The 4 stories we tell ourselves about death | Stephen Cave

746,529 views ・ 2013-12-12

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μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Eunjoo Kim κ²€ν† : Gichung Lee
00:12
I have a question:
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μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν•˜λ‚˜ ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€:
00:14
Who here remembers when they first realized
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μ—¬κΈ° 계신 λΆ„λ“€ 쀑 μžμ‹ μ΄ μ–Έμ  κ°„ μ£½λŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 사싀을
00:17
they were going to die?
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처음 깨달은 μˆœκ°„μ„ κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ‹œλŠ” λΆ„ μžˆλ‚˜μš”?
00:21
I do. I was a young boy,
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μ „ κΈ°μ–΅ν•΄μš”. μ œκ°€ μ–΄λ¦΄λ•Œμ˜€μ£ .
00:23
and my grandfather had just died,
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저희 할아버지가 λŒμ•„κ°€μ‹  μ§ν›„μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
and I remember a few days later lying in bed at night
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며칠이 μ§€λ‚˜κ³  밀에 μžλ¦¬μ— λˆ„μ› μ„ λ•Œ
00:30
trying to make sense of what had happened.
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λ„λŒ€μ²΄ 뭐가 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λœκ±΄μ§€ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λ € ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
00:34
What did it mean that he was dead?
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"할아버지가 λŒμ•„κ°€μ…¨λ‹€λŠ”κ²Œ 무슨 뜻일까?
00:36
Where had he gone?
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μ–΄λ””λ‘œ κ°€μ‹ κ±ΈκΉŒ?"
00:38
It was like a hole in reality had opened up
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마치 ν˜„μ‹€ μ–΄λŠ ν•œ 곳에 ꡬ멍이 생겨
00:42
and swallowed him.
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할아버지λ₯Ό μ‚ΌμΌœλ²„λ¦° κ²ƒλ§Œ κ°™μ•˜μ–΄μš”.
00:44
But then the really shocking question occurred to me:
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λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έ μˆœκ°„ 정말 λ”μ°ν•œ 질문이 λ– μ˜¬λžμ£ .
00:46
If he could die, could it happen to me too?
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할아버지가 λŒμ•„κ°€μ…¨λ‹€λ©΄ λ‚˜λ„ μ£½λŠ” κ±° μ•„λ‹κΉŒ?
00:50
Could that hole in reality open up and swallow me?
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κ·Έ ν˜„μ‹€μ˜ ꡬ멍이 λ‚˜λ„ μ‚ΌμΌœλ²„λ¦΄ 수 μžˆμ§€ μ•Šμ„κΉŒ?
00:53
Would it open up beneath my bed
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κ·Έ ꡬ멍이 λ‚΄ μΉ¨λŒ€ 밑에 λš«λ €μ„œ
00:55
and swallow me as I slept?
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잘 λ•Œ λ‚  삼킀지 μ•Šμ„κΉŒ?
00:58
Well, at some point, all children become aware of death.
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아이듀은 μ–Έμ  κ°€λŠ” μ£½μŒμ„ μΈμ‹ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:02
It can happen in different ways, of course,
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λ¬Όλ‘  각자 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œμš”κ² μ£ .
01:04
and usually comes in stages.
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그리고 그런 인식은 λ‹¨κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
Our idea of death develops as we grow older.
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λ‚˜μ΄κ°€ λ“€μ–΄κ°€λ©΄μ„œ μ£½μŒμ— λŒ€ν•œ 생각도 μžλΌλ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
And if you reach back into the dark corners
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€λ„ κΈ°μ–΅μ˜ μ–΄λ‘μš΄ μ € νŽΈμ„
01:12
of your memory,
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더듬어 λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄
01:14
you might remember something like what I felt
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μ œκ°€ κ²ͺ은 것과 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ λŠλ‚Œμ„ κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ‹€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
when my grandfather died and when I realized
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할아버지가 λŒμ•„κ°€μ…¨μ„ λ•Œ λ‚˜μ—κ²Œλ„ λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 일이 μƒκΈΈμˆ˜ μžˆλ‹€λŠ”
01:20
it could happen to me too,
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사싀을 μΈμ‹ν–ˆλ˜ κ·Έ λŠλ‚Œμ„μš”.
01:22
that sense that behind all of this
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  λŠλ‚Œμ˜ μ΄λ©΄μ—λŠ”
01:25
the void is waiting.
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μ—„μ²­λ‚œ κ³΅ν—ˆκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
And this development in childhood
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μ–΄λ¦° μ‹œμ ˆμ˜ 이런 μ„±μž₯ λ‹¨κ³„λŠ”
01:31
reflects the development of our species.
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μΈκ°„μ˜ μ„±μž₯을 λ°˜μ˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
Just as there was a point in your development
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μ•„μ΄μ˜ μ„±μž₯ κ³Όμ • 쀑 νŠΉμ • μ‹œμ μ—
01:37
as a child when your sense of self and of time
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μžμ•„μ™€ μ‹œκ°„μ˜ 관념을 μΈμ‹ν•˜κ²Œ 되고
01:40
became sophisticated enough
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이 생각이 λ°œμ „ν•˜μ—¬
01:42
for you to realize you were mortal,
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μš°λ¦¬λ„ μ–Έμ  κ°„ μ£½λŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 것을 κΉ¨λ‹«κ²Œ 되죠.
01:46
so at some point in the evolution of our species,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μΈκ°„μ˜ 진화 단계 μ–΄λŠ μ‹œμ μ—μ„œ
01:50
some early human's sense of self and of time
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초기 인λ₯˜λŠ” μžμ•„μ™€ μ‹œκ°„μ— λŒ€ν•œ 인식을 ν•˜κ²Œ 되고
01:53
became sophisticated enough
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"λ‚˜λŠ” μ–Έμ  κ°€ μ£½λŠ”λ‹€"λŠ” 것을
01:55
for them to become the first human to realize,
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인식할 만큼의 지적 μˆ˜μ€€μ„ κ°–μΆ˜
01:58
"I'm going to die."
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졜초의 인간이 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:02
This is, if you like, our curse.
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이것은 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 내렀진 저주라고도 ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
It's the price we pay for being so damn clever.
