The 4 stories we tell ourselves about death | Stephen Cave

750,261 views ใƒป 2013-12-12

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
I have a question:
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœื”:
00:14
Who here remembers when they first realized
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ืžื™ ื›ืืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืžืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”
00:17
they were going to die?
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืžื•ืช?
00:21
I do. I was a young boy,
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ. ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ืขืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ,
00:23
and my grandfather had just died,
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ื•ืกื‘ื™ ื–ื” ืขืชื” ื ืคื˜ืจ.
00:26
and I remember a few days later lying in bed at night
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ื•ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”
00:30
trying to make sense of what had happened.
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืžื” ืงืจื”.
00:34
What did it mean that he was dead?
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ืžื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ "ื”ื•ื ืžืช"?
00:36
Where had he gone?
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ืœืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš?
00:38
It was like a hole in reality had opened up
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื ืคืขืจ ื—ื•ืจ
00:42
and swallowed him.
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ื•ื‘ืœืข ืื•ืชื•.
00:44
But then the really shocking question occurred to me:
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ื•ืื– ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืžื•ื—ื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžื–ืขื–ืขืช ื‘ืืžืช:
00:46
If he could die, could it happen to me too?
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ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืช, ื”ืื ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื’ื ืœื™?
00:50
Could that hole in reality open up and swallow me?
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ื”ืื ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืคืขืจ ื•ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ืื•ืชื™?
00:53
Would it open up beneath my bed
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ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืคืขืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื˜ืชื™
00:55
and swallow me as I slept?
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ื•ื™ื‘ืœืข ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืขื•ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืŸ?
00:58
Well, at some point, all children become aware of death.
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช.
01:02
It can happen in different ways, of course,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
01:04
and usually comes in stages.
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื.
01:06
Our idea of death develops as we grow older.
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ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœื ื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื— ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ื’ื“ืœื™ื.
01:10
And if you reach back into the dark corners
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ื•ืื ืชื ืกื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืขื“ ืœืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืคืœื•ืช
01:12
of your memory,
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ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื›ื,
01:14
you might remember something like what I felt
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ื•ื“ืื™ ืชื™ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™
01:17
when my grandfather died and when I realized
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ื›ืฉืกื‘ื™ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™:
01:20
it could happen to me too,
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"ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื’ื ืœื™!"
01:22
that sense that behind all of this
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ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื–ื”
01:25
the void is waiting.
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ืžืžืชื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื™ืŸ.
01:28
And this development in childhood
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ื•ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•, ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช,
01:31
reflects the development of our species.
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ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
01:33
Just as there was a point in your development
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
01:37
as a child when your sense of self and of time
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ื›ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื›ื
01:40
became sophisticated enough
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ื ืขืฉื” ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ืžืกืคื™ืง
01:42
for you to realize you were mortal,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืชื ื‘ื ื™-ืชืžื•ืชื”,
01:46
so at some point in the evolution of our species,
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ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
01:50
some early human's sense of self and of time
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ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื” ื‘ืŸ-ืื ื•ืฉ ืงื“ื•ื
01:53
became sophisticated enough
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ื ืขืฉื” ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ืžืกืคื™ืง
01:55
for them to become the first human to realize,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืŸ:
01:58
"I'm going to die."
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"ืื ื™ ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืžื•ืช!"
02:02
This is, if you like, our curse.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื, ืื ืชืจืฆื•, ื”ืงืœืœื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:04
It's the price we pay for being so damn clever.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ.
02:08
We have to live in the knowledge
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ื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื™ื“ืข
02:10
that the worst thing that can possibly happen
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ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช
02:13
one day surely will,
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ืื›ืŸ ื™ืงืจื” ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“,
02:14
the end of all our projects,
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ื”ืงืฅ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
02:16
our hopes, our dreams, of our individual world.
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ืœืชืงื•ื•ืชื™ื ื•, ืœื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื ื•, ืœืขื•ืœืžื ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™.
02:19
We each live in the shadow of a personal
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืœื• ืฉืœ
02:23
apocalypse.
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ื—ื–ื•ืŸ-ืื—ืจื™ืช-ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™.
02:25
And that's frightening. It's terrifying.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“. ื–ื” ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœ.
