The 4 stories we tell ourselves about death | Stephen Cave

746,529 views ・ 2013-12-12

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00:12
I have a question:
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Imam pitanje.
00:14
Who here remembers when they first realized
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Tko ovdje se sjeća kada ste prvi put shvatili
00:17
they were going to die?
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da ćete umrijeti?
00:21
I do. I was a young boy,
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Ja se sjećam. Bio sam maleni dječak,
00:23
and my grandfather had just died,
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moj djed je upravo bio umro.
00:26
and I remember a few days later lying in bed at night
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Sjećam se da sam nekoliko dana poslije noću ležao u krevetu
00:30
trying to make sense of what had happened.
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pokušavajući shvatiti smisao onoga što se dogodilo.
00:34
What did it mean that he was dead?
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Što je značilo to što je on mrtav?
00:36
Where had he gone?
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Kamo je otišao?
00:38
It was like a hole in reality had opened up
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Činilo se kao da se otvorila rupa u stvarnosti
00:42
and swallowed him.
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i progutala ga.
00:44
But then the really shocking question occurred to me:
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No, tada mi se pojavilo zaista šokantno pitanje.
00:46
If he could die, could it happen to me too?
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Ako je on mogao umrijeti, može li se to dogoditi i meni?
00:50
Could that hole in reality open up and swallow me?
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Može li se ta rupa u stvarnosti otvoriti i progutati mene?
00:53
Would it open up beneath my bed
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Hoće li se otvoriti ispod mog kreveta
00:55
and swallow me as I slept?
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i progutati me dok spavam?
00:58
Well, at some point, all children become aware of death.
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U jednom trenutku sva djeca postanu svjesna smrti.
01:02
It can happen in different ways, of course,
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To se može dogoditi na razne načine
01:04
and usually comes in stages.
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i uglavnom dolazi u fazama.
01:06
Our idea of death develops as we grow older.
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Naše se poimanje smrti razvija kako odrastamo.
01:10
And if you reach back into the dark corners
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Ako posegnete u tamne dijelove
01:12
of your memory,
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vašeg sjećanja,
01:14
you might remember something like what I felt
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možda ćete se sjetiti nečega poput onog što sam ja osjetio
01:17
when my grandfather died and when I realized
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kada je moj djed umro i kada sam shvatio
01:20
it could happen to me too,
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da bi se to moglo dogoditi i meni.
01:22
that sense that behind all of this
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Onaj osjećaj da iza svega ovoga
01:25
the void is waiting.
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čeka praznina.
01:28
And this development in childhood
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Taj razvoj u djetinjstvu
01:31
reflects the development of our species.
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odražava razvoj naše vrste.
01:33
Just as there was a point in your development
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Kao što se u vašem razvoju pojavio trenutak
01:37
as a child when your sense of self and of time
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kada vam je, kao djetetu, svijest o sebi i vremenu
01:40
became sophisticated enough
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postala dovoljno razvijena
01:42
for you to realize you were mortal,
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da shvatite kako ste smrtni,
01:46
so at some point in the evolution of our species,
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tako je u jednom trenutku evolucije naše vrste,
01:50
some early human's sense of self and of time
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rana ljudska svijest o sebi i vremenu
01:53
became sophisticated enough
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postala dovoljno razvijena
01:55
for them to become the first human to realize,
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da bi netko postao prvi čovjek koji je shvatio
01:58
"I'm going to die."
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da će umrijeti.
02:02
This is, if you like, our curse.
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Ovo je, ako hoćete, naše prokletstvo.
02:04
It's the price we pay for being so damn clever.
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To je cijena toga što smo toliko pametni.
02:08
We have to live in the knowledge
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Moramo živjeti sa znanjem
02:10
that the worst thing that can possibly happen
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da će se najgora stvar koja se može dogoditi
02:13
one day surely will,
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jednoga dana zasigurno i dogoditi.
02:14
the end of all our projects,
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Kraj svih naših projekata,
02:16
our hopes, our dreams, of our individual world.
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naših nada, snova, našeg individualnog svijeta.
02:19
We each live in the shadow of a personal
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Svatko živi u sjeni osobne
02:23
apocalypse.