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μ§€λ‚˜μΉ˜κ²Œ λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•œκ²ƒμ— λŒ€ν•œ λŒ€κ°€μ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•˜κ΅¬μš”.
02:08
We have to live in the knowledge
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 생길 수 μžˆλŠ” μ΅œμ•…μ˜ 일을
02:10
that the worst thing that can possibly happen
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μ•Œλ©΄μ„œ μ‚΄μ•„κ°€μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”λ°
02:13
one day surely will,
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κ·Έ 일이 μ–Έμ  κ°€λŠ” λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ 일어날 것이고,
02:14
the end of all our projects,
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그것은 λ°”λ‘œ 우리의 κ³„νšλ“€κ³Ό
02:16
our hopes, our dreams, of our individual world.
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희망과, 꿈, 그리고 κ°μžμ—κ² μ„Έμƒμ˜ μ’…λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
We each live in the shadow of a personal
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘λŠ” 각자 λ§žμ΄ν•˜κ²Œ 될
02:23
apocalypse.
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μ’…λ§μ˜ 그림자 μ†μ—μ„œ μ‚½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:25
And that's frightening. It's terrifying.
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정말 곡포슀럽죠. λ”μ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:27
And so we look for a way out.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” νƒˆμΆœκ΅¬λ₯Ό μ°ΎμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:29
And in my case, as I was about five years old,
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λ‹Ήμ‹œ λ‹€μ„― μ‚΄μ΄μ—ˆλ˜ 제게 κ·Έ νƒˆμΆœκ΅¬λŠ”
02:33
this meant asking my mum.
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μ—„λ§ˆν•œν…Œ λ¬Όμ–΄λ³΄λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
Now when I first started asking
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 죽으면 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ˜λƒκ³ 
02:38
what happens when we die,
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처음 이 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
02:40
the grown-ups around me at the time
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λ‹Ήμ‹œ 제 μ£Όλ³€μ˜ μ–΄λ₯Έλ“€μ€
02:42
answered with a typical English mix of awkwardness
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어색함과 λ¬΄μ„±μ˜ν•œ 기독ꡐ μ˜μ‹μ΄ μ„žμΈ
02:45
and half-hearted Christianity,
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μ „ν˜•μ μΈ μ˜κ΅­μ‹ λŒ€λ‹΅μ„ ν•΄μ£Όμ—ˆμ£ .
02:48
and the phrase I heard most often
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μ œκ°€ κ°€μž₯ 많이 듀은 κ΅¬μ ˆμ€
02:50
was that granddad was now
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ν• μ•„λ²„μ§€λŠ” μ§€κΈˆ
02:52
"up there looking down on us,"
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"μ € μœ„μ—μ„œ 우리λ₯Ό λ‚΄λ €λ‹€ 보고 계신닀"μ˜€μ£ .
02:54
and if I should die too, which wouldn't happen of course,
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그리고 λ§Œμ•½ λ‚˜λ„ μ£½λŠ”λ‹€λ©΄, λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ 그럴 일은 μ—†κ² μ§€λ§Œ,
02:57
then I too would go up there,
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저도 μ € ν•˜λŠ˜ λ‚˜λΌλ‘œ κ°„λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
03:00
which made death sound a lot like
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죽음이 마치
03:02
an existential elevator.
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쑴재의 μ—˜λ¦¬λ² μ΄ν„°μΈ κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ“€λ Έμ–΄μš”.
03:05
Now this didn't sound very plausible.
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λ³„λ‘œ κ·ΈλŸ΄λ“―ν•΄ 보이지 μ•Šμ•˜μ£ .
03:08
I used to watch a children's news program at the time,
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λ‹Ήμ‹œ μ „ 어린이 λ‰΄μŠ€ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ 보곀 ν–ˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
03:11
and this was the era of space exploration.
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우주 탐사가 μ‹€ν˜„λ˜λ˜ μ‹œκΈ°μ˜€μ–΄μš”.
03:13
There were always rockets going up into the sky,
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λ‘œμΌ“μ΄ μ € 높은 ν•˜λŠ˜λ‘œ,
03:15
up into space, going up there.
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우주둜, μ € 높은 곳으둜 λ°œμ‚¬λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
03:18
But none of the astronauts when they came back
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λŒμ•„μ™”μ„ λ•Œ μ–΄λ–€ μš°μ£ΌλΉ„ν–‰μ‚¬λ„
03:20
ever mentioned having met my granddad
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제 ν• μ•„λ²„μ§€λ‚˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ 죽은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„
03:24
or any other dead people.
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λ§Œλ‚¬λ‹€λŠ” μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
But I was scared,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ „ λ¬΄μ„œμ› κ³ 
03:27
and the idea of taking the existential elevator
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쑴재의 μ—˜λ¦¬λ² μ΄ν„°λ₯Ό 타고
03:30
to see my granddad
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할아버지λ₯Ό 보러 κ°€λŠ” 것이
03:31
sounded a lot better than being swallowed
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μžλŠ” λ™μ•ˆ ꡬ멍에 μ‚ΌμΌœμ§€λŠ” 것보닀
03:33
by the void while I slept.
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훨씬 더 λ‚«λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
03:36
And so I believed it anyway,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ „ κ·Έλƒ₯ μ–΄λ₯Έλ“€μ˜ 말을 λ―Ώμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
03:38
even though it didn't make much sense.
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말이 μ•ˆ λœλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ΄ ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œμš”.
03:41
And this thought process that I went through
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이렇듯 어렸을 λ•Œ κ²ͺμ—ˆλ˜ 이런 μ‚¬κ³ μ˜ λ°œμ „ 과정듀은
03:43
as a child, and have been through many times since,
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κ·Έ μ΄ν›„λ‘œλ„ μ—¬λŸ¬λ²ˆ κ²ͺ게 λ˜μ—ˆκ³ ,
03:46
including as a grown-up,
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성인이 λ˜μ–΄μ„œλ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μ˜€μ£ .
03:48
is a product of what psychologists call
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이게 λ°”λ‘œ μ‹¬λ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ λ§ν•˜λŠ”
03:50
a bias.