02:27
And so we look for a way out.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžื•ืฆื.
02:29
And in my case, as I was about five years old,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื™, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ 5,
02:33
this meant asking my mum.
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืืžื.
02:36
Now when I first started asking
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ
02:38
what happens when we die,
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื™ื,
02:40
the grown-ups around me at the time
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช,
02:42
answered with a typical English mix of awkwardness
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ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ืจื‘ืœื™ื
02:45
and half-hearted Christianity,
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ื•ืชื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื ืงืœื•ืฉื™ื,
02:48
and the phrase I heard most often
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”
02:50
was that granddad was now
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉ"ืกื‘ื ื ืžืฆื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
02:52
"up there looking down on us,"
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"ืœืžืขืœื”, ื•ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืœืžื˜ื” ืขืœื™ื ื•,"
02:54
and if I should die too, which wouldn't happen of course,
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ื•ืฉืื ื’ื ืื ื™ ืืžื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื™ืงืจื”,
02:57
then I too would go up there,
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ื’ื ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ืข ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”,
03:00
which made death sound a lot like
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื“
03:02
an existential elevator.
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ืœืžืขืœื™ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช.
03:05
Now this didn't sound very plausible.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
03:08
I used to watch a children's news program at the time,
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ื ื”ื’ืชื™ ืื– ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
03:11
and this was the era of space exploration.
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ื•ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ืœืœ.
03:13
There were always rockets going up into the sky,
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ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื˜ืกื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉืžื™ื,
03:15
up into space, going up there.
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ืœื—ืœืœ, ืœืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”.
03:18
But none of the astronauts when they came back
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ื–ืจื•,
03:20
ever mentioned having met my granddad
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ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืคื’ืฉ ืืช ืกื‘ื ืฉืœื™
03:24
or any other dead people.
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ืื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื.
03:26
But I was scared,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ื”ืœ,
03:27
and the idea of taking the existential elevator
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืขืœื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช
03:30
to see my granddad
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ืกื‘ื ืฉืœื™,
03:31
sounded a lot better than being swallowed
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ื ืฉืžืข ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื‘ืœืข
03:33
by the void while I slept.
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ืข"ื™ ื”ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”.
03:36
And so I believed it anyway,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ืืžื ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืš,
03:38
even though it didn't make much sense.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
03:41
And this thought process that I went through
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ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ื™ืœื“,
03:43
as a child, and have been through many times since,
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ื•ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืžืื– ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื,
03:46
including as a grown-up,
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ื’ื ื›ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ,
03:48
is a product of what psychologists call
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ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื
03:50
a bias.
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"ื”ื˜ื™ื”".
03:51
Now a bias is a way in which we systematically
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ื”ื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™,
03:55
get things wrong,
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ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”,
03:56
ways in which we miscalculate, misjudge,
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ื, ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ื,
03:59
distort reality, or see what we want to see,
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ืžืขื•ื•ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช.
04:03
and the bias I'm talking about
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ื•ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื” ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ
04:05
works like this:
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื›ื›ื”:
04:06
Confront someone with the fact
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ืžืขืžืชื™ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
04:09
that they are going to die
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืžื•ืช,
04:10
and they will believe just about any story
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
04:13
that tells them it isn't true
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ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ
04:15
and they can, instead, live forever,
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ื•ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืฆื—,
04:17
even if it means taking the existential elevator.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืœื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช.
04:22
Now we can see this as the biggest bias of all.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื• ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื›ื•ืœืŸ.
04:26
It has been demonstrated in over 400
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ื›ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-400
04:29
empirical studies.
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืžืคื™ืจื™ื™ื.
04:31
Now these studies are ingenious, but they're simple.
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืžื—ื•ื›ืžื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
04:33
They work like this.
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ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื›ื”:
04:35
You take two groups of people
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ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื
04:36
who are similar in all relevant respects,
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ืฉื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื,
04:39
and you remind one group that they're going to die
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ื•ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช ืฉื”ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœืžื•ืช
04:42
but not the other, then you compare their behavior.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื•ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
04:45
So you're observing how it biases behavior
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช
04:48
when people become aware of their mortality.
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ื ื™-ืชืžื•ืชื”.
