proračunavamo, pogrešno sudimo
03:59
distort reality, or see what we want to see,
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izobličujemo stvarnost ili vidimo ono što želimo da vidimo,
04:03
and the bias I'm talking about
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a pristrasnost o kojoj govorim
04:05
works like this:
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funkcioniše ovako:
04:06
Confront someone with the fact
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suočite nekoga sa činjenicom
04:09
that they are going to die
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da će umreti
04:10
and they will believe just about any story
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i verovaće u bilo koju priču
04:13
that tells them it isn't true
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koja im govori da to nije istina
04:15
and they can, instead, live forever,
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i da zapravo mogu da žive zauvek,
04:17
even if it means taking the existential elevator.
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čak i ako to znači vožnju egzistencijalnim liftom.
04:22
Now we can see this as the biggest bias of all.
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Možemo posmatrati ovo kao najveću pristrasnost od svih.
04:26
It has been demonstrated in over 400
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Demonstrirana je u više od 400
04:29
empirical studies.
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empirijskih studija.
04:31
Now these studies are ingenious, but they're simple.
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Ove studije su dovitljive, ali su i jednostavne.
04:33
They work like this.
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Ovako funkcionišu.
04:35
You take two groups of people
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Uzmete dve grupe ljudi
04:36
who are similar in all relevant respects,
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koje su jednake u svim važnim gledištima
04:39
and you remind one group that they're going to die
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i podsetite jednu grupu da će umreti
04:42
but not the other, then you compare their behavior.
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ali ne i drugu, a zatim poredite njihova ponašanja.
04:45
So you're observing how it biases behavior
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Vi posmatrate kako to utiče na ponašanje
04:48
when people become aware of their mortality.
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kada ljudi postaju svesni svoje smrtnosti.
04:52
And every time, you get the same result:
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Svaki put dobijete isti rezultat:
04:55
People who are made aware of their mortality
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ljudi koji su osvešćeni o sopstvenoj smrtnosti
04:58
are more willing to believe stories
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su voljniji da veruju u priče
05:00
that tell them they can escape death
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koje im govore da mogu da izbegnu smrt
05:02
and live forever.
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i žive zauvek.
05:04
So here's an example: One recent study
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Evo i primera: jedna skorašnja studija
05:06
took two groups of agnostics,
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uzela je dve grupe agnostika,
05:09
that is people who are undecided
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to su ljudi koji su neopredeljeni
05:10
in their religious beliefs.
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u odnosu na svoja religijska verovanja.
05:13
Now, one group was asked to think about being dead.
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Jedna grupa upitana je da razmisli o tome da su mrtvi.
05:17
The other group was asked to think about
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Druga grupa upitana je da razmisli
05:18
being lonely.
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o usamljenosti.
05:20
They were then asked again about their religious beliefs.
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Zatim su upitani ponovo o svojim verskim ubeđenjima.
05:23
Those who had been asked to think about being dead
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Oni koji su upitani da razmisle o smrti
05:26
were afterwards twice as likely to express faith
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su kasnije bili duplo više skloni da izraze veru
05:29
in God and Jesus.
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u boga i Isusa.
05:31
Twice as likely.
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Duplo više.
05:33
Even though the before they were all equally agnostic.
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Čak iako su pre toga svi bili jednako agnostični.
05:35
But put the fear of death in them,
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Ali dodajte im strah od smrti,
05:37
and they run to Jesus.
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i trčaće ka Isusu.
05:41
Now, this shows that reminding people of death
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Ovo pokazuje da podsećanje ljudi o smrti
05:45
biases them to believe, regardless of the evidence,
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tera ljude da veruju, bez obzira na dokaze
05:48
and it works not just for religion,
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i to ne fukcioniše samo za religiju,
05:50
but for any kind of belief system
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već i za bilo koju vrstu verskog sistema
05:52
that promises immortality in some form,
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koji obećava besmrtnost u nekom obliku,
05:56
whether it's becoming famous
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bilo da je to biti poznat
05:57
or having children
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ili imati decu
05:59
or even nationalism,
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ili čak nacionalizam,
06:00
which promises you can live on as part of a greater whole.
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koji obećava da možete živeti kao deo veće instance.