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편견의 μ‚°λ¬Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
Now a bias is a way in which we systematically
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λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄ νŽΈκ²¬μ€ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 무언가λ₯Ό 쑰직적으둜
03:55
get things wrong,
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잘λͺ» μΈμ‹ν•˜λŠ” λ°©μ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
ways in which we miscalculate, misjudge,
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무언가λ₯Ό 잘λͺ» μΆ”μΈ‘ν•˜κ³ , 잘λͺ» νŒλ‹¨ν•˜κ³ ,
03:59
distort reality, or see what we want to see,
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ν˜„μ‹€μ„ μ™œκ³‘ν•˜κ³ , 보고 싢은 κ²ƒλ§Œ 보게 λ˜λŠ” 방식이죠.
04:03
and the bias I'm talking about
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μ œκ°€ λ§ν•˜λŠ” νŽΈκ²¬μ€
04:05
works like this:
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이런 μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μž‘μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€ :
04:06
Confront someone with the fact
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μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ
04:09
that they are going to die
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κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ–Έμ  κ°€ μ£½λŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 μƒκΈ°μ‹œν‚€λŠ” κ±°μ£ 
04:10
and they will believe just about any story
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그러면 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ£½λŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 사싀이 거짓말이고
04:13
that tells them it isn't true
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사싀은 그듀은 μ˜μ›νžˆ μ‚΄ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ·Έ μ–΄λ–€ 이야기라도
04:15
and they can, instead, live forever,
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κ·Έλƒ₯ λ―Ώμ–΄λ²„λ¦¬κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
even if it means taking the existential elevator.
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그게 쑴재의 μ—˜λ¦¬λ² μ΄ν„°λ₯Ό νƒ€λŠ” 것이라해도 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
Now we can see this as the biggest bias of all.
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이제 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것이 κ°€μž₯ μ‹¬ν•œ 편견의 ν•˜λ‚˜λΌλŠ” 것을 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:26
It has been demonstrated in over 400
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400건이 λ„˜λŠ” 싀증 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ
04:29
empirical studies.
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이것을 μ—¬μ‹€νžˆ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:31
Now these studies are ingenious, but they're simple.
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이런 μ‹€ν—˜λ“€μ€ λ…μ°½μ μ΄μ§€λ§Œ λ‹¨μˆœν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
They work like this.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ§„ν–‰λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
You take two groups of people
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ 두 그룹으둜 λ‚˜λˆ„λŠ”λ°
04:36
who are similar in all relevant respects,
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λͺ¨λ“  λ©΄μ—μ„œ μœ μ‚¬ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λΌλ¦¬ 그룹을 λ§Œλ“€μ£ ,
04:39
and you remind one group that they're going to die
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그리고 ν•œ κ·Έλ£Ήμ—κ²ŒλŠ” 그듀이 죽게 λ κ±°λΌλŠ” 사싀을 μƒκΈ°μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:42
but not the other, then you compare their behavior.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 그룹은 κ·Έλƒ₯ 놔두고, 두 그룹의 행동을 μ§€μΌœλ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:45
So you're observing how it biases behavior
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μ΄κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ,μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μžμ‹ μ˜ μ£½μŒμ„ μΈμ‹ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 사싀이
04:48
when people become aware of their mortality.
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 행동을 편ν–₯되게 ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ κ΄€μ°°ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:52
And every time, you get the same result:
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그리고 λͺ¨λ“  μ‹€ν—˜μ˜ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” 늘 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:55
People who are made aware of their mortality
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μ£½λŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 μΈμ‹ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
04:58
are more willing to believe stories
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죽음으둜 λΆ€ν„° νƒˆμΆœν•΄ μ˜μ›νžˆ μ‚΄ 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³ 
05:00
that tell them they can escape death
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λ§ν•˜λŠ” 이야기λ₯Ό
05:02
and live forever.
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훨씬 더 잘 믿으렀고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:04
So here's an example: One recent study
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졜근의 ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜μ˜ 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ 보죠.
05:06
took two groups of agnostics,
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λΆˆκ°€μ§€λ‘ μžλ“€λ‘œ 이루어진 두 그룹을 λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:09
that is people who are undecided
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μ–΄λ– ν•œ 쒅ꡐ적 λ―ΏμŒλ„
05:10
in their religious beliefs.
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μ„ νƒν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄μ£ .
05:13
Now, one group was asked to think about being dead.
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ν•œ κ·Έλ£Ήμ—κ²ŒλŠ” 죽음의 μƒνƒœμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μƒκ°ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆκ³ ,
05:17
The other group was asked to think about
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λ‹€λ₯Έ κ·Έλ£Ήμ—κ²ŒλŠ”
05:18
being lonely.
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μ™Έλ‘œμ›€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 생각해보도둝 ν–ˆ μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:20
They were then asked again about their religious beliefs.
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그런 λ‹€μŒ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 쒅ꡐ적 신앙에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ‹€μ‹œ λ¬Όμ–΄ λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:23
Those who had been asked to think about being dead
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죽음의 μƒνƒœμ— λŒ€ν•΄ 생각해보도둝 ν–ˆλ˜ 그룹의 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
05:26
were afterwards twice as likely to express faith
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ν•˜λ‚˜λ‹˜κ³Ό μ˜ˆμˆ˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ 신앙을 ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λŠ” κ²½μš°κ°€
05:29
in God and Jesus.
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λ‘λ°°λ‘œ λ†’μ•„μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:31
Twice as likely.
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두 λ°°λ‚˜ λ”μš”.
05:33
Even though the before they were all equally agnostic.
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μ‹€ν—˜ μ „μ—λŠ” 거의 같은 μˆ˜μ€€μœΌλ‘œ νšŒμ˜μ μ΄μ—ˆλŠ”λ°,
05:35
But put the fear of death in them,
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죽음의 곡포에 μ§λ©΄ν•˜μž
05:37
and they run to Jesus.