04:52
And every time, you get the same result:
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื•ืคืขื ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ืื•ืชื” ืชื•ืฆืื”:
04:55
People who are made aware of their mortality
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ื ื™-ืชืžื•ืชื”
04:58
are more willing to believe stories
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ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
05:00
that tell them they can escape death
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ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื ืฉื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืžื”ืžื•ื•ืช
05:02
and live forever.
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ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืฆื—.
05:04
So here's an example: One recent study
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
05:06
took two groups of agnostics,
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ืœืงื— ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื’ื ื•ืกื™ื˜ืงื ื™ื,
05:09
that is people who are undecided
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช
05:10
in their religious beliefs.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืืžื•ื ืชื ื”ื“ืชื™ืช.
05:13
Now, one group was asked to think about being dead.
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
05:17
The other group was asked to think about
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ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
05:18
being lonely.
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ืขืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช.
05:20
They were then asked again about their religious beliefs.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื ื ืฉืืœื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืืžื•ื ืชื ื”ื“ืชื™ืช.
05:23
Those who had been asked to think about being dead
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ืืฆืœ ืืœื• ืฉื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช
05:26
were afterwards twice as likely to express faith
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ื”ื•ื›ืคืœื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืขื• ืืžื•ื ื”
05:29
in God and Jesus.
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ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื•.
05:31
Twice as likely.
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ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื”.
05:33
Even though the before they were all equally agnostic.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœืคื ื™-ื›ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืื’ื ื•ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื•ื”.
05:35
But put the fear of death in them,
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื• ื‘ื”ื ืืช ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื•ื•ืช,
05:37
and they run to Jesus.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ืจื•ืฆื• ืืœ ื™ืฉื•.
05:41
Now, this shows that reminding people of death
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ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืฉื›ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช
05:45
biases them to believe, regardless of the evidence,
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ื–ื” ืžื˜ื” ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ, ื—ืจืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช,
05:48
and it works not just for religion,
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื ืจืง ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืช,
05:50
but for any kind of belief system
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ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืžื•ื ื”
05:52
that promises immortality in some form,
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ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™-ื ืฆื—,
05:56
whether it's becoming famous
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืคืจืกื•ื
05:57
or having children
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ืื• ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื
05:59
or even nationalism,
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช,
06:00
which promises you can live on as part of a greater whole.
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ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:03
This is a bias that has shaped
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื”
06:05
the course of human history.
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ืืช ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
06:09
Now, the theory behind this bias
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ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
06:11
in the over 400 studies
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-400 ืžื—ืงืจื™ื,
06:13
is called terror management theory,
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ืงืจื•ื™ื” "ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืคื—ื“",
06:15
and the idea is simple. It's just this.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ:
06:17
We develop our worldviews,
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ืื ื• ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•,
06:20
that is, the stories we tell ourselves
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื•
06:22
about the world and our place in it,
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ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื ื• ื‘ื•,
06:25
in order to help us manage
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื ื”ืœ
06:27
the terror of death.
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ืืช ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
06:30
And these immortality stories
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ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืืœืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
06:32
have thousands of different manifestations,
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ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืืœืคื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช,
06:35
but I believe that behind the apparent diversity
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ืืš ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืžืจืื™ืช-ืขื™ืŸ,
06:38
there are actually just four basic forms
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ื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจืง ืืจื‘ืข ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“
06:41
that these immortality stories can take.
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ืฉืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืืœืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
06:44
And we can see them repeating themselves
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ
06:46
throughout history, just with slight variations
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ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ืžืื“
06:49
to reflect the vocabulary of the day.
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ืฉืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”.
06:52
Now I'm going to briefly introduce these four
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ื›ืขืช ืืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ืืช ืืจื‘ืข ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืœื”
06:55
basic forms of immortality story,
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ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืืœืžื•ื•ืช,
06:57
and I want to try to give you some sense
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื
06:58
of the way in which they're retold by each culture
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืŸ ืžืกื•ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช
07:01
or generation
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ืื• ื“ื•ืจ
07:03
using the vocabulary of their day.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”.
07:05
Now, the first story is the simplest.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื›ื•ืœื.
