The 4 stories we tell ourselves about death | Stephen Cave

749,182 views ใƒป 2013-12-12

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Eunjoo Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Gichung Lee
00:12
I have a question:
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
00:14
Who here remembers when they first realized
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ„ ์ฃฝ๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„
00:17
they were going to die?
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์ฒ˜์Œ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์€ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
00:21
I do. I was a young boy,
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์ „ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์š”. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ฆด๋•Œ์˜€์ฃ .
00:23
and my grandfather had just died,
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์ €ํฌ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์‹  ์งํ›„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
and I remember a few days later lying in bed at night
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๋ฉฐ์น ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋ฐค์— ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋ˆ„์› ์„ ๋•Œ
00:30
trying to make sense of what had happened.
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๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋œ๊ฑด์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:34
What did it mean that he was dead?
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"ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์…จ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ผ๊นŒ?
00:36
Where had he gone?
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์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€์‹ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ?"
00:38
It was like a hole in reality had opened up
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๋งˆ์น˜ ํ˜„์‹ค ์–ด๋Š ํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ
00:42
and swallowed him.
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ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ผ์ผœ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ๊ฐ™์•˜์–ด์š”.
00:44
But then the really shocking question occurred to me:
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์ •๋ง ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ž์ฃ .
00:46
If he could die, could it happen to me too?
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ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋„ ์ฃฝ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ ์•„๋‹๊นŒ?
00:50
Could that hole in reality open up and swallow me?
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๊ทธ ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ๋‚˜๋„ ์‚ผ์ผœ๋ฒ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ?
00:53
Would it open up beneath my bed
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๊ทธ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ๋‚ด ์นจ๋Œ€ ๋ฐ‘์— ๋šซ๋ ค์„œ
00:55
and swallow me as I slept?
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์ž˜ ๋•Œ ๋‚  ์‚ผํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ?
00:58
Well, at some point, all children become aware of death.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
It can happen in different ways, of course,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ฐ์ž ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ์š”๊ฒ ์ฃ .
01:04
and usually comes in stages.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ธ์‹์€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
Our idea of death develops as we grow older.
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๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋„ ์ž๋ผ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
And if you reach back into the dark corners
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ์–ด๋‘์šด ์ € ํŽธ์„
01:12
of your memory,
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๋”๋“ฌ์–ด ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
01:14
you might remember something like what I felt
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒช์€ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
when my grandfather died and when I realized
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ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์…จ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
01:20
it could happen to me too,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ธ์‹ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„์š”.
01:22
that sense that behind all of this
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋Š๋‚Œ์˜ ์ด๋ฉด์—๋Š”
01:25
the void is waiting.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ณตํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
And this development in childhood
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์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š”
01:31
reflects the development of our species.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
Just as there was a point in your development
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์•„์ด์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ ํŠน์ • ์‹œ์ ์—
01:37
as a child when your sense of self and of time
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์ž์•„์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๋…์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
01:40
became sophisticated enough
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์ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ
01:42
for you to realize you were mortal,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ„ ์ฃฝ๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
01:46
so at some point in the evolution of our species,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ
01:50
some early human's sense of self and of time
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ž์•„์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
01:53
became sophisticated enough
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"๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ๋Š”๋‹ค"๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
01:55
for them to become the first human to realize,
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์ธ์‹ํ•  ๋งŒํผ์˜ ์ง€์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜
01:58
"I'm going to die."
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์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
This is, if you like, our curse.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด๋ ค์ง„ ์ €์ฃผ๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
It's the price we pay for being so damn clever.
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์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ตฌ์š”.
02:08
We have to live in the knowledge
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์•…์˜ ์ผ์„
02:10
that the worst thing that can possibly happen
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์•Œ๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
02:13
one day surely will,
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๊ทธ ์ผ์ด ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
02:14
the end of all our projects,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณ„ํš๋“ค๊ณผ
02:16
our hopes, our dreams, of our individual world.