06:03
This is a bias that has shaped
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Ovo je pristrasnost koja je oblikovala
06:05
the course of human history.
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kurs ljudske istorije.
06:09
Now, the theory behind this bias
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Teorija iza ove pristrasnosti
06:11
in the over 400 studies
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u više od 400 studija
06:13
is called terror management theory,
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zove se teorija upravljanja terorom,
06:15
and the idea is simple. It's just this.
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a ideja je jednostavna. Samo ovo.
06:17
We develop our worldviews,
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Razvijamo svoje poglede na svet,
06:20
that is, the stories we tell ourselves
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tj priče koje govorimo sebi
06:22
about the world and our place in it,
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o svetu i našem mestu u njemu,
06:25
in order to help us manage
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u cilju da nam pomognu da se nosimo
06:27
the terror of death.
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sa terorom smrti.
06:30
And these immortality stories
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Ove priče o besmrtnosti
06:32
have thousands of different manifestations,
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imaju hiljade različitih iskazivanja,
06:35
but I believe that behind the apparent diversity
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ali verujem da iza očigledne različitosti,
06:38
there are actually just four basic forms
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postoje zapravo samo četiri osnovne forme
06:41
that these immortality stories can take.
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koje ove priče o besmrtnosti mogu da prihvate.
06:44
And we can see them repeating themselves
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Možemo ih videti kako se ponavljaju
06:46
throughout history, just with slight variations
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kroz istoriju, samo sa malim promenama
06:49
to reflect the vocabulary of the day.
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kako bi oslikale rečnik dana.
06:52
Now I'm going to briefly introduce these four
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Površno ću vas upoznati sa ova četiri
06:55
basic forms of immortality story,
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osnovna oblika besmrtnih priča,
06:57
and I want to try to give you some sense
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i želim da vam dam neki osećaj
06:58
of the way in which they're retold by each culture
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načina na koji su ispričane u svakoj kulturi
07:01
or generation
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ili generaciji
07:03
using the vocabulary of their day.
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koristeći rečnik tog vremena.
07:05
Now, the first story is the simplest.
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Prva priča je najjednostavnija.
07:07
We want to avoid death,
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Želimo da izbegnemo smrt
07:09
and the dream of doing that in this body
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i san o tome u ovom telu
07:12
in this world forever
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na ovom svetu zauvek
07:13
is the first and simplest kind of immortality story,
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je prva i najjednostavnija vrsta priče o besmrtnosti
07:17
and it might at first sound implausible,
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i možda na prvi pogled zvuči neprihvatljivo
07:19
but actually, almost every culture in human history
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ali zapravo, gotovo svaka kultura u ljudskoj istoriji
07:23
has had some myth or legend
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je imala neki mit ili legendu
07:25
of an elixir of life or a fountain of youth
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o eliksiru života ili fontani mladosti
07:28
or something that promises to keep us going
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ili nečemu što obećava da će nas održati
07:31
forever.
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zauvek.
07:34
Ancient Egypt had such myths,
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Stari Egipat imao je takve mitove,
07:36
ancient Babylon, ancient India.
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stari Vavilon, stara Indija.
07:38
Throughout European history, we find them in the work of the alchemists,
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Kroz evropsku istoriju, nalazimo ih u radu alhemičara,
07:41
and of course we still believe this today,
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i naravno i dalje verujemo u to danas,
07:44
only we tell this story using the vocabulary
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samo što pričamo priču koristeći rečnik
07:46
of science.
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nauke.
07:48
So 100 years ago,
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Pre 100 godina,
07:49
hormones had just been discovered,
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hormoni su tek otkriveni,
07:51
and people hoped that hormone treatments
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i ljudi su se nadali da će hormonski tretmani
07:53
were going to cure aging and disease,
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ponovo izlečiti starenje i bolesti,
07:56
and now instead we set our hopes on stem cells,
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a sada usmeravamo naše nade na matične ćelije,
07:58
genetic engineering, and nanotechnology.
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genetsko inženjerstvo i nanotehnologiju.
08:01
But the idea that science can cure death
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Ali ideja da nauka može da zaustavi smrt
08:05
is just one more chapter in the story
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je samo još jedno poglavlje u priči
08:07
of the magical elixir,
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magičnog eliksira,
08:09
a story that is as old as civilization.