07:07
We want to avoid death,
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืžื•ื•ืช,
07:09
and the dream of doing that in this body
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื”
07:12
in this world forever
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ืœื ืฆื—,
07:13
is the first and simplest kind of immortality story,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืืœืžื•ื•ืช,
07:17
and it might at first sound implausible,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ,
07:19
but actually, almost every culture in human history
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช
07:23
has had some myth or legend
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ื”ืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื• ืื’ื“ื”
07:25
of an elixir of life or a fountain of youth
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ืฉืœ ืกื-ื—ื™ื™ื ืื• ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขื•ืจื™ื
07:28
or something that promises to keep us going
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ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ืžื”, ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•
07:31
forever.
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ืœื ืฆื—.
07:34
Ancient Egypt had such myths,
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ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื• ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”,
07:36
ancient Babylon, ancient India.
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ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”.
07:38
Throughout European history, we find them in the work of the alchemists,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืืœื›ื™ืžื™ื”,
07:41
and of course we still believe this today,
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ื•ืื ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื,
07:44
only we tell this story using the vocabulary
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœื™ื
07:46
of science.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข.
07:48
So 100 years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 100 ืฉื ื”,
07:49
hormones had just been discovered,
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ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื,
07:51
and people hoped that hormone treatments
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืงื™ื•ื• ืฉื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ื™ื
07:53
were going to cure aging and disease,
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ื™ืจืคืื• ืืช ื”ื–ืงื ื” ื•ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
07:56
and now instead we set our hopes on stem cells,
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื™ื”ื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข,
07:58
genetic engineering, and nanotechnology.
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ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื ื ื•-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
08:01
But the idea that science can cure death
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืคื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช
08:05
is just one more chapter in the story
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ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืคืจืง ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
08:07
of the magical elixir,
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ืฉืœ ืกื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืกื•ื,
08:09
a story that is as old as civilization.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื’ื™ืœื• ื›ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
08:14
But betting everything on the idea of finding the elixir
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืืช ืกื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
08:16
and staying alive forever
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ ื ืฆื—
08:18
is a risky strategy.
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ื”ื•ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช.
08:20
When we look back through history
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืกื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™
08:22
at all those who have sought an elixir in the past,
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ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืกื-ื—ื™ื™ื,
08:25
the one thing they now have in common
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื›ื•ืœื
08:27
is that they're all dead.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžืชื•.
08:29
So we need a backup plan, and exactly this kind of plan B
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ืœื›ืŸ ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื ื• ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™, ื•ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื‘',
08:33
is what the second kind of immortality story offers,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื™ืข ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืืœืžื•ื•ืช,
08:36
and that's resurrection.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื”.
08:38
And it stays with the idea that I am this body,
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ื ื•ืชืจ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื”,
08:41
I am this physical organism.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
08:43
It accepts that I'm going to have to die
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืžื•ืช,
08:45
but says, despite that,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช
08:46
I can rise up and I can live again.
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ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื•ื ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘.
08:49
In other words, I can do what Jesus did.
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ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉื•.
08:51
Jesus died, he was three days in the [tomb],
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ื™ืฉื• ืžืช, ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื” 3 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ืจ,
08:53
and then he rose up and lived again.
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ื•ืื– ืงื ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ืฉื‘ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
08:56
And the idea that we can all be resurrected to live again
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื•ื ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘
08:59
is orthodox believe, not just for Christians
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ื”ื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื“ื•ืง, ืœื ืจืง ืืฆืœ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื
09:02
but also Jews and Muslims.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื.
09:04
But our desire to believe this story
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
09:07
is so deeply embedded
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ื˜ื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื ื• ื›ื” ืขืžื•ืง,
09:09
that we are reinventing it again
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžืฆืื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ
09:11
for the scientific age,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข,
09:12
for example, with the idea of cryonics.
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ืœืžืฉืœ ืขื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืจื™ื•ื ื™ืงื”.
09:15
That's the idea that when you die,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืฉืชืžื•ืชื•,
09:17
you can have yourself frozen,
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ื™ืงืคื™ืื• ืืช ื’ื•ืคืชื›ื,
09:19
and then, at some point when technology
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ื•ืื–, ืžืชื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
09:21
has advanced enough,
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืชืงื“ืžืช,
09:22
you can be thawed out and repaired and revived
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ืชื•ืคืฉืจื•, ื™ืชืงื ื• ืืชื›ื ื•ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืืชื›ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื
09:24
and so resurrected.
