The 4 stories we tell ourselves about death | Stephen Cave

749,887 views ・ 2013-12-12

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Maja Covic Recezent: Vedrana Čemerin
00:12
I have a question:
0
12378
1893
Imam pitanje.
00:14
Who here remembers when they first realized
1
14271
3377
Tko ovdje se sjeća kada ste prvi put shvatili
00:17
they were going to die?
2
17648
3423
da ćete umrijeti?
00:21
I do. I was a young boy,
3
21071
2502
Ja se sjećam. Bio sam maleni dječak,
00:23
and my grandfather had just died,
4
23573
3055
moj djed je upravo bio umro.
00:26
and I remember a few days later lying in bed at night
5
26628
3918
Sjećam se da sam nekoliko dana poslije noću ležao u krevetu
00:30
trying to make sense of what had happened.
6
30546
3634
pokušavajući shvatiti smisao onoga što se dogodilo.
00:34
What did it mean that he was dead?
7
34180
2635
Što je značilo to što je on mrtav?
00:36
Where had he gone?
8
36815
1784
Kamo je otišao?
00:38
It was like a hole in reality had opened up
9
38599
3422
Činilo se kao da se otvorila rupa u stvarnosti
00:42
and swallowed him.
10
42021
2135
i progutala ga.
00:44
But then the really shocking question occurred to me:
11
44156
2802
No, tada mi se pojavilo zaista šokantno pitanje.
00:46
If he could die, could it happen to me too?
12
46958
3490
Ako je on mogao umrijeti, može li se to dogoditi i meni?
00:50
Could that hole in reality open up and swallow me?
13
50448
3299
Može li se ta rupa u stvarnosti otvoriti i progutati mene?
00:53
Would it open up beneath my bed
14
53747
1790
Hoće li se otvoriti ispod mog kreveta
00:55
and swallow me as I slept?
15
55537
3234
i progutati me dok spavam?
00:58
Well, at some point, all children become aware of death.
16
58771
4188
U jednom trenutku sva djeca postanu svjesna smrti.
01:02
It can happen in different ways, of course,
17
62959
1905
To se može dogoditi na razne načine
01:04
and usually comes in stages.
18
64864
1833
i uglavnom dolazi u fazama.
01:06
Our idea of death develops as we grow older.
19
66697
3513
Naše se poimanje smrti razvija kako odrastamo.
01:10
And if you reach back into the dark corners
20
70210
2729
Ako posegnete u tamne dijelove
01:12
of your memory,
21
72939
1697
vašeg sjećanja,
01:14
you might remember something like what I felt
22
74636
3003
možda ćete se sjetiti nečega poput onog što sam ja osjetio
01:17
when my grandfather died and when I realized
23
77639
3255
kada je moj djed umro i kada sam shvatio
01:20
it could happen to me too,
24
80894
1950
da bi se to moglo dogoditi i meni.
01:22
that sense that behind all of this
25
82844
2579
Onaj osjećaj da iza svega ovoga
01:25
the void is waiting.
26
85423
3337
čeka praznina.
01:28
And this development in childhood
27
88760
2277
Taj razvoj u djetinjstvu
01:31
reflects the development of our species.
28
91037
2821
odražava razvoj naše vrste.
01:33
Just as there was a point in your development
29
93858
3315
Kao što se u vašem razvoju pojavio trenutak
01:37
as a child when your sense of self and of time
30
97173
3526
kada vam je, kao djetetu, svijest o sebi i vremenu
01:40
became sophisticated enough
31
100699
2099
postala dovoljno razvijena
01:42
for you to realize you were mortal,
32
102798
3922
da shvatite kako ste smrtni,
01:46
so at some point in the evolution of our species,
33
106720
3706
tako je u jednom trenutku evolucije naše vrste,
01:50
some early human's sense of self and of time
34
110426
3015
rana ljudska svijest o sebi i vremenu
01:53
became sophisticated enough
35
113441
2243
postala dovoljno razvijena
01:55
for them to become the first human to realize,
36
115684
3115
da bi netko postao prvi čovjek koji je shvatio
01:58
"I'm going to die."
37
118799
3433
da će umrijeti.
02:02
This is, if you like, our curse.
38
122232
2219
Ovo je, ako hoćete, naše prokletstvo.
02:04
It's the price we pay for being so damn clever.
39
124451
4043
To je cijena toga što smo toliko pametni.
02:08
We have to live in the knowledge
40
128494
2099
Moramo živjeti sa znanjem
02:10
that the worst thing that can possibly happen
41
130593
2661
da će se najgora stvar koja se može dogoditi
02:13
one day surely will,
42
133254
1624
jednoga dana zasigurno i dogoditi.
02:14
the end of all our projects,
43
134878
1506
Kraj svih naših projekata,
02:16
our hopes, our dreams, of our individual world.
