Why we laugh | Sophie Scott

Translator: Monika Kaděrková Reviewer: Linda Magáthová

Hi. I'm going to talk to you today about laughter,

Dobrý deň, dnes vám budem prednášať o smiechu

and I just want to start by thinking about the first time

a chcela by som začať zamyslením sa nad tým,

I can ever remember noticing laughter.

kedy som si po prvý raz všimla smiech.

This is when I was a little girl. I would've been about six.

Bola som vtedy malé dievčatko, mohla som mať asi 6 rokov.

And I came across my parents doing something unusual,

A videla som, že moji rodičia robia niečo neobvyklé,

where they were laughing.

a smiali sa pritom.

They were laughing very, very hard.

Smiali sa naozaj, naozaj poriadne.

They were lying on the floor laughing.

Od smiechu sa váľali po zemi.

They were screaming with laughter.

So smiechom kričali.

I did not know what they were laughing at, but I wanted in.

Nevedela som, na čom sa smejú, ale chcela som sa pridať.

I wanted to be part of that,

Chcela som byť toho súčasťou,

and I kind of sat around at the edge going, "Hoo hoo!" (Laughter)

a tak som si prisadla a spravila: „Hu-hú!“ (smiech)

Now, incidentally, what they were laughing at

To, na čom sa smiali, bola náhodou pieseň,

was a song which people used to sing,

ktorú v tom čase ľudia spievali,

which was based around signs in toilets on trains

bola založená z nápisov na vlakových toaletách,

telling you what you could and could not do

ktoré hovorili, čo smiete a čo nie,

in toilets on trains.

na toaletách vo vlaku.

And the thing you have to remember about the English is, of course,

A o Angličanoch si musíte pamätať,

we do have an immensely sophisticated sense of humor.

že máme ohromne sofistikovaný zmysel pre humor.

(Laughter)

(smiech)

At the time, though, I didn't understand anything of that.

V tom čase som však ničomu z toho nerozumela.

I just cared about the laughter,

Zaujímal ma len smiech,

and actually, as a neuroscientist, I've come to care about it again.

a vlastne ako neurovedkyňa som sa oň začala zaujímať opäť.

And it is a really weird thing to do.

A je to naozaj zvláštna činnosť.

What I'm going to do now is just play some examples

Chystám sa vám tu predviesť príklady

of real human beings laughing,

ako sa skutoční ľudia smejú

a chcem, aby ste sa zamysleli nad zvukom, ktorý ľudia robia, aký čudný môže byť,

and I want you think about the sound people make and how odd that can be,

and in fact how primitive laughter is as a sound.

a nad faktom, aký primitívny je smiech ako zvuk.

It's much more like an animal call than it is like speech.

Je to skôr zvieracie volanie než reč.

So here we've got some laughter for you. The first one is pretty joyful.

Tu máme nejaké ukážky smiechu. Prvý je dosť radostný.

(Audio: Laughing)

(zvuk: ukážka smiechu)

Now this next guy, I need him to breathe.

Tento ďalší muž musí nejako dýchať.

There's a point in there where I'm just, like,

V určitej chvíli si hovorím,

you've got to get some air in there, mate,

chlape, musíš dostať nejaký vzduch aj dnu,

because he just sounds like he's breathing out.

pretože on znie akoby len vydychoval.

(zvuk: ukážka smiechu)

(Audio: Laughing)

This hasn't been edited; this is him.

Toto nebolo upravené, takýto je.

(Audio: Laughing) (Laughter)

(zvuk: ukážka smiechu) (smiech)

And finally we have -- this is a human female laughing.

A na záver tu máme smejúcu sa ženu.

And laughter can take us to some pretty odd places in terms of making noises.

Smiech nás môže doviesť ku zvláštnostiam, čo sa týka vydávania zvukov.

(Audio: Laughing)

(zvuk: ukážka smiechu)

She actually says, "Oh my God, what is that?" in French.

A hovorí: „Ó môj Bože, čo to je?“, po francúzsky.

We're all kind of with her. I have no idea.

A my všetci tak trochu s ňou. Nemám tušenia.

Now, to understand laughter, you have to look at a part of the body

Aby ste pochopili smiech, musíte sa pozrieť na časť tela,

that psychologists and neuroscientists don't normally spend much time looking at,

na ktorú sa psychológovia a neurovedci bežne veľmi nedívajú,

which is the ribcage,

je to hrudný kôš,

and it doesn't seem terribly exciting,

a nezdá sa to veľmi vzrušujúce,

but actually you're all using your ribcage all the time.

ale vlastne používate hrudný kôš stále.

What you're all doing at the moment with your ribcage,

To, čo práve teraz vaším hrudným košom robíte,

and don't stop doing it, is breathing.

a neprestávajte s tým, je dýchanie.