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예수λ₯Ό μ°ΎλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:41
Now, this shows that reminding people of death
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이 μ‹€ν—˜μ΄ 보여주듯이 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ£½μŒμ„ μƒκΈ°μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것은
05:45
biases them to believe, regardless of the evidence,
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증거 μ—¬ν•˜λ₯Ό λ§‰λ‘ ν•˜κ³  그듀이 λ―ΏμŒμ„ 갖도둝 νŽΈκ²¬μ„ λΆ€μ—¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:48
and it works not just for religion,
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이것은 μ’…κ΅μ˜ κ²½μš°μ—λ§Œ 그런 κ²ƒμ΄μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
05:50
but for any kind of belief system
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ–΄λ– ν•œ 믿음 체계,
05:52
that promises immortality in some form,
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μ–΄λ– ν•œ λ©΄μœΌλ‘œλ“  λΆˆλ©Έμ„±μ„ 보μž₯ν•˜λŠ”
05:56
whether it's becoming famous
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그것이 λͺ…성이든
05:57
or having children
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후손을 κ°€μ§€λŠ” 것이든
05:59
or even nationalism,
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λ―Όμ‘±μ£Όμ˜λ“  간에 말이죠.
06:00
which promises you can live on as part of a greater whole.
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μ „μ²΄μ˜ λΆ€λΆ„μœΌλ‘œμ„œ μ˜μ›νžˆ μ‚¬λŠ” 것을 보μž₯ν•˜λŠ” κ·Έ μ–΄λ–€ 믿음 μ²΄κ³„μ—μ„œλ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:03
This is a bias that has shaped
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이것이 λ°”λ‘œ μΈκ°„μ˜ 역사λ₯Ό
06:05
the course of human history.
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λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ˜¨ νŽΈκ²¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:09
Now, the theory behind this bias
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자, μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 편견의 이면에 μžˆλŠ” 이둠은
06:11
in the over 400 studies
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400건이 λ„˜λŠ” μ‹€ν—˜μ—μ„œλ„ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ“―μ΄
06:13
is called terror management theory,
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곡포 관리 이둠 이라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:15
and the idea is simple. It's just this.
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μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λŠ” κ°„λ‹¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€ . λ“€μ–΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
06:17
We develop our worldviews,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 우리 μžμ‹ μ˜ 세계관을 λ°œμ „μ‹œν‚€λŠ”λ°,
06:20
that is, the stories we tell ourselves
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κ·Έ 세계관은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 우리 μŠ€μŠ€λ‘œμ—κ²Œ
06:22
about the world and our place in it,
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세상과 κ·Έ μ†μ—μ„œ 우리의 μœ„μΉ˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ 것이고,
06:25
in order to help us manage
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죽음의 곡포λ₯Ό κ΄€λ¦¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ
06:27
the terror of death.
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λ…Έλ ₯인 κ±°μ£ .
06:30
And these immortality stories
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λΆˆλ©Έμ— κ΄€ν•œ 이야기듀은
06:32
have thousands of different manifestations,
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수 천 개의 λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜μ§€λ§Œ,
06:35
but I believe that behind the apparent diversity
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겉보기에 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ λΆˆλ©Έμ— κ΄€ν•œ
06:38
there are actually just four basic forms
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κ·Έ 이야기듀은 κ²°κ΅­ 4가지 ν˜•νƒœλ“€ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œλ‹€κ³ 
06:41
that these immortality stories can take.
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μ €λŠ” μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:44
And we can see them repeating themselves
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그리고 이 κΈ°λ³Έ 틀은 역사λ₯Ό 톡해 계속 λ°˜λ³΅λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:46
throughout history, just with slight variations
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각 μ‹œλŒ€μ— λ§žλŠ” μ–΄νœ˜λ₯Ό λ°˜μ˜ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ
06:49
to reflect the vocabulary of the day.
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μ•½κ°„μ˜ λ³€ν˜•λ“€λ§Œ μžˆμ„ 뿐이죠.
06:52
Now I'm going to briefly introduce these four
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자 그럼 λΆˆλ©Έμ„€μ˜ 넀가지 κΈ°λ³Έ μœ ν˜•μ„
06:55
basic forms of immortality story,
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κ°„λž΅ν•˜κ²Œ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:57
and I want to try to give you some sense
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λ˜ν•œ 각 λ¬Έν™”κΆŒ 또 μ„ΈλŒ€λ§ˆλ‹€
06:58
of the way in which they're retold by each culture
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κ·Έ μ‹œλŒ€μ˜ 단어듀을 μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œ
07:01
or generation
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이 이야기듀이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž¬μƒλ˜λŠ”μ§€
07:03
using the vocabulary of their day.
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λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:05
Now, the first story is the simplest.
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첫 번째 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” κ°€μž₯ λ‹¨μˆœν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:07
We want to avoid death,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ£½μŒμ„ ν”Όν•˜κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:09
and the dream of doing that in this body
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그리고 이 λͺΈκ³Ό 이 세상속에 μ˜μ›νžˆ λ¨Έλ¬Έ 채
07:12
in this world forever
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μ£½μŒμ„ ν”Όν•˜λ € ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:13
is the first and simplest kind of immortality story,
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이것이 κ°€μž₯ λ‹¨μˆœν•œ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ λΆˆλ©Έμ„€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:17
and it might at first sound implausible,
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얼핏 λ“€μœΌλ©΄ 말도 μ•ˆλ˜λŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬ κ°™μ§€λ§Œ
07:19
but actually, almost every culture in human history
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사싀은 인λ₯˜ 역사상 λͺ¨λ“  λ¬Έν™”κΆŒμ—μ„œ
07:23
has had some myth or legend
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μ‹ ν™”λ‚˜ 전섀을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:25
of an elixir of life or a fountain of youth
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λΆˆλ‘œμ΄ˆλ‚˜ 회좘,
07:28
or something that promises to keep us going
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 우리λ₯Ό μ˜μ›νžˆ 계속 μ‚΄κ²Œν•˜λŠ”
07:31
forever.
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κ·Έ λ¬΄μ—‡μ„μš”.
07:34
Ancient Egypt had such myths,
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κ³ λŒ€ μ΄μ§‘νŠΈλ‚˜
07:36
ancient Babylon, ancient India.
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λ°”λΉŒλ‘œλ‹ˆμ•„, κ³ λŒ€ 인도에도 그런 μ‹ ν™”κ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:38
Throughout European history, we find them in the work of the alchemists,
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유럽 μ „μ—­μ˜ μ—­μ‚¬μ—μ„œ μ—°κΈˆμˆ μ΄ λ°”λ‘œ 그런 예이고
07:41
and of course we still believe this today,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ¬Όλ‘  μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ—λ„ 이것을 λ―Ώκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:44
only we tell this story using the vocabulary
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단지 μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ—λŠ” 이걸
07:46
of science.