44
136384
3464
naših nada, snova, našeg individualnog svijeta.
02:19
We each live in the shadow of a personal
45
139848
3181
Svatko živi u sjeni osobne
02:23
apocalypse.
46
143029
1989
apokalipse.
02:25
And that's frightening. It's terrifying.
47
145018
2504
I to je zastrašujuće. Užasavajuće.
02:27
And so we look for a way out.
48
147522
2460
Stoga tražimo izlaz.
02:29
And in my case, as I was about five years old,
49
149982
3281
U mom slučaju, budući da sam imao pet godina,
02:33
this meant asking my mum.
50
153263
2995
to je značilo da sam pitao mamu.
02:36
Now when I first started asking
51
156258
2462
Kada sam prvi puta počeo postavljati pitanja
02:38
what happens when we die,
52
158720
1781
što se događa kada umremo,
02:40
the grown-ups around me at the time
53
160501
2092
odrasli oko mene tada su
02:42
answered with a typical English mix of awkwardness
54
162593
3203
odgovorili tipičnom engleskom mješavinom nespretnosti
02:45
and half-hearted Christianity,
55
165796
2987
i malodušnog kršćanstva.
02:48
and the phrase I heard most often
56
168783
1944
Najčešća fraza koju sam čuo
02:50
was that granddad was now
57
170727
1559
bila je da je djed sada
02:52
"up there looking down on us,"
58
172286
2464
"gore i gleda dolje na nas,"
02:54
and if I should die too, which wouldn't happen of course,
59
174750
2965
i ako bih i ja slučajno umro, što se zasigurno neće dogoditi,
02:57
then I too would go up there,
60
177715
2796
tada bih i ja otišao gore,
03:00
which made death sound a lot like
61
180511
2050
što je mi smrt predočilo kao kakvo
03:02
an existential elevator.
62
182561
2654
egzistencijalno dizalo.
03:05
Now this didn't sound very plausible.
63
185215
3118
To nije zvučalo vrlo uvjerljivo.
03:08
I used to watch a children's news program at the time,
64
188333
2903
U to vrijeme sam često gledao dječji program s vijestima
03:11
and this was the era of space exploration.
65
191236
2440
i to je bilo razdoblje istraživanja svemira.
03:13
There were always rockets going up into the sky,
66
193676
2174
Uvijek su nekakve rakete letjele uvis,
03:15
up into space, going up there.
67
195850
2696
u svemir, prema gore.
03:18
But none of the astronauts when they came back
68
198546
2329
No, nijedan od astronauta, kada bi se vratili,
03:20
ever mentioned having met my granddad
69
200875
3232
nikad nije spomenuo da je sreo mog djeda
03:24
or any other dead people.
70
204107
2459
ili bilo koga od umrlih.
03:26
But I was scared,
71
206566
1303
No, bojao sam se,
03:27
and the idea of taking the existential elevator
72
207869
2440
i pomisao da uđem u egzistencijalno dizalo
03:30
to see my granddad
73
210309
1606
da posjetim svog djeda
03:31
sounded a lot better than being swallowed
74
211915
1415
činila se boljom nego to da će me progutati
03:33
by the void while I slept.
75
213330
3071
praznina dok spavam.
03:36
And so I believed it anyway,
76
216401
2269
Tako da sam povjerovao tome,
03:38
even though it didn't make much sense.
77
218670
2671
iako nije imalo puno smisla.
03:41
And this thought process that I went through
78
221341
2242
Taj proces razmišljanja kroz koji sam prolazio
03:43
as a child, and have been through many times since,
79
223583
2531
kao dijete, i mnogo puta otada,
03:46
including as a grown-up,
80
226114
1910
i kao odrasla osoba,
03:48
is a product of what psychologists call
81
228024
2447
rezultat je onoga što psiholozi nazivaju
03:50
a bias.
82
230471
1464
pristranost.
03:51
Now a bias is a way in which we systematically
83
231935
3274
Pristranost je način na koji sustavno
03:55
get things wrong,
84
235209
1718
stvari shvaćamo krivo.
03:56
ways in which we miscalculate, misjudge,
85
236927
2684
Način na koji pogrešno računamo, sudimo,
03:59
distort reality, or see what we want to see,
86
239611
3589
iskrivljujemo stvarnost ili vidimo ono što želimo vidjeti.
04:03
and the bias I'm talking about
87
243200
2232
Pristranost o kojoj ja govorim
04:05
works like this:
88
245432
1438
djeluje ovako:
04:06
Confront someone with the fact
89
246870
2235
suočite nekoga sa činjenicom
04:09
that they are going to die
90
249105
1547
da će umrijeti
04:10
and they will believe just about any story
91
250652
3033
i povjerovat će bilo kakvoj priči
04:13
that tells them it isn't true
92
253685
1858
koja im kaže da to nije točno
04:15
and they can, instead, live forever,
93
255543
2414
i da, umjesto toga, mogu živjeti vječno,
04:17
even if it means taking the existential elevator.