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ื•ื›ืš ืชืงื•ืžื• ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื”.
09:26
And so some people believe an omnipotent god
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื–ื” ืืœ ื›ืœ-ื™ื›ื•ืœ
09:29
will resurrect them to live again,
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ื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื”,
09:30
and other people believe an omnipotent scientist will do it.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื–ื” ืžื“ืขืŸ ื›ืœ-ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื™ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช.
09:35
But for others, the whole idea of resurrection,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื”,
09:37
of climbing out of the grave,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงื‘ืจ,
09:39
it's just too much like a bad zombie movie.
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ืงืฆืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืžื“ื™ ืœืกืจื˜ ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื’ืจื•ืข.
09:42
They find the body too messy, too unreliable
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ืœื“ืขืชื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžืœื•ื›ืœืš, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืœื-ืžื”ื™ืžืŸ
09:45
to guarantee eternal life,
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ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื—ื™ื™-ื ืฆื—,
09:47
and so they set their hopes on the third,
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื™ื”ื‘ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™,
09:50
more spiritual immortality story,
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ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืœืžื•ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™,
09:52
the idea that we can leave our body behind
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื ื•
09:54
and live on as a soul.
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ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื ืฉืžื”.
09:57
Now, the majority of people on Earth
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ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช
09:59
believe they have a soul,
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ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื ืฉืžื”,
10:01
and the idea is central to many religions.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื“ืชื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
10:03
But even though, in its current form,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืš, ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช,
10:05
in its traditional form,
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช,
10:07
the idea of the soul is still hugely popular,
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”,
10:09
nonetheless we are again
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืื ื•, ืฉื•ื‘,
10:11
reinventing it for the digital age,
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ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™,
10:13
for example with the idea
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ืœืžืฉืœ ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
10:14
that you can leave your body behind
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
10:16
by uploading your mind, your essence,
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ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืืช ื”ืžื”ื•ืช,
10:19
the real you, onto a computer,
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ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™, ืœืžื—ืฉื‘,
10:21
and so live on as an avatar in the ether.
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ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืื•ื•ืื˜ืจ ื‘ืึถืชืจ.
10:25
But of course there are skeptics who say
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ืืš ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืคืงื ื™ื ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื
10:27
if we look at the evidence of science,
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ืฉืื ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช,
10:29
particularly neuroscience,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—,
10:31
it suggests that your mind,
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ื”ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืคืฉ,
10:33
your essence, the real you,
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ื”ืžื”ื•ืช, ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™,
10:34
is very much dependent on a particular part
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ืชืœื•ื™ื” ืžืื“ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืกื•ื™ื
10:37
of your body, that is, your brain.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื—.
10:39
And such skeptics can find comfort
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ื•ืื•ืชื ืกืคืงื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื ื—ืžื”
10:41
in the fourth kind of immortality story,
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ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืืœืžื•ื•ืช,
10:44
and that is legacy,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช,
10:46
the idea that you can live on
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช
10:47
through the echo you leave in the world,
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ื‘ื”ื“ ืฉืžื•ืชื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
10:50
like the great Greek warrior Achilles,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืœื•ื—ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ื“ื’ื•ืœ ืื›ื™ืœืก,
10:52
who sacrificed his life fighting at Troy
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ืฉื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื˜ืจื•ื™ื”
10:55
so that he might win immortal fame.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืชื”ื™ืœืช ื ืฆื—.
10:58
And the pursuit of fame is as widespread
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ื•ื”ืจื“ื™ืคื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืชื”ื™ืœื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื•ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช
11:00
and popular now as it ever was,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžืื– ื•ืžืขื•ืœื,
11:02
and in our digital age,
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
11:04
it's even easier to achieve.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ื”.
11:05
You don't need to be a great warrior like Achilles
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ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื•ื—ื ื“ื’ื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ืื›ื™ืœืก
11:08
or a great king or hero.