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ํฌ๋ง๊ณผ, ๊ฟˆ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ž์—๊ฒ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ข…๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
We each live in the shadow of a personal
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฐ์ž ๋งž์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ 
02:23
apocalypse.
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์ข…๋ง์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž ์†์—์„œ ์‚ฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
And that's frightening. It's terrifying.
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์ •๋ง ๊ณตํฌ์Šค๋Ÿฝ์ฃ . ๋”์ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
And so we look for a way out.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํƒˆ์ถœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
And in my case, as I was about five years old,
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๋‹น์‹œ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ์‚ด์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ํƒˆ์ถœ๊ตฌ๋Š”
02:33
this meant asking my mum.
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์—„๋งˆํ•œํ…Œ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
Now when I first started asking
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์œผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ƒ๊ณ 
02:38
what happens when we die,
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์ฒ˜์Œ ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
02:40
the grown-ups around me at the time
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๋‹น์‹œ ์ œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค์€
02:42
answered with a typical English mix of awkwardness
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์–ด์ƒ‰ํ•จ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์„ฑ์˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ์˜์‹์ด ์„ž์ธ
02:45
and half-hearted Christianity,
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์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์˜๊ตญ์‹ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:48
and the phrase I heard most often
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์€ ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์€
02:50
was that granddad was now
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ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ
02:52
"up there looking down on us,"
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"์ € ์œ„์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋‹ค ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ ๋‹ค"์˜€์ฃ .
02:54
and if I should die too, which wouldn't happen of course,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‚˜๋„ ์ฃฝ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ผ์€ ์—†๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
02:57
then I too would go up there,
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์ €๋„ ์ € ํ•˜๋Š˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:00
which made death sound a lot like
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์ฃฝ์Œ์ด ๋งˆ์น˜
03:02
an existential elevator.
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์กด์žฌ์˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ ธ์–ด์š”.
03:05
Now this didn't sound very plausible.
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๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋“ฏํ•ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
03:08
I used to watch a children's news program at the time,
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๋‹น์‹œ ์ „ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๋‰ด์Šค ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋ณด๊ณค ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
03:11
and this was the era of space exploration.
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์šฐ์ฃผ ํƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ˜„๋˜๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜€์–ด์š”.
03:13
There were always rockets going up into the sky,
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๋กœ์ผ“์ด ์ € ๋†’์€ ํ•˜๋Š˜๋กœ,
03:15
up into space, going up there.
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์šฐ์ฃผ๋กœ, ์ € ๋†’์€ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:18
But none of the astronauts when they came back
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ์•„์™”์„ ๋•Œ ์–ด๋–ค ์šฐ์ฃผ๋น„ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋„
03:20
ever mentioned having met my granddad
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์ œ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„
03:24
or any other dead people.
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๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
But I was scared,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ „ ๋ฌด์„œ์› ๊ณ 
03:27
and the idea of taking the existential elevator
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์กด์žฌ์˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ 
03:30
to see my granddad
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ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
03:31
sounded a lot better than being swallowed
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์ž๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์— ์‚ผ์ผœ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
03:33
by the void while I slept.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋‚ซ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:36
And so I believed it anyway,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:38
even though it didn't make much sense.
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๋ง์ด ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธด ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
03:41
And this thought process that I went through
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์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •๋“ค์€
03:43
as a child, and have been through many times since,
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๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒˆ ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
03:46
including as a grown-up,
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์„ฑ์ธ์ด ๋˜์–ด์„œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜€์ฃ .
03:48
is a product of what psychologists call
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š”
03:50
a bias.
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ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
Now a bias is a way in which we systematically
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๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ง์ ์œผ๋กœ
03:55
get things wrong,
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์ž˜๋ชป ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
ways in which we miscalculate, misjudge,
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ชป ์ถ”์ธกํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž˜๋ชป ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ ,
03:59
distort reality, or see what we want to see,
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ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์™œ๊ณกํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด์ฃ .