94
257957
4085
čak i ako to uključuje vožnju egzistencijalnim dizalom.
04:22
Now we can see this as the biggest bias of all.
95
262042
4428
Vidimo da je to najveća od svih pristranosti.
04:26
It has been demonstrated in over 400
96
266470
2875
To je dokazano u više od 400
04:29
empirical studies.
97
269345
1681
empirijskih istraživanja.
04:31
Now these studies are ingenious, but they're simple.
98
271026
2509
Ta su istraživanja dosjetljiva, no jednostavna.
04:33
They work like this.
99
273535
1935
Ovako funkcioniraju.
04:35
You take two groups of people
100
275470
1490
Uzmete dvije skupine ljudi
04:36
who are similar in all relevant respects,
101
276960
2783
sličnih u svakom bitnom pogledu,
04:39
and you remind one group that they're going to die
102
279743
2689
i jednu skupinu podsjetite da će umrijeti
04:42
but not the other, then you compare their behavior.
103
282432
2629
no ne i drugu skupinu. Tada uspoređujete njihova ponašanja.
04:45
So you're observing how it biases behavior
104
285061
3873
Promatrate kako se u ponašanju pojavljuje pristranost
04:48
when people become aware of their mortality.
105
288934
3754
kada ljudi postanu svjesni svoje smrtnosti.
04:52
And every time, you get the same result:
106
292688
2912
I svaki put dobijete isti rezultat.
04:55
People who are made aware of their mortality
107
295600
3087
Ljudi koji su bili svjesni svoje smrtnosti
04:58
are more willing to believe stories
108
298687
2011
imaju veću tendenciju povjerovati pričama
05:00
that tell them they can escape death
109
300698
1863
koje ih uvjeravaju da mogu izbjeći smrt
05:02
and live forever.
110
302561
1772
i živjeti vječno.
05:04
So here's an example: One recent study
111
304333
2289
Evo primjera. Jedno nedavno ostraživanje
05:06
took two groups of agnostics,
112
306622
2770
uzelo je dvije skupine agnostika,
05:09
that is people who are undecided
113
309392
1596
to jest. ljudi koji su neodlučni
05:10
in their religious beliefs.
114
310988
2515
oko svojih vjerskih uvjerenja.
05:13
Now, one group was asked to think about being dead.
115
313503
3584
Jednu skupinu se zamolilo da razmisle o tome kako su mrtvi.
05:17
The other group was asked to think about
116
317087
1645
Drugu skupinu se zamolilo da razmisle o tome
05:18
being lonely.
117
318732
1833
kako su usamljeni.
05:20
They were then asked again about their religious beliefs.
118
320565
2816
Tada su ih ponovo ispitivali o njihovim vjerskim uvjerenjima.
05:23
Those who had been asked to think about being dead
119
323381
2864
Kod onih koji su bili zamoljeni da razmisle o tome kako su mrtvi
05:26
were afterwards twice as likely to express faith
120
326245
3573
kasnije je postojala dvostruko veća vjerojatnost da će izraziti vjeru
05:29
in God and Jesus.
121
329818
1660
u Boga i Isusa.
05:31
Twice as likely.
122
331478
1778
Dvostruko veća vjerojatnost.
05:33
Even though the before they were all equally agnostic.
123
333256
2708
Iako su ranije svi bili u jednakoj mjeri agnostici.
05:35
But put the fear of death in them,
124
335964
1761
No, unesite strah od smrti u njih,
05:37
and they run to Jesus.
125
337725
3859
i odmah trče Isusu.
05:41
Now, this shows that reminding people of death
126
341584
3512
Ovo pokazuje da ako ljude podsjetimo na smrt
05:45
biases them to believe, regardless of the evidence,
127
345111
3230
da će kod njih razviti sklonost da povjeruju, bez obzira na dokaze,
05:48
and it works not just for religion,
128
348341
2025
i to tako funkcionira ne samo za religiju,
05:50
but for any kind of belief system
129
350366
2237
već za svaki sustav vjerovanja
05:52
that promises immortality in some form,
130
352603
3460
koji obećava neku vrstu besmrtnosti,
05:56
whether it's becoming famous
131
356063
1805
bilo da ćete postati poznata osoba
05:57
or having children
132
357868
1414
ili imati djecu
05:59
or even nationalism,
133
359282
1347
ili čak u slučaju nacionalizma,
06:00
which promises you can live on as part of a greater whole.
134
360629
3273
koji obećava da možete živjeti i dalje kao dio veće cjeline.