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priči koja je stara koliko i civilizacijia.
08:14
But betting everything on the idea of finding the elixir
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Ali uložiti sve na ideju nalaženja eliksira
08:16
and staying alive forever
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i večnog života
08:18
is a risky strategy.
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je rizična strategija.
08:20
When we look back through history
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Kada pogledamo nazad kroz istoriju
08:22
at all those who have sought an elixir in the past,
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na sve koji su tražili eliksir u prošlosti,
08:25
the one thing they now have in common
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jedina stvar koju imaju zajedničku
08:27
is that they're all dead.
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je da su svi mrtvi.
08:29
So we need a backup plan, and exactly this kind of plan B
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Treba nam drugi plan i upravo ovakva vrsta rezervnog plana
08:33
is what the second kind of immortality story offers,
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je ono što nudi druga vrsta priče o besmrtnosti,
08:36
and that's resurrection.
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a to je vaskrsnuće.
08:38
And it stays with the idea that I am this body,
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To predstavlja ideju da sam ja u ovom telu,
08:41
I am this physical organism.
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1975
i ja sam fizički organizam.
08:43
It accepts that I'm going to have to die
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Prihvata da ću umreti
08:45
but says, despite that,
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ali kaže da uprkos tome,
08:46
I can rise up and I can live again.
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2503
mogu da se uzdignem i ponovo živim.
08:49
In other words, I can do what Jesus did.
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Drugim rečima, mogu da uradim ono što je Isus uradio.
08:51
Jesus died, he was three days in the [tomb],
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2045
Isus je umro, bio je tri dana u grobu,
08:53
and then he rose up and lived again.
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a zatim se uzdigao i ponovo živeo.
08:56
And the idea that we can all be resurrected to live again
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Ideja po kojoj svi mi možemo da vaskrsnemo i živimo ponovo
08:59
is orthodox believe, not just for Christians
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je pravoslavno verovanje, ne samo za hrišćane
09:02
but also Jews and Muslims.
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ali i za jevreje i muslimane.
09:04
But our desire to believe this story
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Naša želja da verujemo u ovu priču
09:07
is so deeply embedded
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2010
je duboko ukorenjena
09:09
that we are reinventing it again
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2098
da je iznova izmišljamo
09:11
for the scientific age,
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za naučno doba,
09:12
for example, with the idea of cryonics.
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na primer, sa idejom krionika.
09:15
That's the idea that when you die,
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1590
To je ideja gde kada umrete,
09:17
you can have yourself frozen,
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1999
možete se zamrznuti,
09:19
and then, at some point when technology
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i zatim, u neko vreme kada tehnologija
09:21
has advanced enough,
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1211
dovoljno uznapreduje
09:22
you can be thawed out and repaired and revived
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mežete biti odleđeni, popravljeni i oživljeni
09:24
and so resurrected.
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1289
i tako vaskrsavate.
09:26
And so some people believe an omnipotent god
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2848
Neki ljudi veruju da će ih svemogući bog
09:29
will resurrect them to live again,
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1879
vaskrsnuti da bi živeli ponovo,
09:30
and other people believe an omnipotent scientist will do it.
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4143
a drugi ljudi veruju da će to uraditi svemogući naučnik.
09:35
But for others, the whole idea of resurrection,
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2714
Za druge, čitava ideja vaskrsnuća,
09:37
of climbing out of the grave,
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2003
izlaženja iz groba,
09:39
it's just too much like a bad zombie movie.
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2719
suviše je poput lošeg filma o zombijima.
09:42
They find the body too messy, too unreliable
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Smatraju da je telo suviše zbrkano, suviše nepouzdano,
09:45
to guarantee eternal life,
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2148
za garanciju večnog života,
09:47
and so they set their hopes on the third,
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3091
i oni ulažu svoje nade na treću,
09:50
more spiritual immortality story,
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2117
duhovniju priču o besmrtnosti,
09:52
the idea that we can leave our body behind
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2336
ideju da možemo ostaviti svoje telo iza
09:54
and live on as a soul.
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2297
i život nastaviti kao duša.