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κ³Όν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ 말할 뿐이죠.
07:48
So 100 years ago,
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κ·Έλ¦¬ν•˜μ—¬ 100λ…„μ „,
07:49
hormones had just been discovered,
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호λ₯΄λͺ¬μ΄ λ°œκ²¬λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
07:51
and people hoped that hormone treatments
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 호λ₯΄λͺ¬ μš”λ²•μ΄
07:53
were going to cure aging and disease,
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μ§ˆλ³‘μ„ μΉ˜λ£Œν•  것이라 κΈ°λŒ€ν–ˆμ£ .
07:56
and now instead we set our hopes on stem cells,
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μ§€κΈˆμ€ λŒ€μ‹ μ— 쀄기 세포가 κ·Έ 자리λ₯Ό λŒ€μ‹ ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:58
genetic engineering, and nanotechnology.
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μœ μ „μž μ‘°μž‘ 및 λ‚˜λ…Έ κΈ°μˆ λ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•΄μ„œμ§€μš”.
08:01
But the idea that science can cure death
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 과학이 μ£½μŒμ„ 극볡할 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 생각은
08:05
is just one more chapter in the story
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κ·Έμ € λ§Žμ€ 뢈둜초 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ˜ λ˜λ‹€λ₯Έ
08:07
of the magical elixir,
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ν•œ ν˜•νƒœμΌ 뿐 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:09
a story that is as old as civilization.
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우리의 λ¬Έλͺ… λ§ŒνΌμ΄λ‚˜ 였래된 이야기죠.
08:14
But betting everything on the idea of finding the elixir
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 뢈둜초의 λ°œκ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ λΆˆλ©Έμ—
08:16
and staying alive forever
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λͺ¨λ“  것을 κ±°λŠ” 일은
08:18
is a risky strategy.
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μœ„ν—˜ν—Œ μ „λž΅μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:20
When we look back through history
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역사λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ 과거에
08:22
at all those who have sought an elixir in the past,
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뢈둜초λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•˜λ˜ λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ 보면
08:25
the one thing they now have in common
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 곡톡점은
08:27
is that they're all dead.
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λ‹€ μ£½μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:29
So we need a backup plan, and exactly this kind of plan B
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έκ±Έ 보완할 κ³„νšμ΄ ν•„μš”ν•˜κ³ , κ·Έ 2μ•ˆμ€
08:33
is what the second kind of immortality story offers,
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λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έ λΆˆλ©Έμ„€μ΄ μ œκ³΅ν•˜λŠ”
08:36
and that's resurrection.
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λΆ€ν™œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:38
And it stays with the idea that I am this body,
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λΆ€ν™œμ€ λ‚΄κ°€ 곧 이 λͺΈμ΄λΌλŠ” κ°œλ…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:41
I am this physical organism.
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λ‚˜λŠ” 이 물리적 μœ κΈ°μ²΄λΌλŠ” 것이죠.
08:43
It accepts that I'm going to have to die
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λΆ€ν™œμ€ μ£½μŒμ„ λ°›μ•„λ“€μ΄λŠ” 것과 λ™μ‹œμ—
08:45
but says, despite that,
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κ·ΈλŸΌμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ ,
08:46
I can rise up and I can live again.
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λ‹€μ‹œ μ†Œμƒν•΄μ„œ μ‚΄ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:49
In other words, I can do what Jesus did.
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달리 λ§ν•˜λ©΄ λ‚˜λ„ μ˜ˆμˆ˜κ°€ ν–ˆλ“  것을 λ‹€μ‹œ ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
08:51
Jesus died, he was three days in the [tomb],
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μ˜ˆμˆ˜λŠ” μ£½μ–΄μ„œ 3μΌλ™μ•ˆ 무덀에 μžˆλ‹€κ°€,
08:53
and then he rose up and lived again.
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λ‹€μ‹œ λΆ€ν™œν•΄ μ‚΄μ•˜μž–μ•„μš”.
08:56
And the idea that we can all be resurrected to live again
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ λ‹€μ‹œ λΆ€ν™œν•΄ 계속 μ‚΄ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 생각은
08:59
is orthodox believe, not just for Christians
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κΈ°λ…κ΅μΈλ“€λΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λͺ¨λ“  정톡 μ’…κ΅μ˜ λ―ΏμŒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:02
but also Jews and Muslims.
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μœ λŒ€μΈμ΄λ‚˜ νšŒκ΅λ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μ£ .
09:04
But our desire to believe this story
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λΆ€ν™œμ„ 믿고자 ν•˜λŠ” 우리의 열망은
09:07
is so deeply embedded
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우리 μ•ˆμ— λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ 깊이 κ°μΈλ˜μ–΄
09:09
that we are reinventing it again
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또 λ‹€μ‹œ 이런 이야기듀을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:11
for the scientific age,
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이 κ³Όν•™μ˜ μ‹œλŒ€μ— λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:12
for example, with the idea of cryonics.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄, 냉동 보쑴술 같은거죠.
09:15
That's the idea that when you die,
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μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 죽으면
09:17
you can have yourself frozen,
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μžμ‹ μ„ λƒ‰λ™ν•΄μ„œ
09:19
and then, at some point when technology
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기술이 μ–΄λŠ μˆ˜μ€€ μ΄μƒμœΌλ‘œ
09:21
has advanced enough,
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λ°œμ „ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
09:22
you can be thawed out and repaired and revived
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λ‹€μ‹œ 녹이고, 고치고 μ†Œμƒμ‹œμΌœμ„œ
09:24
and so resurrected.
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λΆ€ν™œν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:26
And so some people believe an omnipotent god
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μ–΄λ–€ 이듀은 전지전λŠ₯ν•œ 신이
09:29
will resurrect them to live again,
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그듀을 λΆ€ν™œμ‹œμΌœ λ‹€μ‹œ μ‚΄κ²Œ ν•΄μ€€λ‹€κ³  λ―ΏμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:30
and other people believe an omnipotent scientist will do it.