04:03
and the bias I'm talking about
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์€
04:05
works like this:
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค :
04:06
Confront someone with the fact
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ
04:09
that they are going to die
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
04:10
and they will believe just about any story
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ฃฝ๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์ด๊ณ 
04:13
that tells them it isn't true
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์˜์›ํžˆ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋„
04:15
and they can, instead, live forever,
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ฏฟ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
even if it means taking the existential elevator.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌ์˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผํ•ด๋„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
Now we can see this as the biggest bias of all.
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ฌํ•œ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
It has been demonstrated in over 400
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400๊ฑด์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ฆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ
04:29
empirical studies.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ฌ์‹คํžˆ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:31
Now these studies are ingenious, but they're simple.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์€ ๋…์ฐฝ์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
They work like this.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
You take two groups of people
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋Š”๋ฐ
04:36
who are similar in all relevant respects,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ฃ ,
04:39
and you remind one group that they're going to die
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:42
but not the other, then you compare their behavior.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋†”๋‘๊ณ , ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ง€์ผœ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
So you're observing how it biases behavior
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์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ,์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด
04:48
when people become aware of their mortality.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํŽธํ–ฅ๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
And every time, you get the same result:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋Š˜ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
People who are made aware of their mortality
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์ฃฝ๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
04:58
are more willing to believe stories
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์ฃฝ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํƒˆ์ถœํ•ด ์˜์›ํžˆ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
05:00
that tell them they can escape death
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๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
05:02
and live forever.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ž˜ ๋ฏฟ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
So here's an example: One recent study
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์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
05:06
took two groups of agnostics,
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๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ก ์ž๋“ค๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
that is people who are undecided
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ข…๊ต์  ๋ฏฟ์Œ๋„
05:10
in their religious beliefs.
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์„ ํƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
05:13
Now, one group was asked to think about being dead.
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ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
05:17
The other group was asked to think about
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
05:18
being lonely.
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์™ธ๋กœ์›€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
They were then asked again about their religious beliefs.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ข…๊ต์  ์‹ ์•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฌผ์–ด ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
Those who had been asked to think about being dead
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์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
05:26
were afterwards twice as likely to express faith
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ์•™์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€
05:29
in God and Jesus.
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๋‘๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋†’์•„์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
Twice as likely.
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๋‘ ๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋”์š”.
05:33
Even though the before they were all equally agnostic.
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์‹คํ—˜ ์ „์—๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ์˜์ ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
05:35
But put the fear of death in them,
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์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ๊ณตํฌ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜์ž
05:37
and they run to Jesus.
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์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
Now, this shows that reminding people of death
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋“ฏ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
05:45
biases them to believe, regardless of the evidence,
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์ฆ๊ฑฐ ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฏฟ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:48
and it works not just for religion,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข…๊ต์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
05:50
but for any kind of belief system
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ ์ฒด๊ณ„,
05:52
that promises immortality in some form,
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ๋“  ๋ถˆ๋ฉธ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š”
05:56
whether it's becoming famous
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ช…์„ฑ์ด๋“ 
05:57
or having children
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ํ›„์†์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋“ 
05:59
or even nationalism,
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๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๋“  ๊ฐ„์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:00
which promises you can live on as part of a greater whole.
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์ „์ฒด์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์˜์›ํžˆ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฏฟ์Œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์—์„œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
This is a bias that has shaped
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ
06:05
the course of human history.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์˜จ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
Now, the theory behind this bias
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์ž, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์˜ ์ด๋ฉด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์€
06:11
in the over 400 studies
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400๊ฑด์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด
06:13
is called terror management theory,
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๊ณตํฌ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ด๋ก  ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
and the idea is simple. It's just this.