09:57
Now, the majority of people on Earth
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597251
1989
Većina ljudi na Zemlji
09:59
believe they have a soul,
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1773
veruje da ima dušu,
10:01
and the idea is central to many religions.
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2410
a ideja je glavna u mnogim verama.
10:03
But even though, in its current form,
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2314
Ali čak i u svom trenutnom obliku,
10:05
in its traditional form,
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1915
u svom tradicionalnom obliku,
10:07
the idea of the soul is still hugely popular,
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2163
ideja duše je i dalje veoma popularna,
10:09
nonetheless we are again
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1432
ipak je iznova
10:11
reinventing it for the digital age,
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2224
izmišljamo za digitalno doba,
10:13
for example with the idea
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1477
na primer sa idejom
10:14
that you can leave your body behind
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614948
1990
da možete ostaviti svoje telo iza
10:16
by uploading your mind, your essence,
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2246
učitavajući svoj um, svoju suštinu,
10:19
the real you, onto a computer,
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1956
istinskog vas, u kompjuter,
10:21
and so live on as an avatar in the ether.
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4612
i živeti kao avatar u etru.
10:25
But of course there are skeptics who say
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2023
Naravno, postoje skeptici koji kažu
10:27
if we look at the evidence of science,
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1844
da ako pogledamo naučne dokaze,
10:29
particularly neuroscience,
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1644
posebno neuronauku,
10:31
it suggests that your mind,
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1829
predlaže se da vaš um,
10:33
your essence, the real you,
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1580
vaša suština, istinski vi,
10:34
is very much dependent on a particular part
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2413
sve to veoma zavisi od specifičnog dela
10:37
of your body, that is, your brain.
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2221
vašeg tela, a to je vaš mozak.
10:39
And such skeptics can find comfort
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Ti skeptici mogu pronaći utehu
10:41
in the fourth kind of immortality story,
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2258
u četvrtoj vrsti priče o besmrtnosti,
10:44
and that is legacy,
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2357
a to je baština,
10:46
the idea that you can live on
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1480
ideja da možete živeti
10:47
through the echo you leave in the world,
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2251
kroz eho koji ostavljate u svetu,
10:50
like the great Greek warrior Achilles,
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2349
poput velikog grčkog ratnika Ahila,
10:52
who sacrificed his life fighting at Troy
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2629
koji je žrtvovao svoj život boreći se u Troji
10:55
so that he might win immortal fame.
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kako bi mogao da zasluži besmrtnu slavu.
10:58
And the pursuit of fame is as widespread
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2266
Stremljenje ka slavi je široko rasprostranjeno
11:00
and popular now as it ever was,
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2141
i popularno danas kao što je uvek bilo,
11:02
and in our digital age,
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1579
i u našem digitalnom dobu,
11:04
it's even easier to achieve.
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1528
čak je i lakše da se postigne.
11:05
You don't need to be a great warrior like Achilles
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2324
Ne treba da budete veliki ratnik poput Ahila
11:08
or a great king or hero.
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1693
ili veliki kralj ili heroj.
11:09
All you need is an Internet connection and a funny cat. (Laughter)
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4823
Sve što vam treba je internet veza i smešna mačka. (Smeh)
11:14
But some people prefer to leave a more tangible,
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2463
Neki ljudi više vole da za sobom ostave opipljivo
11:17
biological legacy -- children, for example.
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biološko nasledstvo - decu, na primer.
11:19
Or they like, they hope, to live on
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2276
Ili vole, nadaju se, da žive
11:22
as part of some greater whole,
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1717
kao deo neke veće celine,
11:23
a nation or a family or a tribe,
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2449
nacije, porodice ili plemena
11:26
their gene pool.
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svog genetskog rezervoara.
11:28
But again, there are skeptics
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1513
Ponovo, postoje skeptici
11:30
who doubt whether legacy
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1713
koji sumnjaju da je baština
11:31
really is immortality.
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691999
1975
istinski besmrtna.
11:33
Woody Allen, for example, who said,
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2077
Vudi Alen je na primer rekao:
11:36
"I don't want to live on in the hearts of my countrymen.
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2496
"Ne želim da živim u srcima svojih sunarodnika.