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ืื• ืžืœืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื• ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ
11:09
All you need is an Internet connection and a funny cat. (Laughter)
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืจืง ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ื‘ื—ืชื•ืœ ืžืฆื—ื™ืง. [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
11:14
But some people prefer to leave a more tangible,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื
11:17
biological legacy -- children, for example.
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ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช-- ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
11:19
Or they like, they hope, to live on
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ืื• ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื, ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื, ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช
11:22
as part of some greater whole,
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:23
a nation or a family or a tribe,
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ืื•ืžื”, ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื• ืฉื‘ื˜,
11:26
their gene pool.
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ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
11:28
But again, there are skeptics
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ืื‘ืœ, ืฉื•ื‘, ื™ืฉ ืกืคืงื ื™ื
11:30
who doubt whether legacy
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ืฉืžืคืงืคืงื™ื ืื ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช
11:31
really is immortality.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืช-ืืœืžื•ื•ืช.
11:33
Woody Allen, for example, who said,
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ื•ื•ื“ื™ ืืœืŸ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืฉืืžืจ:
11:36
"I don't want to live on in the hearts of my countrymen.
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"ืื™ื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืืจืฆื™,
11:38
I want to live on in my apartment."
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"ืืœื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™."
11:40
So those are the four
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ืื– ืืœื” ื”ื ืืจื‘ืขืช
11:42
basic kinds of immortality stories,
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ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืืœืžื•ื•ืช,
11:44
and I've tried to give just some sense
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ื•ืื ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื
11:46
of how they're retold by each generation
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจ
11:48
with just slight variations
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ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“
11:50
to fit the fashions of the day.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”.
11:52
And the fact that they recur in this way,
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืš,
11:56
in such a similar form but in such different belief systems,
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
11:58
suggests, I think,
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ืื•ืžืจืช, ืœื“ืขืชื™,
12:00
that we should be skeptical of the truth
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ืืžื™ืชื•ืชื”
12:02
of any particular version of these stories.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื’ื™ืจืกื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืœื”.
12:06
The fact that some people believe
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
12:08
an omnipotent god will resurrect them to live again
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ืฉืื™ื–ื” ืืœ ื›ืœ-ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื ืœื—ื™ื™ื
12:11
and others believe an omnipotent scientist will do it
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื–ื” ืžื“ืขืŸ ื›ืœ-ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื™ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช,
12:15
suggests that neither are really believing this
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ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืœื ืืœื” ื•ืœื ืืœื” ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš
12:18
on the strength of the evidence.
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
12:20
Rather, we believe these stories
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืœื”
12:23
because we are biased to believe them,
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ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื,
12:25
and we are biased to believe them
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ื•ืื ื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื
12:27
because we are so afraid of death.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื• ื›ื” ืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
12:31
So the question is,
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื,
12:33
are we doomed to lead the one life we have
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ื”ืื ื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืฉืœื ื•
12:36
in a way that is shaped by fear and denial,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ืข"ื™ ืคื—ื“ ื•ื”ื›ื—ืฉื”,
12:40
or can we overcome this bias?
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ืื• ืฉืžื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช?
12:43
Well the Greek philosopher Epicurus
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ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืืคื™ืงื•ืจื•ืก
12:46
thought we could.
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ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ืŸ.
12:47
He argued that the fear of death is natural,
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืคื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
12:51
but it is not rational.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™.
12:53
"Death," he said, "is nothing to us,
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"ื”ืžื•ื•ืช," ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื•ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื ื•,
12:56
because when we are here, death is not,
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"ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื• ื›ืืŸ,
12:59
and when death is here, we are gone."
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"ื•ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื ืžืฆื ื›ืืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืื™ื ื ื•."
13:03
Now this is often quoted, but it's difficult
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ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ืืช ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืงืฉื”
13:04
to really grasp, to really internalize,
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ื‘ืืžืช ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ื•ืœื”ืคื ื™ื ื–ืืช,
13:07
because exactly this idea of being gone
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืืช ืขืฆื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
13:09
is so difficult to imagine.