06:03
This is a bias that has shaped
135
363902
1931
Ovo je pristranost koja je oblikovala
06:05
the course of human history.
136
365833
3339
tijek ljudske povijesti.
06:09
Now, the theory behind this bias
137
369172
2267
Teorija iza te pristranosti
06:11
in the over 400 studies
138
371439
1737
u više od 400 istraživanja
06:13
is called terror management theory,
139
373176
2129
zove se Teorija suočavanja s užasom,
06:15
and the idea is simple. It's just this.
140
375305
2350
a koncept je jednostavan. Radi se o ovome.
06:17
We develop our worldviews,
141
377655
2549
Razvijamo naše poglede na svijet,
06:20
that is, the stories we tell ourselves
142
380204
2157
to jest, priče koje si pričamo
06:22
about the world and our place in it,
143
382361
2736
o svijetu i našem mjestu u njemu,
06:25
in order to help us manage
144
385097
2282
kako bismo pomogli sami sebi da se suočimo
06:27
the terror of death.
145
387379
2914
s užasom smrti.
06:30
And these immortality stories
146
390293
1799
Te priče o besmrtnosti
06:32
have thousands of different manifestations,
147
392092
2997
imaju tisuće različitih manifestacija,
06:35
but I believe that behind the apparent diversity
148
395089
3584
no vjerujem da iza očite raznolikosti
06:38
there are actually just four basic forms
149
398673
2699
postoje četiri osnovna oblika
06:41
that these immortality stories can take.
150
401372
3511
koje te priče preuzimaju.
06:44
And we can see them repeating themselves
151
404883
1805
Možemo vidjeti kako se oni ponavljaju
06:46
throughout history, just with slight variations
152
406688
3170
tijekom povijesti, s vrlo malim izmjenama
06:49
to reflect the vocabulary of the day.
153
409858
2765
kako bi se prilagodili aktualnom rječniku.
06:52
Now I'm going to briefly introduce these four
154
412623
2508
Ukratko ću predstaviti ta četiri
06:55
basic forms of immortality story,
155
415131
2253
osnovna oblika priča o besmrtnosti,
06:57
and I want to try to give you some sense
156
417384
1570
i volio bih pokušati smisleno objasniti
06:58
of the way in which they're retold by each culture
157
418954
2313
način na koji ih prepričava svaka kultura
07:01
or generation
158
421267
1767
ili generacija
07:03
using the vocabulary of their day.
159
423034
2172
koristeći rječnik svoga vremena.
07:05
Now, the first story is the simplest.
160
425206
2639
Prva priča je najjednostavnija.
07:07
We want to avoid death,
161
427845
2153
Želimo izbjeći smrt,
07:09
and the dream of doing that in this body
162
429998
2425
a san da to ostvarimo u ovome našem tijelu
07:12
in this world forever
163
432423
1360
u ovome svijetu zauvijek
07:13
is the first and simplest kind of immortality story,
164
433783
3291
je prvi i najjednostavniji oblik priče o besmrtnosti.
07:17
and it might at first sound implausible,
165
437074
2459
Na prvu možda zvuči nevjerojatno,
07:19
but actually, almost every culture in human history
166
439533
3981
no, zapravo skoro svaka kultura u povijesti čovječanstva
07:23
has had some myth or legend
167
443514
2062
imala je nekakav mit ili legendu
07:25
of an elixir of life or a fountain of youth
168
445576
2761
o eliksiru života ili vrelu mladosti
07:28
or something that promises to keep us going
169
448337
2979
ili nečemu što obećava da će nas očuvati
07:31
forever.
170
451316
3137
zauvijek.
07:34
Ancient Egypt had such myths,
171
454453
1593
Drevni Egipćani imali su takve mitove,
07:36
ancient Babylon, ancient India.
172
456046
2368
drevni Babilonci, drevni Indijci.
07:38
Throughout European history, we find them in the work of the alchemists,
173
458414
2852
Kroz cijelu europsku povijest nalazimo ih u djelima alkemičara,
07:41
and of course we still believe this today,
174
461266
2794
i naravno da još uvijek u to vjerujemo,
07:44
only we tell this story using the vocabulary
175
464060
2563
samo što si te priče pripovijedamo rječnikom
07:46
of science.
176
466623
1656
znanosti.
07:48
So 100 years ago,
177
468279
1606
Prije 100 godina
07:49
hormones had just been discovered,
178
469885
1819
otkriveni su hormoni,
07:51
and people hoped that hormone treatments
179
471704
1652
i ljudi su se nadali da će hormonske terapije
07:53
were going to cure aging and disease,
180
473356
2699
izliječiti starenje i bolesti.