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์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
06:17
We develop our worldviews,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ,
06:20
that is, the stories we tell ourselves
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๊ทธ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ
06:22
about the world and our place in it,
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์„ธ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์†์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
06:25
in order to help us manage
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์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
06:27
the terror of death.
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๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:30
And these immortality stories
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋ฉธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€
06:32
have thousands of different manifestations,
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์ˆ˜ ์ฒœ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ,
06:35
but I believe that behind the apparent diversity
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๊ฒ‰๋ณด๊ธฐ์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ถˆ๋ฉธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ
06:38
there are actually just four basic forms
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๊ทธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ณ 
06:41
that these immortality stories can take.
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์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
And we can see them repeating themselves
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ‹€์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
throughout history, just with slight variations
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๊ฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋งž๋Š” ์–ดํœ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
06:49
to reflect the vocabulary of the day.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋“ค๋งŒ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
06:52
Now I'm going to briefly introduce these four
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์ž ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋ถˆ๋ฉธ์„ค์˜ ๋„ค๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์œ ํ˜•์„
06:55
basic forms of immortality story,
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๊ฐ„๋žตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
and I want to try to give you some sense
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ ๋˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋งˆ๋‹ค
06:58
of the way in which they're retold by each culture
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๊ทธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
07:01
or generation
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์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์žฌ์ƒ๋˜๋Š”์ง€
07:03
using the vocabulary of their day.
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๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
Now, the first story is the simplest.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
We want to avoid death,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
and the dream of doing that in this body
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ชธ๊ณผ ์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์†์— ์˜์›ํžˆ ๋จธ๋ฌธ ์ฑ„
07:12
in this world forever
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์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
is the first and simplest kind of immortality story,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ถˆ๋ฉธ์„ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
and it might at first sound implausible,
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์–ผํ• ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉด ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ
07:19
but actually, almost every culture in human history
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ์—์„œ
07:23
has had some myth or legend
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์‹ ํ™”๋‚˜ ์ „์„ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
of an elixir of life or a fountain of youth
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๋ถˆ๋กœ์ดˆ๋‚˜ ํšŒ์ถ˜,
07:28
or something that promises to keep us going
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์˜์›ํžˆ ๊ณ„์† ์‚ด๊ฒŒํ•˜๋Š”
07:31
forever.
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๊ทธ ๋ฌด์—‡์„์š”.
07:34
Ancient Egypt had such myths,
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๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ๋‚˜
07:36
ancient Babylon, ancient India.
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๋ฐ”๋นŒ๋กœ๋‹ˆ์•„, ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ธ๋„์—๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‹ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
Throughout European history, we find them in the work of the alchemists,
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ „์—ญ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ธˆ์ˆ ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ์ด๊ณ 
07:41
and of course we still believe this today,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋„ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
only we tell this story using the vocabulary
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ
07:46
of science.
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๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•  ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
07:48
So 100 years ago,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ 100๋…„์ „,
07:49
hormones had just been discovered,
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ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
07:51
and people hoped that hormone treatments
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์š”๋ฒ•์ด
07:53
were going to cure aging and disease,
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:56
and now instead we set our hopes on stem cells,
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
genetic engineering, and nanotechnology.
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์œ ์ „์ž ์กฐ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ์ง€์š”.
08:01
But the idea that science can cure death
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ด ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์€
08:05
is just one more chapter in the story
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๊ทธ์ € ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถˆ๋กœ์ดˆ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ
08:07
of the magical elixir,
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ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ผ ๋ฟ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
a story that is as old as civilization.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ช… ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ฃ .
08:14
But betting everything on the idea of finding the elixir
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ๋กœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ๋ฉธ์—
08:16
and staying alive forever
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ผ์€
08:18
is a risky strategy.
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์œ„ํ—˜ํ—Œ ์ „๋žต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
When we look back through history
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์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—
08:22
at all those who have sought an elixir in the past,
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๋ถˆ๋กœ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
08:25
the one thing they now have in common
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์€
08:27
is that they're all dead.