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ืงืฉื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
13:11
So 2,000 years later, another philosopher,
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ืื– 2,000 ืฉื ื” ืื—"ื›, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืื—ืจ,
13:13
Ludwig Wittgenstein, put it like this:
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ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื•ื™ื˜ื’ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ืกื— ื–ืืช ื›ืš:
13:17
"Death is not an event in life:
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"ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื:
13:20
We do not live to experience death.
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"ืื™ื ื ื• ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
13:23
And so," he added,
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"ื•ืœื›ืŸ," ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ,
13:25
"in this sense, life has no end."
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"ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ."
13:27
So it was natural for me as a child
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื™, ื›ื™ืœื“,
13:31
to fear being swallowed by the void,
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ืœืคื—ื•ื“ ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ืœืข ืข"ื™ ื”ืื™ืŸ,
13:33
but it wasn't rational,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™,
13:35
because being swallowed by the void
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ื›ื™ ืœื”ื™ื‘ืœืข ืข"ื™ ื”ืื™ืŸ
13:37
is not something that any of us
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืื™ืชื ื•
13:39
will ever live to experience.
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ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื•.
13:42
Now, overcoming this bias is not easy because
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ื”ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืงืœ, ื›ื™
13:45
the fear of death is so deeply embedded in us,
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ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ื•ืข ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื ื•,
13:48
yet when we see that the fear itself is not rational,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืคื—ื“ ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™,
13:52
and when we bring out into the open
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™
13:54
the ways in which it can unconsciously bias us,
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ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข,
13:57
then we can at least start
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
13:59
to try to minimize the influence it has
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืžื–ืขืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื•
14:02
on our lives.
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ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
14:03
Now, I find it helps to see life
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ืื ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
14:06
as being like a book:
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ื›ืžื• ืกืคืจ:
14:08
Just as a book is bounded by its covers,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉืกืคืจ ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืจื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื•,
14:11
by beginning and end,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื•ืœืกื•ืฃ,
14:12
so our lives are bounded by birth and death,
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ื›ืš ื’ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืœืžื•ื•ืช,
14:16
and even though a book is limited by beginning and end,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืœืกื•ืฃ,
14:19
it can encompass distant landscapes,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ ื ื•ืคื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื,
14:21
exotic figures, fantastic adventures.
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ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ื ืคืœืื•ืช.
14:24
And even though a book is limited by beginning and end,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืœืกื•ืฃ,
14:28
the characters within it
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ืœื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•
14:30
know no horizons.
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ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืคืงื™ื”ืŸ.
14:32
They only know the moments that make up their story,
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ื”ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืจืง ืืช ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจืŸ,
14:36
even when the book is closed.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ืกื’ื•ืจ.
14:39
And so the characters of a book
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืกืคืจ
14:41
are not afraid of reaching the last page.
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ืื™ื ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ืžืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
14:44
Long John Silver is not afraid of you
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ืœื•ื ื’ ื’'ื•ื”ืŸ ืกื™ืœื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉืฉ
14:46
finishing your copy of "Treasure Island."
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ืฉืชืกื™ื™ืžื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœ "ืื™ ื”ืžื˜ืžื•ืŸ" ืฉืœื›ื.
14:49
And so it should be with us.
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’.
14:51
Imagine the book of your life,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื›ื,
14:53
its covers, its beginning and end, and your birth and your death.
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ืืช ื›ืจื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื•, ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ื•ืกื•ืคื•, ื•ืืช ืœื™ื“ืชื›ื ื•ืžื•ืชื›ื.
14:56
You can only know the moments in between,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืจืง ืืช ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื,
14:58
the moments that make up your life.
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ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื›ื.
15:00
It makes no sense for you to fear
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืชื—ืฉืฉื•
15:02
what is outside of those covers,
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ืžืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
15:04
whether before your birth
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ืื ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืœื™ื“ืชื›ื
15:06
or after your death.
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ืื• ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื›ื.
15:07
And you needn't worry how long the book is,
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื˜ืขื ืฉืชื“ืื’ื• ืžื”ื• ืื•ืจืš ื”ืกืคืจ,
15:10
or whether it's a comic strip or an epic.
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ืื• ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืื• ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”.
15:13
The only thing that matters
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘
15:15
is that you make it a good story.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืชื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
15:19
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
15:21
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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