07:56
and now instead we set our hopes on stem cells,
181
476055
2853
Danas mi nadu polažemo u matične stanice,
07:58
genetic engineering, and nanotechnology.
182
478908
2295
genetski inženjering i nanotehnologiju.
08:01
But the idea that science can cure death
183
481203
3958
No ideja da znanost može izliječiti bolesti
08:05
is just one more chapter in the story
184
485161
2341
samo je još jedno poglavlje u priči
08:07
of the magical elixir,
185
487502
2233
o čarobnom eliksiru,
08:09
a story that is as old as civilization.
186
489735
4436
priči koja je stara koliko i civilizacija.
08:14
But betting everything on the idea of finding the elixir
187
494171
2780
No ulaganje svega u ideju o pronalasku eliksira
08:16
and staying alive forever
188
496951
1403
i vječnom životu
08:18
is a risky strategy.
189
498354
1801
riskantna je strategija.
08:20
When we look back through history
190
500155
2240
Kad pogledamo kroz povijest
08:22
at all those who have sought an elixir in the past,
191
502395
2784
sve koji su tragali za eliksirom,
08:25
the one thing they now have in common
192
505179
1829
jedna stvar koja im je svima zajednička
08:27
is that they're all dead.
193
507008
2630
jest da su svi mrtvi.
08:29
So we need a backup plan, and exactly this kind of plan B
194
509638
3738
Tako da trebamo rezervni plan, a upravo takav plan B
08:33
is what the second kind of immortality story offers,
195
513376
3571
nudi nam drugi oblik priča o besmrtnosti,
08:36
and that's resurrection.
196
516947
1755
a to je uskrsnuće.
08:38
And it stays with the idea that I am this body,
197
518702
2374
U skladu je s idejom da sam u ovome tijelu,
08:41
I am this physical organism.
198
521076
1975
da sam tjelesni organizam.
08:43
It accepts that I'm going to have to die
199
523051
2168
Prihvaća da ću trebati umrijeti
08:45
but says, despite that,
200
525219
1374
no, tvrdi da, unatoč tome,
08:46
I can rise up and I can live again.
201
526593
2503
mogu ponovo ustati i dalje živjeti.
08:49
In other words, I can do what Jesus did.
202
529096
2618
Drugim riječima, mogu napraviti što je napravio Isus.
08:51
Jesus died, he was three days in the [tomb],
203
531714
2045
Isus je umro, tri dana bio u grobu,
08:53
and then he rose up and lived again.
204
533759
3111
a onda je ustao i nastavio živjeti.
08:56
And the idea that we can all be resurrected to live again
205
536870
3119
Ideja da svi možemo uskrsnuti na ponovni život
08:59
is orthodox believe, not just for Christians
206
539989
2288
ortodoksno je vjerovanje, ne samo za kršćane,
09:02
but also Jews and Muslims.
207
542277
2703
već i za Židove i muslimane.
09:04
But our desire to believe this story
208
544980
2164
No, naša želja da povjerujemo toj priči
09:07
is so deeply embedded
209
547144
2010
toliko je duboko usađena
09:09
that we are reinventing it again
210
549154
2098
da je uvijek iznova izmišljamo
09:11
for the scientific age,
211
551252
1492
za doba znanosti.
09:12
for example, with the idea of cryonics.
212
552744
2823
Na primjer, uz ideju o krionici.
09:15
That's the idea that when you die,
213
555567
1590
To je ideja da, kada umrete
09:17
you can have yourself frozen,
214
557157
1999
mogu vas zamrznuti,
09:19
and then, at some point when technology
215
559156
2389
a zatim, kada tehnologija
09:21
has advanced enough,
216
561545
1211
postane dovoljno napredna,
09:22
you can be thawed out and repaired and revived
217
562756
2120
mogu vas odmrznuti, "popraviti" i oživjeti
09:24
and so resurrected.
218
564876
1289
i tako uskrsnuti.
09:26
And so some people believe an omnipotent god
219
566165
2848
Neki ljudi vjeruju u svemogućeg boga
09:29
will resurrect them to live again,
220
569013
1879
koji će ih uskrsnuti,
09:30
and other people believe an omnipotent scientist will do it.
221
570892
4143
dok drugi vjeruju u svemogućeg znanstvenika koji će učiniti isto.
09:35
But for others, the whole idea of resurrection,
222
575035
2714
No, za druge ljude cijela ideja o uskrsnuću,
09:37
of climbing out of the grave,
223
577749
2003
izlasku iz groba,
09:39
it's just too much like a bad zombie movie.
224
579752
2719
previše podsjeća na loš film sa zombijima.
09:42
They find the body too messy, too unreliable
225
582471
2791
Smatraju da je tijelo previše problematično, nepouzdano
09:45
to guarantee eternal life,
226
585262
2148
da bi garantiralo vječni život.