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๋‹ค ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
So we need a backup plan, and exactly this kind of plan B
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์™„ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ 2์•ˆ์€
08:33
is what the second kind of immortality story offers,
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถˆ๋ฉธ์„ค์ด ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š”
08:36
and that's resurrection.
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๋ถ€ํ™œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
And it stays with the idea that I am this body,
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๋ถ€ํ™œ์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ณง ์ด ๋ชธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
I am this physical organism.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:43
It accepts that I'm going to have to die
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๋ถ€ํ™œ์€ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์—
08:45
but says, despite that,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ,
08:46
I can rise up and I can live again.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์†Œ์ƒํ•ด์„œ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
In other words, I can do what Jesus did.
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๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋„ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:51
Jesus died, he was three days in the [tomb],
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์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ฃฝ์–ด์„œ 3์ผ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฌด๋ค์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€,
08:53
and then he rose up and lived again.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถ€ํ™œํ•ด ์‚ด์•˜์ž–์•„์š”.
08:56
And the idea that we can all be resurrected to live again
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถ€ํ™œํ•ด ๊ณ„์† ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์€
08:59
is orthodox believe, not just for Christians
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๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์ธ๋“ค๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ •ํ†ต ์ข…๊ต์˜ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
but also Jews and Muslims.
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์œ ๋Œ€์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ํšŒ๊ต๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ฃ .
09:04
But our desire to believe this story
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€ํ™œ์„ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ด๋ง์€
09:07
is so deeply embedded
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•ˆ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๊นŠ์ด ๊ฐ์ธ๋˜์–ด
09:09
that we are reinventing it again
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๋˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
for the scientific age,
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์ด ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
for example, with the idea of cryonics.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ๋ƒ‰๋™ ๋ณด์กด์ˆ  ๊ฐ™์€๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:15
That's the idea that when you die,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ฃฝ์œผ๋ฉด
09:17
you can have yourself frozen,
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์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ƒ‰๋™ํ•ด์„œ
09:19
and then, at some point when technology
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์–ด๋Š ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ
09:21
has advanced enough,
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๋ฐœ์ „ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
09:22
you can be thawed out and repaired and revived
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋…น์ด๊ณ , ๊ณ ์น˜๊ณ  ์†Œ์ƒ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ
09:24
and so resurrected.
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๋ถ€ํ™œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
And so some people believe an omnipotent god
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์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ „์ง€์ „๋Šฅํ•œ ์‹ ์ด
09:29
will resurrect them to live again,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ€ํ™œ์‹œ์ผœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
and other people believe an omnipotent scientist will do it.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ „์ง€์ „๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
But for others, the whole idea of resurrection,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ค์—์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ธฐ์–ด๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”
09:37
of climbing out of the grave,
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๋ถ€ํ™œ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
09:39
it's just too much like a bad zombie movie.
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์ €์งˆ ์ข€๋น„ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
09:42
They find the body too messy, too unreliable
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์œก์‹ ์€ ์˜์›ํ•œ ์‚ถ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ณ 
09:45
to guarantee eternal life,
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
and so they set their hopes on the third,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์— ํฌ๋ง์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
more spiritual immortality story,
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์˜์  ๋ถˆ๋ฉธ์„ฑ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:52
the idea that we can leave our body behind
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๋ก ์œก์‹ ์€ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘์ง€๋งŒ
09:54
and live on as a soul.