So you use the intercostal muscles, the muscles between your ribs,

Čiže používate vaše medzirebrové svaly,

to bring air in and out of your lungs

aby ste dostali vzdych do pľúc a von,

just by expanding and contracting your ribcage,

len roztiahnutím a stiahnutím hrudného koša,

and if I was to put a strap around the outside of your chest

a keby som vám dala pás okolo vašej hrude,

called a breath belt, and just look at that movement,

nazývaný pás monitorovania dýchania, uvidíte ten pohyb,

you see a rather gentle sinusoidal movement, so that's breathing.

vidíte celkom miernu sínusoidu pohybu, to je dýchanie.

Všetci to robíte. Neprestávajte.

You're all doing it. Don't stop.

As soon as you start talking,

Hneď ako začnete rozprávať,

you start using your breathing completely differently.

začnete svoje dýchanie používať inak.

So what I'm doing now is you see something much more like this.

Takže ja práve robím niečo, čo vyzerá viac ako tento graf.

In talking, you use very fine movements of the ribcage

Pri rozprávaní používate veľmi jemné pohyby hrudníka,

to squeeze the air out --

aby ste vytlačili vzduch von,

and in fact, we're the only animals that can do this.

a v podstate sme jediné živočíchy, ktoré toto dokážu.

It's why we can talk at all.

Vďaka tomu dokážeme hovoriť.

Now, both talking and breathing has a mortal enemy,

Rozprávanie a dýchanie majú úhlavného nepriateľa

and that enemy is laughter,

a tým nepriateľom je smiech,

because what happens when you laugh

pretože, keď sa smejete,

is those same muscles start to contract very regularly,

tie isté svaly sa začnú sťahovať veľmi pravidelne

and you get this very marked sort of zig-zagging,

a váš graf dýchania má výraznú cik-cakovú podobu,

and that's just squeezing the air out of you.

jednoducho z vás vytláča vzduch.

It literally is that basic a way of making a sound.

To je doslova základný spôsob vydávania zvukov.

You could be stamping on somebody, it's having the same effect.

Ak by ste po niekom dupali, malo by to rovnaký účinok.

You're just squeezing air out,

Vytláčate von vzduch

and each of those contractions -- Ha! -- gives you a sound.

a každé z týchto stiahnutí „Ha!“, vydáva zvuk.

And as the contractions run together, you can get these spasms,

A keď sťahy prebiehajú súbežne, môžete dostať záchvat,

and that's when you start getting these -- (Wheezing) -- things happening.

a vtedy sa začnú diať – (chrčanie) – takéto veci.

V tomto som výborná. (smiech)

I'm brilliant at this. (Laughter)

Now, in terms of the science of laughter, there isn't very much,

Čo sa týka vedy o smiechu, nie je toho veľa,

but it does turn out that pretty much everything we think we know

ale ukazuje sa, že zrejme všetko, čo o smiechu vieme,

about laughter is wrong.

je nesprávne.

So it's not at all unusual, for example, to hear people to say

Preto nie je neobvyklé, napríklad, počuť, že ľudia hovoria,

humans are the only animals that laugh.

že sú jedinými živočíchmi, ktoré sa smejú.

Nietzsche si myslel, že ľudia sú jediné živočíchy, čo sa smejú.

Nietzsche thought that humans are the only animals that laugh.

In fact, you find laughter throughout the mammals.

V skutočnosti nájdete smiech medzi cicavcami.

It's been well-described and well-observed in primates,

Bol spozorovaný a dobre zaznamenaný u primátov,

but you also see it in rats,

ale vidno ho tiež u potkanov,

and wherever you find it --

a kdekoľvek ho nájdete,

humans, primates, rats --

u ľudí, primátov, potkanov,

you find it associated with things like tickling.

zistíte, že sa spája s vecami ako šteklenie.

That's the same for humans.

Rovnaké je to u ľudí.

You find it associated with play, and all mammals play.

Zistíte, že sa spája s hrou, a všetky cicavce sa hrajú.

And wherever you find it, it's associated with interactions.

A kdekoľvek ho nájdete, spája sa s interakciami.

So Robert Provine, who has done a lot of work on this,

Robert Provine, ktorý na tejto téme veľa pracoval,

has pointed out that you are 30 times more likely to laugh

uviedol, že je 30-krát pravdepodobnejšie, že sa budete smiať,

if you are with somebody else than if you're on your own,

ak ste s niekým iným, ako keď ste sami,

and where you find most laughter

a najviac smiechu sa vyskytne

is in social interactions like conversation.

pri sociálnych interakciách, ako konverzácia.

So if you ask human beings, "When do you laugh?"