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apokalipse.
02:25
And that's frightening. It's terrifying.
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I to je zastrašujuće. Užasavajuće.
02:27
And so we look for a way out.
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Stoga tražimo izlaz.
02:29
And in my case, as I was about five years old,
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U mom slučaju, budući da sam imao pet godina,
02:33
this meant asking my mum.
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to je značilo da sam pitao mamu.
02:36
Now when I first started asking
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Kada sam prvi puta počeo postavljati pitanja
02:38
what happens when we die,
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što se događa kada umremo,
02:40
the grown-ups around me at the time
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odrasli oko mene tada su
02:42
answered with a typical English mix of awkwardness
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odgovorili tipičnom engleskom mješavinom nespretnosti
02:45
and half-hearted Christianity,
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i malodušnog kršćanstva.
02:48
and the phrase I heard most often
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Najčešća fraza koju sam čuo
02:50
was that granddad was now
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bila je da je djed sada
02:52
"up there looking down on us,"
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"gore i gleda dolje na nas,"
02:54
and if I should die too, which wouldn't happen of course,
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i ako bih i ja slučajno umro, što se zasigurno neće dogoditi,
02:57
then I too would go up there,
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tada bih i ja otišao gore,
03:00
which made death sound a lot like
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što je mi smrt predočilo kao kakvo
03:02
an existential elevator.
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egzistencijalno dizalo.
03:05
Now this didn't sound very plausible.
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To nije zvučalo vrlo uvjerljivo.
03:08
I used to watch a children's news program at the time,
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U to vrijeme sam često gledao dječji program s vijestima
03:11
and this was the era of space exploration.
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i to je bilo razdoblje istraživanja svemira.
03:13
There were always rockets going up into the sky,
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Uvijek su nekakve rakete letjele uvis,
03:15
up into space, going up there.
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u svemir, prema gore.
03:18
But none of the astronauts when they came back
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No, nijedan od astronauta, kada bi se vratili,
03:20
ever mentioned having met my granddad
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nikad nije spomenuo da je sreo mog djeda
03:24
or any other dead people.
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ili bilo koga od umrlih.
03:26
But I was scared,
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No, bojao sam se,
03:27
and the idea of taking the existential elevator
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i pomisao da uđem u egzistencijalno dizalo
03:30
to see my granddad
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da posjetim svog djeda
03:31
sounded a lot better than being swallowed
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činila se boljom nego to da će me progutati
03:33
by the void while I slept.
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praznina dok spavam.
03:36
And so I believed it anyway,
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Tako da sam povjerovao tome,
03:38
even though it didn't make much sense.
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iako nije imalo puno smisla.
03:41
And this thought process that I went through
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Taj proces razmišljanja kroz koji sam prolazio
03:43
as a child, and have been through many times since,
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kao dijete, i mnogo puta otada,
03:46
including as a grown-up,
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i kao odrasla osoba,
03:48
is a product of what psychologists call
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rezultat je onoga što psiholozi nazivaju
03:50
a bias.
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pristranost.
03:51
Now a bias is a way in which we systematically
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Pristranost je način na koji sustavno
03:55
get things wrong,
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stvari shvaćamo krivo.
03:56
ways in which we miscalculate, misjudge,
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Način na koji pogrešno računamo, sudimo,
03:59
distort reality, or see what we want to see,
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iskrivljujemo stvarnost ili vidimo ono što želimo vidjeti.
04:03
and the bias I'm talking about
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Pristranost o kojoj ja govorim
04:05
works like this:
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djeluje ovako:
04:06
Confront someone with the fact
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suočite nekoga sa činjenicom
04:09
that they are going to die
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da će umrijeti
04:10
and they will believe just about any story
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i povjerovat će bilo kakvoj priči
04:13
that tells them it isn't true
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koja im kaže da to nije točno
04:15
and they can, instead, live forever,
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i da, umjesto toga, mogu živjeti vječno,
04:17
even if it means taking the existential elevator.
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čak i ako to uključuje vožnju egzistencijalnim dizalom.
04:22
Now we can see this as the biggest bias of all.