11:38
I want to live on in my apartment."
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2197
Želim da nastavim da živim u svom stanu."
11:40
So those are the four
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1767
Ovo su četiri
11:42
basic kinds of immortality stories,
279
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2183
osnovne vrste priča o besmrtnosti
11:44
and I've tried to give just some sense
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1642
i pokušao sam da dam smisao
11:46
of how they're retold by each generation
281
706336
2293
kako su ih ispričale razne generacije
11:48
with just slight variations
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1587
sa malim varijacijama
11:50
to fit the fashions of the day.
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2305
kako bi se prilagodili maniru dana.
11:52
And the fact that they recur in this way,
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3489
Činjenica da se iznova događaju na ovaj način,
11:56
in such a similar form but in such different belief systems,
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u tako sličnom obliku ali u različitim sistemima verovanja,
11:58
suggests, I think,
286
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1578
mislim da sugeriše
12:00
that we should be skeptical of the truth
287
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2402
da treba da budemo skeptični povodom istine
12:02
of any particular version of these stories.
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3761
o bilo kakvoj specifičnoj verziji tih priča.
12:06
The fact that some people believe
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2111
Činjenica da neki ljudi veruju
12:08
an omnipotent god will resurrect them to live again
290
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2665
da će ih svemogući bog spasiti kako bi živeli ponovo
12:11
and others believe an omnipotent scientist will do it
291
731515
3701
i drugi veruju da će to učiniti svemogući naučnik
12:15
suggests that neither are really believing this
292
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3038
predlaže da nijedna grupa ne veruje u ovo
12:18
on the strength of the evidence.
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2670
na osnovu snage dokaza.
12:20
Rather, we believe these stories
294
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2426
Zapravo, verujemo ovim pričama
12:23
because we are biased to believe them,
295
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1983
jer smo podešeni da verujemo u njih,
12:25
and we are biased to believe them
296
745333
1828
a podešeni smo da im verujemo
12:27
because we are so afraid of death.
297
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4270
jer toliko strahujemo od smrti.
12:31
So the question is,
298
751431
2055
Pitanje je
12:33
are we doomed to lead the one life we have
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3472
da li smo osuđeni da živimo jedan život koji imamo
12:36
in a way that is shaped by fear and denial,
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3693
na način koji je oblikovan strahom i poricanjem,
12:40
or can we overcome this bias?
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3075
ili možemo da prevaziđemo taj poremećaj?
12:43
Well the Greek philosopher Epicurus
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2467
Grčki filozof Epikur
12:46
thought we could.
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1728
mislio je da možemo.
12:47
He argued that the fear of death is natural,
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3548
On je tvrdio da je strah od smrti prirodan,
12:51
but it is not rational.
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2415
ali da nije racionalan.
12:53
"Death," he said, "is nothing to us,
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2658
Rekao je: "Smrt nama ne predstavlja ništa,
12:56
because when we are here, death is not,
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2850
jer kad smo mi ovde, smrt nije,
12:59
and when death is here, we are gone."
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3753
a kada je smrt ovde, mi smo otišli."
13:03
Now this is often quoted, but it's difficult
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1798
Ovo se često citira ali je teško
13:04
to really grasp, to really internalize,
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2322
da se shvati, da se usvoji,
13:07
because exactly this idea of being gone
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2163
jer upravo ova ideja o odlasku
13:09
is so difficult to imagine.
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2139
je toliko teška da se zamisli.
13:11
So 2,000 years later, another philosopher,
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2231
2000 godina kasnije drugi filozof,
13:13
Ludwig Wittgenstein, put it like this:
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3457
Ludvig Vitgenštajn, postavio je stvari ovako:
13:17
"Death is not an event in life:
315
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2944
"Smrt nije događaj u životu:
13:20
We do not live to experience death.
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3642
ne živimo da iskusimo smrt.
13:23
And so," he added,
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1194
i još, dodao je,
13:25
"in this sense, life has no end."
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2935
"u tom smislu, život nema kraj."