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์˜ํ˜ผ์€ ๊ณ„์† ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
Now, the majority of people on Earth
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„
09:59
believe they have a soul,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ˜ผ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
and the idea is central to many religions.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๊ต์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
But even though, in its current form,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ์‹ ์˜ ์ข…๊ต๋“ 
10:05
in its traditional form,
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์ „ํ†ต์  ์ข…๊ต๋“ 
10:07
the idea of the soul is still hugely popular,
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์˜ํ˜ผ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
nonetheless we are again
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ
10:11
reinventing it for the digital age,
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถˆ๋ฉธ์„ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
10:13
for example with the idea
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์œก์‹ ์€
10:14
that you can leave your body behind
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๋น„๋ก ๋ชธ์€ ๋– ๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ
10:16
by uploading your mind, your essence,
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ๊ณผ ์ •์ˆ˜,
10:19
the real you, onto a computer,
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์ฆ‰ ์ง„์งœ ๋‚˜ ์ž์‹ ์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— ์—…๋กœ๋”ฉํ•ด
10:21
and so live on as an avatar in the ether.
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์ € ํ•˜๋Š˜์˜ ์•„๋ฐ”ํƒ€๋กœ์„œ ๊ณ„์† ์‚ด์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
But of course there are skeptics who say
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ํšŒ์˜๋ก ์ž๋“ค์€
10:27
if we look at the evidence of science,
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๊ณผํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ,
10:29
particularly neuroscience,
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ํŠนํžˆ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
10:31
it suggests that your mind,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ
10:33
your essence, the real you,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ •์ˆ˜, ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์ž์‹ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
10:34
is very much dependent on a particular part
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์ƒ๋‹น ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋ชธ์˜ ํŠน์ • ๋ถ€๋ถ„, ์ฆ‰ ๋‡Œ์—
10:37
of your body, that is, your brain.
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์˜์กดํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
And such skeptics can find comfort
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํšŒ์˜๋ก ์ž๋“ค์ด ์˜์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
10:41
in the fourth kind of immortality story,
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๋„ค๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถˆ๋ฉธ์„ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
and that is legacy,
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์œ ์‚ฐ์ด์ฃ .
10:46
the idea that you can live on
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์ž์‹ ์ด ์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์— ๋‚จ๊ธด ๋ฉ”์•„๋ฆฌ๋กœ
10:47
through the echo you leave in the world,
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๊ณ„์† ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด์ฃ .
10:50
like the great Greek warrior Achilles,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ „์‚ฌ ์•„ํ‚ฌ๋ ˆ์Šค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
10:52
who sacrificed his life fighting at Troy
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๊ทธ๋Š” ํŠธ๋กœ์ด ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ์ „์‚ฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
10:55
so that he might win immortal fame.
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๋ถˆ๋ฉธ์˜ ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
And the pursuit of fame is as widespread
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๋ช…์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Š˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜์™”๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
11:00
and popular now as it ever was,
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๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ์ ธ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
and in our digital age,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—
11:04
it's even easier to achieve.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ช…์„ฑ์€ ๋”์šฑ ์–ป๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฌ์›Œ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:05
You don't need to be a great warrior like Achilles
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์•„ํ‚ฌ๋ ˆ์Šค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ „์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋  ํ•„์š”๋„ ์—†๊ณ 
11:08
or a great king or hero.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์™•์ด๋‚˜ ์˜์›…์ด ๋  ํ•„์š”๋„ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
11:09
All you need is an Internet connection and a funny cat. (Laughter)
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์›ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ณ ์–‘์ด ํ•œ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์›ƒ์Œ)
11:14
But some people prefer to leave a more tangible,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ข€๋” ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์›ํ•˜์ฃ 
11:17
biological legacy -- children, for example.
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์•„์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์œ ์‚ฐ์ด๋‚˜
11:19
Or they like, they hope, to live on
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๋” ํฐ ์ „์ฒด
11:22
as part of some greater whole,
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ด๋“  ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด๋“  ๋ถ€์กฑ์ด๋“ 
11:23
a nation or a family or a tribe,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ชจ์ž„์ด๋“  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ
11:26
their gene pool.
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๊ณ„์† ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
But again, there are skeptics
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํšŒ์˜๋ก ์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:30
who doubt whether legacy
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๊ณผ์—ฐ ์œ ์‚ฐ์ด
11:31
really is immortality.