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Vidimo da je to najveća od svih pristranosti.
04:26
It has been demonstrated in over 400
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To je dokazano u više od 400
04:29
empirical studies.
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empirijskih istraživanja.
04:31
Now these studies are ingenious, but they're simple.
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Ta su istraživanja dosjetljiva, no jednostavna.
04:33
They work like this.
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Ovako funkcioniraju.
04:35
You take two groups of people
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Uzmete dvije skupine ljudi
04:36
who are similar in all relevant respects,
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sličnih u svakom bitnom pogledu,
04:39
and you remind one group that they're going to die
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i jednu skupinu podsjetite da će umrijeti
04:42
but not the other, then you compare their behavior.
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no ne i drugu skupinu. Tada uspoređujete njihova ponašanja.
04:45
So you're observing how it biases behavior
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Promatrate kako se u ponašanju pojavljuje pristranost
04:48
when people become aware of their mortality.
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kada ljudi postanu svjesni svoje smrtnosti.
04:52
And every time, you get the same result:
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I svaki put dobijete isti rezultat.
04:55
People who are made aware of their mortality
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Ljudi koji su bili svjesni svoje smrtnosti
04:58
are more willing to believe stories
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imaju veću tendenciju povjerovati pričama
05:00
that tell them they can escape death
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koje ih uvjeravaju da mogu izbjeći smrt
05:02
and live forever.
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i živjeti vječno.
05:04
So here's an example: One recent study
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Evo primjera. Jedno nedavno ostraživanje
05:06
took two groups of agnostics,
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uzelo je dvije skupine agnostika,
05:09
that is people who are undecided
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to jest. ljudi koji su neodlučni
05:10
in their religious beliefs.
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oko svojih vjerskih uvjerenja.
05:13
Now, one group was asked to think about being dead.
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Jednu skupinu se zamolilo da razmisle o tome kako su mrtvi.
05:17
The other group was asked to think about
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Drugu skupinu se zamolilo da razmisle o tome
05:18
being lonely.
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kako su usamljeni.
05:20
They were then asked again about their religious beliefs.
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Tada su ih ponovo ispitivali o njihovim vjerskim uvjerenjima.
05:23
Those who had been asked to think about being dead
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Kod onih koji su bili zamoljeni da razmisle o tome kako su mrtvi
05:26
were afterwards twice as likely to express faith
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kasnije je postojala dvostruko veća vjerojatnost da će izraziti vjeru
05:29
in God and Jesus.
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u Boga i Isusa.
05:31
Twice as likely.
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Dvostruko veća vjerojatnost.
05:33
Even though the before they were all equally agnostic.
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Iako su ranije svi bili u jednakoj mjeri agnostici.
05:35
But put the fear of death in them,
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No, unesite strah od smrti u njih,
05:37
and they run to Jesus.
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i odmah trče Isusu.
05:41
Now, this shows that reminding people of death
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Ovo pokazuje da ako ljude podsjetimo na smrt
05:45
biases them to believe, regardless of the evidence,
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da će kod njih razviti sklonost da povjeruju, bez obzira na dokaze,
05:48
and it works not just for religion,
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i to tako funkcionira ne samo za religiju,
05:50
but for any kind of belief system
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već za svaki sustav vjerovanja
05:52
that promises immortality in some form,
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koji obećava neku vrstu besmrtnosti,
05:56
whether it's becoming famous
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bilo da ćete postati poznata osoba
05:57
or having children
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ili imati djecu
05:59
or even nationalism,
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ili čak u slučaju nacionalizma,
06:00
which promises you can live on as part of a greater whole.
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koji obećava da možete živjeti i dalje kao dio veće cjeline.
06:03
This is a bias that has shaped
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Ovo je pristranost koja je oblikovala
06:05
the course of human history.
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tijek ljudske povijesti.
06:09
Now, the theory behind this bias
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Teorija iza te pristranosti
06:11
in the over 400 studies
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u više od 400 istraživanja
06:13
is called terror management theory,
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zove se Teorija suočavanja s užasom,
06:15
and the idea is simple. It's just this.
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a koncept je jednostavan. Radi se o ovome.