13:27
So it was natural for me as a child
319
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3176
Tako da je bilo prirodno za mene kao dete
13:31
to fear being swallowed by the void,
320
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2367
da se plašim da će me progutati praznina,
13:33
but it wasn't rational,
321
813513
1879
ali to nije bilo racionalno,
13:35
because being swallowed by the void
322
815392
1985
jer to da nas proguta praznina
13:37
is not something that any of us
323
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2078
nije nešto što će bilo ko od nas
13:39
will ever live to experience.
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3270
ikada iskusiti.
13:42
Now, overcoming this bias is not easy because
325
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2529
Prevazilaženje ove pristrasnosti nije lako jer je
13:45
the fear of death is so deeply embedded in us,
326
825254
2959
strah od smrti veoma duboko ukorenjen u nama,
13:48
yet when we see that the fear itself is not rational,
327
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4482
a ipak, kada vidimo da strah sam po sebi nije racionalan,
13:52
and when we bring out into the open
328
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2130
i kada iznesemo napolje
13:54
the ways in which it can unconsciously bias us,
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834825
2698
načine na koje nas može nesvesno usmeriti,
13:57
then we can at least start
330
837523
1851
tad možemo
13:59
to try to minimize the influence it has
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2634
da pokušamo da smanjimo uticaj koji
14:02
on our lives.
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842008
1883
on ima na naš život.
14:03
Now, I find it helps to see life
333
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2818
Smatram da pomaže ako posmatramo život
14:06
as being like a book:
334
846709
1844
kao knjigu.
14:08
Just as a book is bounded by its covers,
335
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2468
Isto kao što je knjiga ograničena svojim koricama,
14:11
by beginning and end,
336
851021
1277
početkom i krajem,
14:12
so our lives are bounded by birth and death,
337
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3738
tako su i naši životi ograničeni rođenjem i smrću
14:16
and even though a book is limited by beginning and end,
338
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3515
i iako je knjiga ograničena početkom i krajem,
14:19
it can encompass distant landscapes,
339
859551
2136
ona može sadržati daleke pejzaže
14:21
exotic figures, fantastic adventures.
340
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3230
egzotične prikaze, fantastične avanture.
14:24
And even though a book is limited by beginning and end,
341
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3349
Iako je knjiga omeđena početkom i krajem,
14:28
the characters within it
342
868266
1823
likovi unutar nje
14:30
know no horizons.
343
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2842
ne znaju za horizonte.
14:32
They only know the moments that make up their story,
344
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3157
Oni jedino znaju za trenutke koji čine njihovu priču
14:36
even when the book is closed.
345
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2940
čak i kad je knjiga zatvorena.
14:39
And so the characters of a book
346
879028
2136
Likovi knjige
14:41
are not afraid of reaching the last page.
347
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3482
nisu uplašeni dolaska do poslednje strane.
14:44
Long John Silver is not afraid of you
348
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2278
Long Džon Silver se ne plaši da ćete završiti
14:46
finishing your copy of "Treasure Island."
349
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2835
s čitanjem "Ostrva sa blagom."
14:49
And so it should be with us.
350
889759
1700
I tako treba da bude sa nama.
14:51
Imagine the book of your life,
351
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2144
Zamislite knjigu vašeg života,
14:53
its covers, its beginning and end, and your birth and your death.
352
893603
2784
njene korice, njen početak i kraj i vaše rođenje i smrt.
14:56
You can only know the moments in between,
353
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2177
Možete samo znati momente unutar njih
14:58
the moments that make up your life.
354
898564
1935
momente koji čine vaš život.
15:00
It makes no sense for you to fear
355
900499
1947
Nema smisla da se plašite
15:02
what is outside of those covers,
356
902446
2090
onoga što je van tih korica
15:04
whether before your birth
357
904536
1470
bilo to pre vašeg rođenja
15:06
or after your death.
358
906006
1976
ili vaše smrti.
15:07
And you needn't worry how long the book is,
359
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2529
Ne treba da brinete o obimu knjige,
15:10
or whether it's a comic strip or an epic.
360
910511
3473
stripa ili epa.
15:13
The only thing that matters
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1542
Jedina stvar koja je važna
15:15
is that you make it a good story.
362
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3498
je da napravite dobru priču.
15:19
Thank you.
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2220
Hvala vam.
15:21
(Applause)
364
921244
4185
(Aplauz)
About this website

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