Takže keď sa ľudí opýtate: „Kedy sa smejete?“,

they'll talk about comedy and they'll talk about humor and they'll talk about jokes.

povedia vám o komédiách, o humore a o vtipoch.

If you look at when they laugh, they're laughing with their friends.

Keď sa pozriete, kedy sa smejú, smejú sa so svojimi priateľmi.

And when we laugh with people, we're hardly ever actually laughing at jokes.

A keď sa smejeme s ľudmi, sotva sa smejeme na vtipoch.

You are laughing to show people that you understand them,

Smejete sa, aby ste ľuďom ukázali, že ich chápete,

that you agree with them, that you're part of the same group as them.

že s nimi súhlasíte, že ste súčasťou rovnakej skupiny ako oni.

You're laughing to show that you like them.

Aby ste im ukázali, že ich máte radi.

You might even love them.

Môžete ich aj milovať.

You're doing all that at the same time as talking to them,

Robíte to všetko súčasne s tým, ako s nimi hovoríte,

and the laughter is doing a lot of that emotional work for you.

a smiech za vás odvedie veľa emocionálnej práce.

Something that Robert Provine has pointed out, as you can see here,

To, čo Robert Provine zdôraznil a môžete to tu vidieť,

and the reason why we were laughing

a dôvod, prečo sme sa smiali,

when we heard those funny laughs at the start,

keď sme počuli tie ukážky smiechu na začiatku,

and why I was laughing when I found my parents laughing,

a preto som sa ja smiala, keď som zbadala smiať sa rodičov,

is that it's an enormously behaviorally contagious effect.

je to, že je to správanie s ohromne nákazlivým účinkom.

You can catch laughter from somebody else,

Môžete pochytiť smiech od niekoho iného,

and you are more likely to catch laughter off somebody else if you know them.

a je pravdepodobnejšie, že sa tak stane od človeka, ktorého poznáte.

Čiže to stále podlieha sociálnemu prostrediu.

So it's still modulated by this social context.

Musíte dať humor bokom

You have to put humor to one side

and think about the social meaning of laughter

a rozmýšľať nad spoločenským významom smiechu,

pretože v ňom spočíva jeho pôvod.

because that's where its origins lie.

Now, something I've got very interested in is different kinds of laughter,

Veľmi ma zaujímajú rôzne typy smiechu,

and we have some neurobiological evidence about how human beings vocalize

máme určité neurobiologické záznamy, o tom, ako ľudia vydávajú zvuky,

that suggests there might be two kinds of laughs that we have.

ktoré uvádzajú, že by mohli byť dva druhy smiechu.

So it seems possible that the neurobiology for helpless, involuntary laughter,

Možno má neurobiológia bezmocného neúmyselného smiechu,

like my parents lying on the floor screaming about a silly song,

ako keď moji rodičia ležali na podlahe kvôli smiešnej pesničke,

might have a different basis to it than some of that more polite

odlišný základ ako ten slušnejší,

social laughter that you encounter, which isn't horrible laughter,

spoločenský smiech, s ktorým sa stretnete, čo nie je hrozný smiech,

but it's behavior somebody is doing as part of their communicative act to you,

ale je to správanie, ktoré niekto predvádza ako súčasť komunikácie k vám,

part of their interaction with you; they are choosing to do this.

ako súčasť interakcie s vami, si zvolia toto.

In our evolution, we have developed two different ways of vocalizing.

Pri evolúcii sme si vyvinuli dva rôzne spôsoby vydávania zvukov.

Involuntary vocalizations are part of an older system

Neúmyselné vydávanie patrí k staršiemu systému

than the more voluntary vocalizations like the speech I'm doing now.

ako sú úmyselné zvuky, ako napr. reč, ktorú teraz prevádzam.

So we might imagine that laughter might actually have two different roots.

Preto si môžeme predstaviť, že smiech má vlastne dva odlišné základy.

So I've been looking at this in more detail.

Pozrela som sa na túto vec podrobnejšie.

To do this, we've had to make recordings of people laughing,

Aby sme tak mohli urobiť, museli sme nahrať smejúcich sa ľudí,

and we've had to do whatever it takes to make people laugh,

a museli sme urobiť čokoľvek, čo dokáže ľudí rozosmiať,

and we got those same people to produce more posed, social laughter.

a chceli sme od tých istých ľudí, aby ukázali predstieraný smiech.

So imagine your friend told a joke,

Napríklad váš priateľ povie vtip,

and you're laughing because you like your friend,

a vy sa smejete, pretože ho máte radi,

but not really because the joke's all that.

ale vôbec nie kvôli vtipu.

So I'm going to play you a couple of those.

Pustím vám niekoľko takých ukážok.

I want you to tell me if you think this laughter is real laughter,

Chcem aby ste mi povedali, či si myslíte, že je smiech skutočný,

or if you think it's posed.

alebo je hraný.