06:17
We develop our worldviews,
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Razvijamo naše poglede na svijet,
06:20
that is, the stories we tell ourselves
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to jest, priče koje si pričamo
06:22
about the world and our place in it,
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o svijetu i našem mjestu u njemu,
06:25
in order to help us manage
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kako bismo pomogli sami sebi da se suočimo
06:27
the terror of death.
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s užasom smrti.
06:30
And these immortality stories
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Te priče o besmrtnosti
06:32
have thousands of different manifestations,
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imaju tisuće različitih manifestacija,
06:35
but I believe that behind the apparent diversity
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no vjerujem da iza očite raznolikosti
06:38
there are actually just four basic forms
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postoje četiri osnovna oblika
06:41
that these immortality stories can take.
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koje te priče preuzimaju.
06:44
And we can see them repeating themselves
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Možemo vidjeti kako se oni ponavljaju
06:46
throughout history, just with slight variations
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tijekom povijesti, s vrlo malim izmjenama
06:49
to reflect the vocabulary of the day.
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kako bi se prilagodili aktualnom rječniku.
06:52
Now I'm going to briefly introduce these four
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Ukratko ću predstaviti ta četiri
06:55
basic forms of immortality story,
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osnovna oblika priča o besmrtnosti,
06:57
and I want to try to give you some sense
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i volio bih pokušati smisleno objasniti
06:58
of the way in which they're retold by each culture
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način na koji ih prepričava svaka kultura
07:01
or generation
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ili generacija
07:03
using the vocabulary of their day.
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koristeći rječnik svoga vremena.
07:05
Now, the first story is the simplest.
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Prva priča je najjednostavnija.
07:07
We want to avoid death,
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Želimo izbjeći smrt,
07:09
and the dream of doing that in this body
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a san da to ostvarimo u ovome našem tijelu
07:12
in this world forever
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u ovome svijetu zauvijek
07:13
is the first and simplest kind of immortality story,
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je prvi i najjednostavniji oblik priče o besmrtnosti.
07:17
and it might at first sound implausible,
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Na prvu možda zvuči nevjerojatno,
07:19
but actually, almost every culture in human history
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no, zapravo skoro svaka kultura u povijesti čovječanstva
07:23
has had some myth or legend
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imala je nekakav mit ili legendu
07:25
of an elixir of life or a fountain of youth
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o eliksiru života ili vrelu mladosti
07:28
or something that promises to keep us going
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ili nečemu što obećava da će nas očuvati
07:31
forever.
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zauvijek.
07:34
Ancient Egypt had such myths,
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Drevni Egipćani imali su takve mitove,
07:36
ancient Babylon, ancient India.
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drevni Babilonci, drevni Indijci.
07:38
Throughout European history, we find them in the work of the alchemists,
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Kroz cijelu europsku povijest nalazimo ih u djelima alkemičara,
07:41
and of course we still believe this today,
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i naravno da još uvijek u to vjerujemo,
07:44
only we tell this story using the vocabulary
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samo što si te priče pripovijedamo rječnikom
07:46
of science.
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znanosti.
07:48
So 100 years ago,
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Prije 100 godina
07:49
hormones had just been discovered,
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otkriveni su hormoni,
07:51
and people hoped that hormone treatments
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i ljudi su se nadali da će hormonske terapije
07:53
were going to cure aging and disease,
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izliječiti starenje i bolesti.
07:56
and now instead we set our hopes on stem cells,
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Danas mi nadu polažemo u matične stanice,
07:58
genetic engineering, and nanotechnology.
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genetski inženjering i nanotehnologiju.
08:01
But the idea that science can cure death
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No ideja da znanost može izliječiti bolesti
08:05
is just one more chapter in the story
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samo je još jedno poglavlje u priči
08:07
of the magical elixir,
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o čarobnom eliksiru,
08:09
a story that is as old as civilization.
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priči koja je stara koliko i civilizacija.
08:14
But betting everything on the idea of finding the elixir
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No ulaganje svega u ideju o pronalasku eliksira
08:16
and staying alive forever
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i vječnom životu
08:18
is a risky strategy.
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riskantna je strategija.