09:47
and so they set their hopes on the third,
227
587410
3091
Stoga nade polažu u treću
09:50
more spiritual immortality story,
228
590501
2117
priču o duhovnoj besmrtnosti.
09:52
the idea that we can leave our body behind
229
592618
2336
Ideji da možemo ostaviti tijelo
09:54
and live on as a soul.
230
594954
2297
i dalje živjeti kao duša.
09:57
Now, the majority of people on Earth
231
597251
1989
Većina ljudi na Zemlji
09:59
believe they have a soul,
232
599240
1773
vjeruje da ima dušu,
10:01
and the idea is central to many religions.
233
601013
2410
a to je i središnja ideja mnogih religija.
10:03
But even though, in its current form,
234
603423
2314
No, iako je, u svom sadašnjem obliku,
10:05
in its traditional form,
235
605737
1915
u svom tradicionalnom obliku,
10:07
the idea of the soul is still hugely popular,
236
607652
2163
ideja o duši još uvijek jako popularna,
10:09
nonetheless we are again
237
609815
1432
mi je ponovo
10:11
reinventing it for the digital age,
238
611247
2224
osmišljavamo za digitalno doba.
10:13
for example with the idea
239
613471
1477
Na primjer, idejom
10:14
that you can leave your body behind
240
614948
1990
da možete ostaviti svoje tijelo
10:16
by uploading your mind, your essence,
241
616938
2246
tako da prenesete svoj um, svoju suštinu,
10:19
the real you, onto a computer,
242
619184
1956
pravo sebe, na računalo
10:21
and so live on as an avatar in the ether.
243
621140
4612
i tako nastaviti živjeti u eteru kao avatar.
10:25
But of course there are skeptics who say
244
625752
2023
Dakako, postoje skeptici koji tvrde da
10:27
if we look at the evidence of science,
245
627775
1844
ako pogledamo znanstvene dokaze,
10:29
particularly neuroscience,
246
629619
1644
posebice neuroznanosti,
10:31
it suggests that your mind,
247
631263
1829
vidimo da naš um,
10:33
your essence, the real you,
248
633092
1580
naša suština, pravi mi,
10:34
is very much dependent on a particular part
249
634672
2413
uvelike ovisimo o određenom dijelu
10:37
of your body, that is, your brain.
250
637085
2221
našeg tijela, našem mozgu.
10:39
And such skeptics can find comfort
251
639306
2521
Takve skeptike može utješiti
10:41
in the fourth kind of immortality story,
252
641827
2258
četvrta vrsta priče o besmrtnosti,
10:44
and that is legacy,
253
644085
2357
o našem nasljeđu.
10:46
the idea that you can live on
254
646442
1480
Ideji da možemo nastaviti živjeti
10:47
through the echo you leave in the world,
255
647922
2251
kroz jeku koju ostavite u svijetu,
10:50
like the great Greek warrior Achilles,
256
650173
2349
poput velikog grčkog ratnika Ahileja,
10:52
who sacrificed his life fighting at Troy
257
652522
2629
koji je žrtvovao svoj život boreći se pod Trojom
10:55
so that he might win immortal fame.
258
655151
3053
kako bi postigao besmrtnu slavu.
10:58
And the pursuit of fame is as widespread
259
658204
2266
Stremljenje za slavom je rašireno
11:00
and popular now as it ever was,
260
660470
2141
i popularno danas kao što je oduvijek bilo,
11:02
and in our digital age,
261
662611
1579
a u naše digitalno doba
11:04
it's even easier to achieve.
262
664190
1528
lakše je ostvarivo.
11:05
You don't need to be a great warrior like Achilles
263
665718
2324
Ne trebate biti veliki ratnik poput Ahileja
11:08
or a great king or hero.
264
668042
1693
ili veliki kralj ili junak.
11:09
All you need is an Internet connection and a funny cat. (Laughter)
265
669735
4823
Sve što trebate je internetska veza i smiješna mačka. (Smijeh)
11:14
But some people prefer to leave a more tangible,
266
674558
2463
No, neki ljudi bi radije ostavili konkretnije,
11:17
biological legacy -- children, for example.
267
677021
2844
biološko nasljeđe - djecu, na primjer.
11:19
Or they like, they hope, to live on
268
679865
2276
Ili bi radije živjeli dalje
11:22
as part of some greater whole,
269
682141
1717
kao dio nečeg većeg od njih,
11:23
a nation or a family or a tribe,
270
683858
2449
nacije ili obitelji ili plemena,
11:26
their gene pool.
271
686307
2466
njihove genske zalihe.
11:28
But again, there are skeptics
272
688773
1513
Međutim, ima skeptika
11:30
who doubt whether legacy
273
690286
1713
koji sumnjaju da je nasljeđe
11:31
really is immortality.