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์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋ฉธ์ด๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
11:33
Woody Allen, for example, who said,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋”” ์•จ๋Ÿฐ์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
"I don't want to live on in the hearts of my countrymen.
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"๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚ด ๋™ํฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ ์†์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:38
I want to live on in my apartment."
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๋‚ด ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค."
11:40
So those are the four
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์ž ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜
11:42
basic kinds of immortality stories,
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ถˆ๋ฉธ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:44
and I've tried to give just some sense
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
11:46
of how they're retold by each generation
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๊ฐ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋งˆ๋‹ค ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
11:48
with just slight variations
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๊ทธ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ์œ ํ–‰์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์”ฉ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
11:50
to fit the fashions of the day.
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์žฌ์ƒ๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
And the fact that they recur in this way,
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๋ถˆ๋ฉธ์„ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ
11:56
in such a similar form but in such different belief systems,
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ
11:58
suggests, I think,
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๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
12:00
that we should be skeptical of the truth
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฒ„์ „์ด๋“  ๊ทธ ์ง„์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ฏค
12:02
of any particular version of these stories.
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์˜์‹ฌํ•ด ๋ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:06
The fact that some people believe
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ „๋Šฅํ•œ ์‹ ์ด
12:08
an omnipotent god will resurrect them to live again
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ€ํ™œ์‹œ์ผœ ์˜์›ํžˆ ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ 
12:11
and others believe an omnipotent scientist will do it
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ „๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ์›ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
12:15
suggests that neither are really believing this
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๋‘ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ค ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ
12:18
on the strength of the evidence.
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๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
Rather, we believe these stories
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋Š”
12:23
because we are biased to believe them,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฏฟ๋„๋ก ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:25
and we are biased to believe them
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
12:27
because we are so afraid of death.
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์ฃฝ์Œ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ๋‘๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:31
So the question is,
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์ž ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
12:33
are we doomed to lead the one life we have
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ฟ์ธ ์ด ์ธ์ƒ์„
12:36
in a way that is shaped by fear and denial,
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๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์šด๋ช…์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€
12:40
or can we overcome this bias?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
Well the Greek philosopher Epicurus
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ฒ ํ•™์ž ์—ํ”ผ์ฟ ๋ฃจ์Šค๋Š”
12:46
thought we could.
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๊ทน๋ณต์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:47
He argued that the fear of death is natural,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณตํฌ๋Š” ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
12:51
but it is not rational.
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์ด์„ฑ์ ์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
"Death," he said, "is nothing to us,
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๊ทธ๋Š” "์ฃฝ์Œ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ฌด ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค.
12:56
because when we are here, death is not,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์Œ์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์—†๊ณ ,
12:59
and when death is here, we are gone."
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์ฃฝ์Œ์ด ์™”์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
Now this is often quoted, but it's difficult
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์ž์ฃผ ์ธ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ง์ด์ง€๋งŒ
13:04
to really grasp, to really internalize,
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์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ฉดํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:07
because exactly this idea of being gone
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์—†์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์€
13:09
is so difficult to imagine.
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์ƒ์ƒ์กฐ์ฐจ ํž˜๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
13:11
So 2,000 years later, another philosopher,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2,000๋…„ ํ›„, ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž์ธ
13:13
Ludwig Wittgenstein, put it like this:
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๋น„ํŠธ๊ฒ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
"Death is not an event in life:
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"์ฃฝ์Œ์€ ์‚ถ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
13:20
We do not live to experience death.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
13:23
And so," he added,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ง๋ถ™์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ,
13:25
"in this sense, life has no end."
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"์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ ์—์„œ ์‚ถ์€ ๋์ด ์—†๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:27
So it was natural for me as a child
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด ์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์— ์‚ผ์ผœ์ ธ ๋ฒ„๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์„
13:31
to fear being swallowed by the void,
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๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
13:33
but it wasn't rational,
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์ด์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
13:35
because being swallowed by the void
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์— ์‚ผ์ผœ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
13:37
is not something that any of us
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„
13:39
will ever live to experience.