08:20
When we look back through history
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Kad pogledamo kroz povijest
08:22
at all those who have sought an elixir in the past,
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sve koji su tragali za eliksirom,
08:25
the one thing they now have in common
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jedna stvar koja im je svima zajednička
08:27
is that they're all dead.
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jest da su svi mrtvi.
08:29
So we need a backup plan, and exactly this kind of plan B
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Tako da trebamo rezervni plan, a upravo takav plan B
08:33
is what the second kind of immortality story offers,
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nudi nam drugi oblik priča o besmrtnosti,
08:36
and that's resurrection.
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a to je uskrsnuće.
08:38
And it stays with the idea that I am this body,
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U skladu je s idejom da sam u ovome tijelu,
08:41
I am this physical organism.
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da sam tjelesni organizam.
08:43
It accepts that I'm going to have to die
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Prihvaća da ću trebati umrijeti
08:45
but says, despite that,
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no, tvrdi da, unatoč tome,
08:46
I can rise up and I can live again.
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mogu ponovo ustati i dalje živjeti.
08:49
In other words, I can do what Jesus did.
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Drugim riječima, mogu napraviti što je napravio Isus.
08:51
Jesus died, he was three days in the [tomb],
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Isus je umro, tri dana bio u grobu,
08:53
and then he rose up and lived again.
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a onda je ustao i nastavio živjeti.
08:56
And the idea that we can all be resurrected to live again
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Ideja da svi možemo uskrsnuti na ponovni život
08:59
is orthodox believe, not just for Christians
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ortodoksno je vjerovanje, ne samo za kršćane,
09:02
but also Jews and Muslims.
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već i za Židove i muslimane.
09:04
But our desire to believe this story
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No, naša želja da povjerujemo toj priči
09:07
is so deeply embedded
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547144
2010
toliko je duboko usađena
09:09
that we are reinventing it again
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2098
da je uvijek iznova izmišljamo
09:11
for the scientific age,
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za doba znanosti.
09:12
for example, with the idea of cryonics.
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Na primjer, uz ideju o krionici.
09:15
That's the idea that when you die,
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1590
To je ideja da, kada umrete
09:17
you can have yourself frozen,
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557157
1999
mogu vas zamrznuti,
09:19
and then, at some point when technology
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2389
a zatim, kada tehnologija
09:21
has advanced enough,
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1211
postane dovoljno napredna,
09:22
you can be thawed out and repaired and revived
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mogu vas odmrznuti, "popraviti" i oživjeti
09:24
and so resurrected.
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i tako uskrsnuti.
09:26
And so some people believe an omnipotent god
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Neki ljudi vjeruju u svemogućeg boga
09:29
will resurrect them to live again,
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1879
koji će ih uskrsnuti,
09:30
and other people believe an omnipotent scientist will do it.
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4143
dok drugi vjeruju u svemogućeg znanstvenika koji će učiniti isto.
09:35
But for others, the whole idea of resurrection,
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2714
No, za druge ljude cijela ideja o uskrsnuću,
09:37
of climbing out of the grave,
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577749
2003
izlasku iz groba,
09:39
it's just too much like a bad zombie movie.
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2719
previše podsjeća na loš film sa zombijima.
09:42
They find the body too messy, too unreliable
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2791
Smatraju da je tijelo previše problematično, nepouzdano
09:45
to guarantee eternal life,
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2148
da bi garantiralo vječni život.
09:47
and so they set their hopes on the third,
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Stoga nade polažu u treću
09:50
more spiritual immortality story,
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2117
priču o duhovnoj besmrtnosti.
09:52
the idea that we can leave our body behind
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2336
Ideji da možemo ostaviti tijelo
09:54
and live on as a soul.
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2297
i dalje živjeti kao duša.
09:57
Now, the majority of people on Earth
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597251
1989
Većina ljudi na Zemlji
09:59
believe they have a soul,
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1773
vjeruje da ima dušu,
10:01
and the idea is central to many religions.
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2410
a to je i središnja ideja mnogih religija.