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μ–΄λ–€ 이듀은 전지전λŠ₯ν•œ κ³Όν•™μžκ°€ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 해쀄 것이라 λ―ΏμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:35
But for others, the whole idea of resurrection,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ–΄λ–€ μ΄λ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” λ¬΄λ€μ—μ„œ λ‹€μ‹œ κΈ°μ–΄λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ”
09:37
of climbing out of the grave,
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λΆ€ν™œμ΄λΌλŠ” 것이
09:39
it's just too much like a bad zombie movie.
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μ €μ§ˆ μ’€λΉ„ μ˜ν™”κ°™λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜μ£ .
09:42
They find the body too messy, too unreliable
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κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ μœ‘μ‹ μ€ μ˜μ›ν•œ 삢을 보μž₯ν•˜κΈ°μ—λŠ” λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ ν˜Όλž€μŠ€λŸ½κ³ 
09:45
to guarantee eternal life,
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λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ λΆˆμ•ˆμ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:47
and so they set their hopes on the third,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 그듀은 μ„Έ λ²ˆμ§Έμ— 희망을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:50
more spiritual immortality story,
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영적 λΆˆλ©Έμ„±μ΄ 그것이죠.
09:52
the idea that we can leave our body behind
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 비둝 μœ‘μ‹ μ€ λ‚¨κ²¨λ‘μ§€λ§Œ
09:54
and live on as a soul.
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μ˜ν˜Όμ€ 계속 μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:57
Now, the majority of people on Earth
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μ§€κΈˆ 지ꡬ상 μΈκ°„λ“€μ˜ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„
09:59
believe they have a soul,
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κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ 영혼이 μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ―ΏμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:01
and the idea is central to many religions.
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그리고 이 생각은 λͺ¨λ“  μ’…κ΅μ˜ ν•΅μ‹¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:03
But even though, in its current form,
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κ°€μž₯ μ΅œμ‹ μ˜ 쒅ꡐ든
10:05
in its traditional form,
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전톡적 쒅ꡐ든
10:07
the idea of the soul is still hugely popular,
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영혼이 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 생각은 μ—¬μ „νžˆ ꡉμž₯히 인기가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:09
nonetheless we are again
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κ·ΈλŸΌμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‹€μ‹œ
10:11
reinventing it for the digital age,
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디지털 μ„ΈλŒ€λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λΆˆλ©Έμ„€μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°,
10:13
for example with the idea
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄ μœ‘μ‹ μ€
10:14
that you can leave your body behind
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비둝 λͺΈμ€ λ– λ‚˜μ§€λ§Œ
10:16
by uploading your mind, your essence,
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λ‹Ήμ‹ μ˜ 마음과 μ •μˆ˜,
10:19
the real you, onto a computer,
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즉 μ§„μ§œ λ‚˜ μžμ‹ μ€ 컴퓨터에 μ—…λ‘œλ”©ν•΄
10:21
and so live on as an avatar in the ether.
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μ € ν•˜λŠ˜μ˜ μ•„λ°”νƒ€λ‘œμ„œ 계속 μ‚΄μ•„κ°ˆ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μƒκ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:25
But of course there are skeptics who say
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λ¬Όλ‘  νšŒμ˜λ‘ μžλ“€μ€
10:27
if we look at the evidence of science,
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과학적 증거,
10:29
particularly neuroscience,
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특히 신경과학을 보면
10:31
it suggests that your mind,
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μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 마음
10:33
your essence, the real you,
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μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ μ •μˆ˜, μ§„μ •ν•œ μžμ‹ μ΄λΌλŠ” 것은
10:34
is very much dependent on a particular part
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상당 뢀뢄이 λͺΈμ˜ νŠΉμ • λΆ€λΆ„, 즉 λ‡Œμ—
10:37
of your body, that is, your brain.
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μ˜μ‘΄ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:39
And such skeptics can find comfort
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그런 νšŒμ˜λ‘ μžλ“€μ΄ μ˜μ§€ν•˜λŠ” 것은
10:41
in the fourth kind of immortality story,
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λ„€λ²ˆμ§Έ λΆˆλ©Έμ„€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:44
and that is legacy,
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μœ μ‚°μ΄μ£ .
10:46
the idea that you can live on
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μžμ‹ μ΄ 이 세상에 남긴 λ©”μ•„λ¦¬λ‘œ
10:47
through the echo you leave in the world,
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계속 μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 생각이죠.
10:50
like the great Greek warrior Achilles,
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그리슀 전사 μ•„ν‚¬λ ˆμŠ€μ²˜λŸΌμš”.
10:52
who sacrificed his life fighting at Troy
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κ·ΈλŠ” 트둜이 μ „μŸμ—μ„œ μ „μ‚¬ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
10:55
so that he might win immortal fame.
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뢈멸의 λͺ…성을 μ–»κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:58
And the pursuit of fame is as widespread
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λͺ…성에 λŒ€ν•œ μΆ”κ΅¬λŠ” 과거에 늘 κ·Έλž˜μ™”λ˜ κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ
11:00
and popular now as it ever was,
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널리 퍼져있고 인기가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:02
and in our digital age,
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그리고 ν˜„μž¬μ˜ 디지털 μ‹œλŒ€μ—
11:04
it's even easier to achieve.
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그런 λͺ…성은 λ”μš± μ–»κΈ°κ°€ μ‰¬μ›Œμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:05
You don't need to be a great warrior like Achilles
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μ•„ν‚¬λ ˆμŠ€μ²˜λŸΌ ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ 전사가 될 ν•„μš”λ„ μ—†κ³ 
11:08
or a great king or hero.
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λŒ€λ‹¨ν•œ μ™•μ΄λ‚˜ μ˜μ›…μ΄ 될 ν•„μš”λ„ μ—†λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
11:09
All you need is an Internet connection and a funny cat. (Laughter)
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인터넷 μ—°κ²°κ³Ό μ›ƒκΈ°λŠ” 고양이 ν•œλ§ˆλ¦¬λ§Œ 있으면 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. (μ›ƒμŒ)
11:14
But some people prefer to leave a more tangible,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ–΄λ–€ 이듀은 쒀더 ν™•μ‹€ν•œ 것을 μ›ν•˜μ£ 
11:17
biological legacy -- children, for example.