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์‚ด์•„์„œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
13:42
Now, overcoming this bias is not easy because
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ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‰ฌ์šด ์ผ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:45
the fear of death is so deeply embedded in us,
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์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณตํฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์†์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋„ ๊นŠ์ด ๋ฐ•ํ˜€์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
13:48
yet when we see that the fear itself is not rational,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด์„ฑ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ ,
13:52
and when we bring out into the open
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ง‘์–ด ๋‚ด์–ด
13:54
the ways in which it can unconsciously bias us,
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๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด ๋ฌด์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ์‹ฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
13:57
then we can at least start
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ
13:59
to try to minimize the influence it has
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๊ทธ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ์— ์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„
14:02
on our lives.
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์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:03
Now, I find it helps to see life
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์„
14:06
as being like a book:
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ํ•œ ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ฑ…์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
14:08
Just as a book is bounded by its covers,
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์ฑ…์ด ํ‘œ์ง€๋กœ
14:11
by beginning and end,
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์‹œ์ž‘๊ณผ ๋์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌถ์—ฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
14:12
so our lives are bounded by birth and death,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ถ๋„ ํƒ„์ƒ๊ณผ ์ฃฝ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌถ์—ฌ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:16
and even though a book is limited by beginning and end,
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์ฑ… ํ•œ ๊ถŒ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๊ณผ ๋์œผ๋กœ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„
14:19
it can encompass distant landscapes,
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๋จผ ๊ณณ์˜ ํ’๊ฒฝ๊ณผ
14:21
exotic figures, fantastic adventures.
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์ด๊ตญ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์Šต๋“ค๊ณผ ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ชจํ—˜๋“ค์„ ๋‹ด์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
14:24
And even though a book is limited by beginning and end,
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์ฑ… ํ•œ ๊ถŒ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ๊ณผ ๋์œผ๋กœ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„.
14:28
the characters within it
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์ฑ… ์†์˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€
14:30
know no horizons.
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ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:32
They only know the moments that make up their story,
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์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋“ค์„ ์•Œ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:36
even when the book is closed.
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์ฑ…์ด ๋‹ค ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:39
And so the characters of a book
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ฑ…์†์˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€
14:41
are not afraid of reaching the last page.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:44
Long John Silver is not afraid of you
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์ฑ…์† ์˜ ๋กฑ ์กด ์‹ค๋ฒ„๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด "๋ณด๋ฌผ์„ฌ"์„
14:46
finishing your copy of "Treasure Island."
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๋‹ค ์ฝ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:49
And so it should be with us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:51
Imagine the book of your life,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์ฑ…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
14:53
its covers, its beginning and end, and your birth and your death.
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๊ทธ ์ฑ…์˜ ํ‘œ์ง€, ์ฒ˜์Œ๊ณผ ๋, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ๊ณผ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
14:56
You can only know the moments in between,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ค์ง ๊ทธ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:58
the moments that make up your life.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ด์š”.
15:00
It makes no sense for you to fear
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ฑ…์˜ ์•ž ๋’ค ํ‘œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋„ˆ๋จธ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
15:02
what is outside of those covers,
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์ „ํ˜€ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:04
whether before your birth
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๊ทธ ํ‘œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ์ด์ „์ด๋“ 
15:06
or after your death.
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์ฃฝ์Œ ์ดํ›„๋“  ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:07
And you needn't worry how long the book is,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ฑ…์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ธธ์ง€
15:10
or whether it's a comic strip or an epic.
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๋งŒํ™”์ด๋“  ์„œ์‚ฌ๊ทน์ด๋“  ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์“ธ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:13
The only thing that matters
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์˜ค์ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
15:15
is that you make it a good story.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:19
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:21
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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