10:03
But even though, in its current form,
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2314
No, iako je, u svom sadašnjem obliku,
10:05
in its traditional form,
235
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1915
u svom tradicionalnom obliku,
10:07
the idea of the soul is still hugely popular,
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2163
ideja o duši još uvijek jako popularna,
10:09
nonetheless we are again
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1432
mi je ponovo
10:11
reinventing it for the digital age,
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2224
osmišljavamo za digitalno doba.
10:13
for example with the idea
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1477
Na primjer, idejom
10:14
that you can leave your body behind
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614948
1990
da možete ostaviti svoje tijelo
10:16
by uploading your mind, your essence,
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2246
tako da prenesete svoj um, svoju suštinu,
10:19
the real you, onto a computer,
242
619184
1956
pravo sebe, na računalo
10:21
and so live on as an avatar in the ether.
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4612
i tako nastaviti živjeti u eteru kao avatar.
10:25
But of course there are skeptics who say
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625752
2023
Dakako, postoje skeptici koji tvrde da
10:27
if we look at the evidence of science,
245
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1844
ako pogledamo znanstvene dokaze,
10:29
particularly neuroscience,
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1644
posebice neuroznanosti,
10:31
it suggests that your mind,
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1829
vidimo da naš um,
10:33
your essence, the real you,
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1580
naša suština, pravi mi,
10:34
is very much dependent on a particular part
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2413
uvelike ovisimo o određenom dijelu
10:37
of your body, that is, your brain.
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2221
našeg tijela, našem mozgu.
10:39
And such skeptics can find comfort
251
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2521
Takve skeptike može utješiti
10:41
in the fourth kind of immortality story,
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2258
četvrta vrsta priče o besmrtnosti,
10:44
and that is legacy,
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2357
o našem nasljeđu.
10:46
the idea that you can live on
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1480
Ideji da možemo nastaviti živjeti
10:47
through the echo you leave in the world,
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2251
kroz jeku koju ostavite u svijetu,
10:50
like the great Greek warrior Achilles,
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2349
poput velikog grčkog ratnika Ahileja,
10:52
who sacrificed his life fighting at Troy
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2629
koji je žrtvovao svoj život boreći se pod Trojom
10:55
so that he might win immortal fame.
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3053
kako bi postigao besmrtnu slavu.
10:58
And the pursuit of fame is as widespread
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2266
Stremljenje za slavom je rašireno
11:00
and popular now as it ever was,
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2141
i popularno danas kao što je oduvijek bilo,
11:02
and in our digital age,
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1579
a u naše digitalno doba
11:04
it's even easier to achieve.
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1528
lakše je ostvarivo.
11:05
You don't need to be a great warrior like Achilles
263
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2324
Ne trebate biti veliki ratnik poput Ahileja
11:08
or a great king or hero.
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1693
ili veliki kralj ili junak.
11:09
All you need is an Internet connection and a funny cat. (Laughter)
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4823
Sve što trebate je internetska veza i smiješna mačka. (Smijeh)
11:14
But some people prefer to leave a more tangible,
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2463
No, neki ljudi bi radije ostavili konkretnije,
11:17
biological legacy -- children, for example.
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2844
biološko nasljeđe - djecu, na primjer.
11:19
Or they like, they hope, to live on
268
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2276
Ili bi radije živjeli dalje
11:22
as part of some greater whole,
269
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1717
kao dio nečeg većeg od njih,
11:23
a nation or a family or a tribe,
270
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2449
nacije ili obitelji ili plemena,
11:26
their gene pool.
271
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2466
njihove genske zalihe.
11:28
But again, there are skeptics
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1513
Međutim, ima skeptika
11:30
who doubt whether legacy
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1713
koji sumnjaju da je nasljeđe
11:31
really is immortality.
274
691999
1975
prava besmrtnost.
11:33
Woody Allen, for example, who said,
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2077
Woody Allen, primjerice, koji je rekao,
11:36
"I don't want to live on in the hearts of my countrymen.
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2496
"Ne želim nastaviti živjeti u srcima svojih sunarodnjaka."
11:38
I want to live on in my apartment."
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" Želim nastaviti živjeti u svom stanu."
11:40
So those are the four
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Ovo su te četiri
11:42
basic kinds of immortality stories,
279
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2183
osnovne vrste priča o besmrtnosti.