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아이듀과 같은 생물학적 μœ μ‚°μ΄λ‚˜
11:19
Or they like, they hope, to live on
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더 큰 전체
11:22
as part of some greater whole,
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그게 ꡭ가이든 가쑱이든 뢀쑱이든
11:23
a nation or a family or a tribe,
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μœ μ „μž λͺ¨μž„이든 그런 κ²ƒμ˜ ν•œ λΆ€λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ
11:26
their gene pool.
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계속 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό μ›ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:28
But again, there are skeptics
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ—¬μ „νžˆ νšŒμ˜λ‘ μžλ“€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:30
who doubt whether legacy
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κ³Όμ—° μœ μ‚°μ΄
11:31
really is immortality.
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μ§„μ •ν•œ λΆˆλ©Έμ΄λƒκ³  λ¬»λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄μ£ .
11:33
Woody Allen, for example, who said,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄ μš°λ”” μ•¨λŸ°μ€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:36
"I don't want to live on in the hearts of my countrymen.
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"λ‚˜λŠ” λ‚΄ λ™ν¬μ˜ 마음 μ†μ—μ„œ μ‚΄κ³  싢은 게 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
11:38
I want to live on in my apartment."
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λ‚΄ μ•„νŒŒνŠΈμ—μ„œ μ‚΄κ³  μ‹Άλ‹€."
11:40
So those are the four
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자 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ„€ κ°€μ§€μ˜
11:42
basic kinds of immortality stories,
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κΈ°λ³Έ λΆˆλ©Έμ„€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ§μ”€λ“œλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:44
and I've tried to give just some sense
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 이야기가
11:46
of how they're retold by each generation
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각 μ„ΈλŒ€λ§ˆλ‹€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ
11:48
with just slight variations
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κ·Έ μ„ΈλŒ€μ˜ μœ ν–‰μ— 맞좰 μ•½κ°„μ”© λ³€ν˜•λ˜λ©΄μ„œ
11:50
to fit the fashions of the day.
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μž¬μƒλ˜λŠ”μ§€λ„ κ°„λ‹¨νžˆ λ§μ”€λ“œλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:52
And the fact that they recur in this way,
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λΆˆλ©Έμ„€μ€ 이런 μ‹μœΌλ‘œ
11:56
in such a similar form but in such different belief systems,
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λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ ν˜•νƒœμ΄μ§€λ§Œ μ „ν˜€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 믿음의 μ²΄κ³„λ‘œ
11:58
suggests, I think,
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λ°˜λ³΅λœλ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 톡해 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ λ§ν•˜λŠ” 것은
12:00
that we should be skeptical of the truth
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이런 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λ“€μ˜ μ–΄λ– ν•œ 버전이든 κ·Έ 진싀성을 ν•œ 번 μ―€
12:02
of any particular version of these stories.
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μ˜μ‹¬ν•΄ λ΄μ•Όν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:06
The fact that some people believe
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μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ „λŠ₯ν•œ 신이
12:08
an omnipotent god will resurrect them to live again
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μžμ‹ λ“€μ„ λΆ€ν™œμ‹œμΌœ μ˜μ›νžˆ μ‚΄κ²Œ ν•΄μ€€λ‹€κ³  λ―Ώκ³ 
12:11
and others believe an omnipotent scientist will do it
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 이듀은 μ „λŠ₯ν•œ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ 그듀을 ꡬ원할 것이라고 λ―ΏλŠ” 것은
12:15
suggests that neither are really believing this
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두 경우 λ‹€ ν™•μ‹€ν•œ 증거에 κΈ°λ°˜ν•˜μ—¬
12:18
on the strength of the evidence.
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λ―ΏλŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:20
Rather, we believe these stories
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였히렀 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ―ΏλŠ” κ·Όκ±°λŠ”
12:23
because we are biased to believe them,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 그런 것듀을 믿도둝 νŽΈκ²¬μ„ 가지고 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:25
and we are biased to believe them
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 그런 νŽΈκ²¬μ„ 가지고 μžˆλŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ”
12:27
because we are so afraid of death.
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죽음이 λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜λ„ 두렡기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:31
So the question is,
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자 그럼 λ¬Έμ œλŠ”
12:33
are we doomed to lead the one life we have
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 주어진 ν•œ 번 뿐인 이 인생을
12:36
in a way that is shaped by fear and denial,
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λ‘λ €μ›Œν•˜κ³  λΆ€μ •ν•˜λ©° 보낼 운λͺ…인 것인지
12:40
or can we overcome this bias?
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 이런 νŽΈκ²¬μ„ 극볡할 수 μžˆμ„ 것인지 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:43
Well the Greek philosopher Epicurus
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그리슀 μ² ν•™μž μ—ν”ΌμΏ λ£¨μŠ€λŠ”
12:46
thought we could.
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극볡이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:47
He argued that the fear of death is natural,
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ£½μŒμ— λŒ€ν•œ κ³΅ν¬λŠ” λ‹Ήμ—°ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ§€λ§Œ,
12:51
but it is not rational.
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μ΄μ„±μ μ΄μ§€λŠ” μ•Šλ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:53
"Death," he said, "is nothing to us,
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κ·ΈλŠ” "μ£½μŒμ€ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 아무 μ˜λ―Έκ°€ μ—†λ‹€.
12:56
because when we are here, death is not,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆμ„ λ•ŒλŠ” μ£½μŒμ€ μ—¬κΈ° μ—†κ³ ,
12:59
and when death is here, we are gone."
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죽음이 왔을 λ•ŒλŠ” μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이미 μ—¬κΈ° μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ‹€."라고 λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:03
Now this is often quoted, but it's difficult
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자주 μΈμš©λ˜λŠ” λ§μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
13:04
to really grasp, to really internalize,
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μ§„μ •μœΌλ‘œ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  λ‚΄λ©΄ν™”ν•˜κΈ°κ°€ μ‰½μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:07
because exactly this idea of being gone
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ—†μ–΄μ§„λ‹€λŠ” κ°œλ…μ€
13:09
is so difficult to imagine.
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상상쑰차 νž˜λ“  κ²ƒμ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
13:11
So 2,000 years later, another philosopher,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·Έλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 2,000λ…„ ν›„, λ˜λ‹€λ₯Έ μ² ν•™μžμΈ
13:13
Ludwig Wittgenstein, put it like this:
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λΉ„νŠΈκ²μŠˆνƒ€μΈμ€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:17
"Death is not an event in life:
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"μ£½μŒμ€ μ‚Άμ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 사건이 μ•„λ‹ˆλ‹€:
13:20
We do not live to experience death.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚¬λŠ” 것은 μ£½μŒμ„ κ²½ν—˜ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλ‹€."