274
691999
1975
prava besmrtnost.
11:33
Woody Allen, for example, who said,
275
693974
2077
Woody Allen, primjerice, koji je rekao,
11:36
"I don't want to live on in the hearts of my countrymen.
276
696051
2496
"Ne želim nastaviti živjeti u srcima svojih sunarodnjaka."
11:38
I want to live on in my apartment."
277
698547
2197
" Želim nastaviti živjeti u svom stanu."
11:40
So those are the four
278
700744
1767
Ovo su te četiri
11:42
basic kinds of immortality stories,
279
702511
2183
osnovne vrste priča o besmrtnosti.
11:44
and I've tried to give just some sense
280
704694
1642
Pokušao sam smisleno objasniti
11:46
of how they're retold by each generation
281
706336
2293
kako ih prepričava svaka generacija
11:48
with just slight variations
282
708629
1587
sa samo malim izmjenama
11:50
to fit the fashions of the day.
283
710216
2305
kako bi ih prilagodili svojem vremenu.
11:52
And the fact that they recur in this way,
284
712521
3489
Činjenica da se tako ponavljaju,
11:56
in such a similar form but in such different belief systems,
285
716010
2988
u tako sličnim oblicima ali toliko različitim vjerskim sustavima,
11:58
suggests, I think,
286
718998
1578
vjerujem da sugerira
12:00
that we should be skeptical of the truth
287
720576
2402
da bismo trebali biti skeptični u vezi istinitosti
12:02
of any particular version of these stories.
288
722978
3761
bilo koje verzije tih priča.
12:06
The fact that some people believe
289
726739
2111
Činjenica da neki ljudi vjeruju
12:08
an omnipotent god will resurrect them to live again
290
728850
2665
da će ih svemogući bog uskrsnuti,
12:11
and others believe an omnipotent scientist will do it
291
731515
3701
a drugi da će to učiniti svemogući znanstvenik
12:15
suggests that neither are really believing this
292
735216
3038
upućuje na to da niti jedni od njih ne vjeruju u to
12:18
on the strength of the evidence.
293
738254
2670
na temelju nekih dokaza.
12:20
Rather, we believe these stories
294
740924
2426
Umjesto toga, vjerujemo u te priče
12:23
because we are biased to believe them,
295
743350
1983
jer smo im skloni vjerovati,
12:25
and we are biased to believe them
296
745333
1828
a skloni smo im vjerovati,
12:27
because we are so afraid of death.
297
747161
4270
jer se toliko bojimo smrti.
12:31
So the question is,
298
751431
2055
Stoga je pitanje:
12:33
are we doomed to lead the one life we have
299
753486
3472
jesmo li osuđeni živjeti ovaj jedan život koji imamo
12:36
in a way that is shaped by fear and denial,
300
756958
3693
tako da ga oblikuju strah i poricanje,
12:40
or can we overcome this bias?
301
760651
3075
ili možemo prevladati tu sklonost?
12:43
Well the Greek philosopher Epicurus
302
763726
2467
Grčki filozof Epikur
12:46
thought we could.
303
766193
1728
vjerovao je da možemo.
12:47
He argued that the fear of death is natural,
304
767921
3548
Smatrao je da je strah od smrti prirodan,
12:51
but it is not rational.
305
771469
2415
no ne i racionalan.
12:53
"Death," he said, "is nothing to us,
306
773884
2658
Rekao je da "nama smrt nije ništa,
12:56
because when we are here, death is not,
307
776542
2850
jer kada smo živi, smrti nema,
12:59
and when death is here, we are gone."
308
779392
3753
a kada nastupi smrt, nema nas."
13:03
Now this is often quoted, but it's difficult
309
783145
1798
Ovo se često citira, no teško je
13:04
to really grasp, to really internalize,
310
784943
2322
doista shvatiti, zadržati u sebi,
13:07
because exactly this idea of being gone
311
787265
2163
upravo zato jer je ideju da nas više nema
13:09
is so difficult to imagine.
312
789428
2139
toliko teško pojmiti.
13:11
So 2,000 years later, another philosopher,
313
791567
2231
2000 godina kasnije, drugi filozof,
13:13
Ludwig Wittgenstein, put it like this:
314
793798
3457
Ludwig Wittgenstein, sročio je to ovako:
13:17
"Death is not an event in life:
315
797255
2944
"Smrt nije događaj u životu:
13:20
We do not live to experience death.
316
800199
3642
ne živimo toliko da iskusimo smrt.
13:23
And so," he added,
317
803841
1194
Stoga,
13:25
"in this sense, life has no end."
318
805035
2935
u tom smislu, život nema kraja."