11:44
and I've tried to give just some sense
280
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1642
Pokušao sam smisleno objasniti
11:46
of how they're retold by each generation
281
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2293
kako ih prepričava svaka generacija
11:48
with just slight variations
282
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1587
sa samo malim izmjenama
11:50
to fit the fashions of the day.
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2305
kako bi ih prilagodili svojem vremenu.
11:52
And the fact that they recur in this way,
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3489
Činjenica da se tako ponavljaju,
11:56
in such a similar form but in such different belief systems,
285
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2988
u tako sličnim oblicima ali toliko različitim vjerskim sustavima,
11:58
suggests, I think,
286
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1578
vjerujem da sugerira
12:00
that we should be skeptical of the truth
287
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2402
da bismo trebali biti skeptični u vezi istinitosti
12:02
of any particular version of these stories.
288
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3761
bilo koje verzije tih priča.
12:06
The fact that some people believe
289
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2111
Činjenica da neki ljudi vjeruju
12:08
an omnipotent god will resurrect them to live again
290
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2665
da će ih svemogući bog uskrsnuti,
12:11
and others believe an omnipotent scientist will do it
291
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3701
a drugi da će to učiniti svemogući znanstvenik
12:15
suggests that neither are really believing this
292
735216
3038
upućuje na to da niti jedni od njih ne vjeruju u to
12:18
on the strength of the evidence.
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2670
na temelju nekih dokaza.
12:20
Rather, we believe these stories
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2426
Umjesto toga, vjerujemo u te priče
12:23
because we are biased to believe them,
295
743350
1983
jer smo im skloni vjerovati,
12:25
and we are biased to believe them
296
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1828
a skloni smo im vjerovati,
12:27
because we are so afraid of death.
297
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4270
jer se toliko bojimo smrti.
12:31
So the question is,
298
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2055
Stoga je pitanje:
12:33
are we doomed to lead the one life we have
299
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3472
jesmo li osuđeni živjeti ovaj jedan život koji imamo
12:36
in a way that is shaped by fear and denial,
300
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3693
tako da ga oblikuju strah i poricanje,
12:40
or can we overcome this bias?
301
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3075
ili možemo prevladati tu sklonost?
12:43
Well the Greek philosopher Epicurus
302
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2467
Grčki filozof Epikur
12:46
thought we could.
303
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1728
vjerovao je da možemo.
12:47
He argued that the fear of death is natural,
304
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3548
Smatrao je da je strah od smrti prirodan,
12:51
but it is not rational.
305
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2415
no ne i racionalan.
12:53
"Death," he said, "is nothing to us,
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2658
Rekao je da "nama smrt nije ništa,
12:56
because when we are here, death is not,
307
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2850
jer kada smo živi, smrti nema,
12:59
and when death is here, we are gone."
308
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3753
a kada nastupi smrt, nema nas."
13:03
Now this is often quoted, but it's difficult
309
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1798
Ovo se često citira, no teško je
13:04
to really grasp, to really internalize,
310
784943
2322
doista shvatiti, zadržati u sebi,
13:07
because exactly this idea of being gone
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2163
upravo zato jer je ideju da nas više nema
13:09
is so difficult to imagine.
312
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2139
toliko teško pojmiti.
13:11
So 2,000 years later, another philosopher,
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2231
2000 godina kasnije, drugi filozof,
13:13
Ludwig Wittgenstein, put it like this:
314
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3457
Ludwig Wittgenstein, sročio je to ovako:
13:17
"Death is not an event in life:
315
797255
2944
"Smrt nije događaj u životu:
13:20
We do not live to experience death.
316
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3642
ne živimo toliko da iskusimo smrt.
13:23
And so," he added,
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1194
Stoga,
13:25
"in this sense, life has no end."
318
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2935
u tom smislu, život nema kraja."
13:27
So it was natural for me as a child
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3176
Tako je meni kao djetetu bilo prirodno
13:31
to fear being swallowed by the void,
320
811146
2367
bojati se da će me progutati praznina,
13:33
but it wasn't rational,
321
813513
1879
no nije bilo racionalno,
13:35
because being swallowed by the void
322
815392
1985
jer takvo što
13:37
is not something that any of us
323
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2078
nitko od nas neće
13:39
will ever live to experience.