13:23
And so," he added,
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그리고 덧뢙이기λ₯Ό,
13:25
"in this sense, life has no end."
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"이런 μ μ—μ„œ 삢은 끝이 μ—†λ‹€."라고 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:27
So it was natural for me as a child
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λ‹€μ‹œ 말해 어릴 λ•Œ μ œκ°€ ꡬ멍에 μ‚ΌμΌœμ Έ 버릴 것을
13:31
to fear being swallowed by the void,
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λ‘λ €μ›Œν•œ 것은 λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ λ‹Ήμ—°ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
13:33
but it wasn't rational,
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이성적인 것은 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆλ˜ 것이죠.
13:35
because being swallowed by the void
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ ꡬ멍에 μ‚ΌμΌœμ§€λŠ” 것은
13:37
is not something that any of us
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μš°λ¦¬λ“€ 쀑 λˆ„κ΅¬λ„
13:39
will ever live to experience.
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μ‚΄μ•„μ„œ κ²½ν—˜ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•  것이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
13:42
Now, overcoming this bias is not easy because
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νŽΈκ²¬μ„ κ·Ήλ³΅ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ‰¬μš΄ 일은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:45
the fear of death is so deeply embedded in us,
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μ£½μŒμ— λŒ€ν•œ κ³΅ν¬λŠ” 우리 속에 λ„ˆλ¬΄λ„ 깊이 λ°•ν˜€μžˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
13:48
yet when we see that the fear itself is not rational,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 그것이 이성적이지 μ•Šλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ³ ,
13:52
and when we bring out into the open
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그것을 λ°–μœΌλ‘œ 끄집어 λ‚΄μ–΄
13:54
the ways in which it can unconsciously bias us,
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두렀움이 λ¬΄μ˜μ‹μ μœΌλ‘œ νŽΈκ²¬μ„ μ‹¬λŠ” 방식을 보면
13:57
then we can at least start
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ΅œμ†Œν•œ
13:59
to try to minimize the influence it has
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κ·Έ 두렀움이 우리 삢에 μ£ΌλŠ” 영ν–₯을
14:02
on our lives.
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μ΅œμ†Œν™”ν•˜λ €λŠ” λ…Έλ ₯을 ν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:03
Now, I find it helps to see life
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우리의 삢을
14:06
as being like a book:
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ν•œ ꢌ의 μ±…μ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄λ €λŠ” λ…Έλ ₯은 도움이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€:
14:08
Just as a book is bounded by its covers,
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책이 ν‘œμ§€λ‘œ
14:11
by beginning and end,
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μ‹œμž‘κ³Ό 끝으둜 λ¬Άμ—¬ μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ,
14:12
so our lives are bounded by birth and death,
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우리의 삢도 탄생과 죽음으둜 λ¬Άμ—¬μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:16
and even though a book is limited by beginning and end,
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μ±… ν•œ ꢌ이 μ‹œμž‘κ³Ό 끝으둜 μ œν•œλ˜μ–΄μžˆλ‹€ 해도
14:19
it can encompass distant landscapes,
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λ¨Ό 곳의 풍경과
14:21
exotic figures, fantastic adventures.
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이ꡭ적인 λͺ¨μŠ΅λ“€κ³Ό ν™˜μƒμ μΈ λͺ¨ν—˜λ“€μ„ 담을 수 있죠.
14:24
And even though a book is limited by beginning and end,
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μ±… ν•œ ꢌ이 처음과 끝으둜 μ œν•œλ˜μ–΄μžˆλ‹€ 해도.
14:28
the characters within it
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μ±… μ†μ˜ 인물듀은
14:30
know no horizons.
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ν•œκ³„λ₯Ό λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:32
They only know the moments that make up their story,
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인물듀은 이야기λ₯Ό κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” μˆœκ°„μˆœκ°„λ“€μ„ μ•Œ λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:36
even when the book is closed.
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책이 λ‹€ 끝날 λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€λ„ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:39
And so the characters of a book
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ±…μ†μ˜ 인물듀은
14:41
are not afraid of reaching the last page.
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€λ₯Ό λ‘λ €μ›Œν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:44
Long John Silver is not afraid of you
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책속 의 λ‘± μ‘΄ μ‹€λ²„λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ "보물섬"을
14:46
finishing your copy of "Treasure Island."
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λ‹€ μ½λŠ” 것을 λ‘λ €μ›Œν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:49
And so it should be with us.
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μš°λ¦¬λ„ κ·Έλž˜μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:51
Imagine the book of your life,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 삢을 책이라고 상상해 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
14:53
its covers, its beginning and end, and your birth and your death.
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κ·Έ μ±…μ˜ ν‘œμ§€, 처음과 끝, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ˜ 탄생과 μ£½μŒμ„ 상상해 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
14:56
You can only know the moments in between,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ μ•Œ 수 μžˆλŠ” 것은 였직 κ·Έ μ€‘κ°„μ˜ μˆœκ°„λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
14:58
the moments that make up your life.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ˜ 삢을 κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” κ·Έ μˆœκ°„λ“€μ΄μš”.
15:00
It makes no sense for you to fear
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ±…μ˜ μ•ž λ’€ ν‘œμ§€λ₯Ό λ„ˆλ¨Έ λ‘λ €μ›Œ ν•˜λŠ” 것은
15:02
what is outside of those covers,
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μ „ν˜€ μ˜λ―Έκ°€ μ—†λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:04
whether before your birth
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κ·Έ ν‘œμ§€κ°€ μžμ‹ μ˜ 탄생 이전이든
15:06
or after your death.
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죽음 이후든 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:07
And you needn't worry how long the book is,
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그리고 κ·Έ 책이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 길지
15:10
or whether it's a comic strip or an epic.
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λ§Œν™”μ΄λ“  μ„œμ‚¬κ·Ήμ΄λ“  μ‹ κ²½μ“Έ ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:13
The only thing that matters
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였직 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은
15:15
is that you make it a good story.
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그것이 쒋은 이야기가 λ˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:19
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:21
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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