13:27
So it was natural for me as a child
319
807970
3176
Tako je meni kao djetetu bilo prirodno
13:31
to fear being swallowed by the void,
320
811146
2367
bojati se da će me progutati praznina,
13:33
but it wasn't rational,
321
813513
1879
no nije bilo racionalno,
13:35
because being swallowed by the void
322
815392
1985
jer takvo što
13:37
is not something that any of us
323
817377
2078
nitko od nas neće
13:39
will ever live to experience.
324
819455
3270
nikad doživjeti.
13:42
Now, overcoming this bias is not easy because
325
822725
2529
Nadvladavanje te sklonosti nije lako
13:45
the fear of death is so deeply embedded in us,
326
825254
2959
jer je strah od smrti duboko usađen u nama.
13:48
yet when we see that the fear itself is not rational,
327
828213
4482
Međutim, kada shvatimo da sam strah nije racionalan,
13:52
and when we bring out into the open
328
832695
2130
i kada otkrijemo
13:54
the ways in which it can unconsciously bias us,
329
834825
2698
načine na koji nas nesvjesno može učiniti pristranima,
13:57
then we can at least start
330
837523
1851
tada barem možemo
13:59
to try to minimize the influence it has
331
839374
2634
pokušati umanjiti utjecaj koji
14:02
on our lives.
332
842008
1883
ima na naše živote.
14:03
Now, I find it helps to see life
333
843891
2818
Smatram da pomaže ako život
14:06
as being like a book:
334
846709
1844
promatramo kao knjigu.
14:08
Just as a book is bounded by its covers,
335
848553
2468
Kao što je knjiga omeđena svojim koricama,
14:11
by beginning and end,
336
851021
1277
početkom i krajem,
14:12
so our lives are bounded by birth and death,
337
852298
3738
tako su i naši životi omeđeni rođenjem i smrću.
14:16
and even though a book is limited by beginning and end,
338
856036
3515
I iako je knjiga ograničena početkom i krajem,
14:19
it can encompass distant landscapes,
339
859551
2136
može sadržavati daleke krajolike,
14:21
exotic figures, fantastic adventures.
340
861687
3230
egzotične likove, fantastične pustolovine.
14:24
And even though a book is limited by beginning and end,
341
864917
3349
I iako je knjiga ograničena početkom i krajem,
14:28
the characters within it
342
868266
1823
njeni likovi
14:30
know no horizons.
343
870089
2842
ne poznaju granica.
14:32
They only know the moments that make up their story,
344
872931
3157
Poznati su im samo trenuci od kojih je sačinjena njihova priča,
14:36
even when the book is closed.
345
876088
2940
čak i kada je knjiga zatvorena.
14:39
And so the characters of a book
346
879028
2136
Likovi u knjizi
14:41
are not afraid of reaching the last page.
347
881164
3482
ne boje se doći do posljednje stranice.
14:44
Long John Silver is not afraid of you
348
884646
2278
Long John Silver ne boji se da ćete
14:46
finishing your copy of "Treasure Island."
349
886924
2835
pročitati do kraja "Otok s blagom".
14:49
And so it should be with us.
350
889759
1700
Tako bi trebalo biti i s nama.
14:51
Imagine the book of your life,
351
891459
2144
Zamislite knjigu vašeg života,
14:53
its covers, its beginning and end, and your birth and your death.
352
893603
2784
njene korice, početak i kraj, i vaše rođenje i smrt.
14:56
You can only know the moments in between,
353
896387
2177
Možete samo poznavati trenutke između,
14:58
the moments that make up your life.
354
898564
1935
trenutke od kojih je sačinjen vaš život.
15:00
It makes no sense for you to fear
355
900499
1947
Nema smisla da se bojite
15:02
what is outside of those covers,
356
902446
2090
što je izvan tih korica,
15:04
whether before your birth
357
904536
1470
bilo prije vašeg rođenja,
15:06
or after your death.
358
906006
1976
ili nakon vaše smrti.
15:07
And you needn't worry how long the book is,
359
907982
2529
Ne biste se trebali brinuti ni koliko je knjiga dugačka,
15:10
or whether it's a comic strip or an epic.
360
910511
3473
niti je li ona strip ili epska priča.
15:13
The only thing that matters
361
913984
1542
Jedino što je važno
15:15
is that you make it a good story.
362
915526
3498
jest da se pobrinete da je to dobra priča.
15:19
Thank you.
363
919024
2220
Hvala vam.
15:21
(Applause)
364
921244
4185
(Pljesak)
O ovoj web stranici

Ova stranica će vas upoznati s YouTube videozapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete lekcije engleskog koje vode vrhunski profesori iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove prikazane na svakoj video stranici da biste reproducirali video s tog mjesta. Titlovi se pomiču sinkronizirano s reprodukcijom videozapisa. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, obratite nam se putem ovog obrasca za kontakt.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7