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3270
nikad doživjeti.
13:42
Now, overcoming this bias is not easy because
325
822725
2529
Nadvladavanje te sklonosti nije lako
13:45
the fear of death is so deeply embedded in us,
326
825254
2959
jer je strah od smrti duboko usađen u nama.
13:48
yet when we see that the fear itself is not rational,
327
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4482
Međutim, kada shvatimo da sam strah nije racionalan,
13:52
and when we bring out into the open
328
832695
2130
i kada otkrijemo
13:54
the ways in which it can unconsciously bias us,
329
834825
2698
načine na koji nas nesvjesno može učiniti pristranima,
13:57
then we can at least start
330
837523
1851
tada barem možemo
13:59
to try to minimize the influence it has
331
839374
2634
pokušati umanjiti utjecaj koji
14:02
on our lives.
332
842008
1883
ima na naše živote.
14:03
Now, I find it helps to see life
333
843891
2818
Smatram da pomaže ako život
14:06
as being like a book:
334
846709
1844
promatramo kao knjigu.
14:08
Just as a book is bounded by its covers,
335
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2468
Kao što je knjiga omeđena svojim koricama,
14:11
by beginning and end,
336
851021
1277
početkom i krajem,
14:12
so our lives are bounded by birth and death,
337
852298
3738
tako su i naši životi omeđeni rođenjem i smrću.
14:16
and even though a book is limited by beginning and end,
338
856036
3515
I iako je knjiga ograničena početkom i krajem,
14:19
it can encompass distant landscapes,
339
859551
2136
može sadržavati daleke krajolike,
14:21
exotic figures, fantastic adventures.
340
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3230
egzotične likove, fantastične pustolovine.
14:24
And even though a book is limited by beginning and end,
341
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3349
I iako je knjiga ograničena početkom i krajem,
14:28
the characters within it
342
868266
1823
njeni likovi
14:30
know no horizons.
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2842
ne poznaju granica.
14:32
They only know the moments that make up their story,
344
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3157
Poznati su im samo trenuci od kojih je sačinjena njihova priča,
14:36
even when the book is closed.
345
876088
2940
čak i kada je knjiga zatvorena.
14:39
And so the characters of a book
346
879028
2136
Likovi u knjizi
14:41
are not afraid of reaching the last page.
347
881164
3482
ne boje se doći do posljednje stranice.
14:44
Long John Silver is not afraid of you
348
884646
2278
Long John Silver ne boji se da ćete
14:46
finishing your copy of "Treasure Island."
349
886924
2835
pročitati do kraja "Otok s blagom".
14:49
And so it should be with us.
350
889759
1700
Tako bi trebalo biti i s nama.
14:51
Imagine the book of your life,
351
891459
2144
Zamislite knjigu vašeg života,
14:53
its covers, its beginning and end, and your birth and your death.
352
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2784
njene korice, početak i kraj, i vaše rođenje i smrt.
14:56
You can only know the moments in between,
353
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2177
Možete samo poznavati trenutke između,
14:58
the moments that make up your life.
354
898564
1935
trenutke od kojih je sačinjen vaš život.
15:00
It makes no sense for you to fear
355
900499
1947
Nema smisla da se bojite
15:02
what is outside of those covers,
356
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2090
što je izvan tih korica,
15:04
whether before your birth
357
904536
1470
bilo prije vašeg rođenja,
15:06
or after your death.
358
906006
1976
ili nakon vaše smrti.
15:07
And you needn't worry how long the book is,
359
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2529
Ne biste se trebali brinuti ni koliko je knjiga dugačka,
15:10
or whether it's a comic strip or an epic.
360
910511
3473
niti je li ona strip ili epska priča.
15:13
The only thing that matters
361
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1542
Jedino što je važno
15:15
is that you make it a good story.
362
915526
3498
jest da se pobrinete da je to dobra priča.
15:19
Thank you.
363
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2220
Hvala vam.
15:21
(Applause)
364
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4185
(Pljesak)
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