So is this involuntary laughter or more voluntary laughter?

Je teda toto smiech neúmyselný alebo skôr úmyselný?

(Audio: Laughing)

(zvuk: ukážka smiechu)

What does that sound like to you?

Ako vám tento zvuk znie?

Audience: Posed. Sophie Scott: Posed? Posed.

Publikum: Hraný. Sophie Scottová: Hraný? Hraný.

How about this one?

A čo tento?

(Audio: Laughing)

(zvuk: ukážka smiechu)

(Laughter)

(smiech)

I'm the best.

Som najlepšia.

(Laughter) (Applause)

(smiech) (potlesk)

Not really.

Naozaj nie.

No, that was helpless laughter,

Nie, to bol bezmocný smiech

and in fact, to record that, all they had to do was record me

a jediné, čo museli urobiť, aby ho nahrali,

watching one of my friends listening to something I knew she wanted to laugh at,

bolo nahrať mňa, ako sledujem kamarátku ako počúva niečo smiešne

and I just started doing this.

a začala som sa takto smiať.

What you find is that people are good at telling the difference

Zistíte, že ľudia dobre rozoznajú rozdiel

between real and posed laughter.

medzi pravým a hraným smiechom.

They seem to be different things to us.

Zdajú sa nám ako odlišné veci.

Interestingly, you see something quite similar with chimpanzees.

Je zaujímavé, že čosi podobné vidno i u šimpanzov.

Šimpanzy sa smejú inak pri šteklení

Chimpanzees laugh differently if they're being tickled

a inak, keď sa spolu hrajú

than if they're playing with each other,

a niečo podobné vidíme aj tu,

and we might be seeing something like that here,

neúmyselný smiech, smiech pre šteklení, sa odlišujú od spoločenského smiechu.

involuntary laughter, tickling laughter, being different from social laughter.

Akusticky sú veľmi rozdielne.

They're acoustically very different.

Skutočný smiech je dlhší. Stúpa vyššie.

The real laughs are longer. They're higher in pitch.

Keď sa začnete veľmi smiať,

When you start laughing hard,

začnete vytláčať z pľúc vzduch,

you start squeezing air out from your lungs

pod oveľa väčším tlakom ako by ste to dokázali urobiť úmyselne.

under much higher pressures than you could ever produce voluntarily.

Ja by som napríklad nevytiahla hlas tak vysoko pri speve.

For example, I could never pitch my voice that high to sing.

Also, you start to get these sort of contractions and weird whistling sounds,

Začnete mať sťahy a vydávať čudné piskľavé zvuky,

all of which mean that real laughter is extremely easy,

čo všetko znamená, že pravý smiech je extrémne ľahký

or feels extremely easy to spot.

a extrémne ľahko si ho všimnete.

In contrast, posed laughter, we might think it sounds a bit fake.

Naopak, hraný smiech sa nám môže zdať trochu falošný.

Actually, it's not, it's actually an important social cue.

V skutočnosti nie je, má dôležitú spoločenskú rolu.

We use it a lot, we're choosing to laugh in a lot of situations,

Často ho využívame, volíme si smiech v mnohých situáciách,

and it seems to be its own thing.

a zdá sa nezávislý.

So, for example, you find nasality in posed laughter,

Mohli ste si všimnúť hovorenie nosom pri hranom smiechu,

that kind of "ha ha ha ha ha" sound

taký „ha ha ha ha ha“ zvuk,

that you never get, you could not do, if you were laughing involuntarily.

ktorý nevydáte, nedá sa to, ak sa smejete úmyselne.

So they do seem to be genuinely these two different sorts of things.

Takže sa zdá, že sú to naozaj dve odlišné veci.

We took it into the scanner to see how brains respond

Nasnímali sme mozog, aby sme videli ako odpovedá,

when you hear laughter.

keď počujete smiech.

And when you do this, this is a really boring experiment.

Je to veľmi nudný experiment.

We just played people real and posed laughs.

Púšťali sme ľuďom smiech pravý a hraný.

We didn't tell them it was a study on laughter.

Nepovedali sme im, že ide o výskum smiechu.

We put other sounds in there to distract them,

Pridali sme ďalšie zvuky, aby sme ich zmiatli

and all they're doing is lying listening to sounds.

a oni len ležali a počúvali zvuky.

We don't tell them to do anything.

Nekázali sme im nič robiť.

Nonetheless, when you hear real laughter and when you hear posed laughter,

Napriek tomu, keď počujete pravý smiech, a keď počujete hraný,

the brains are responding completely differently,

mozog odpovedá odlišným spôsobom,

significantly differently.

výrazne odlišným.

What you see in the regions in blue, which lies in auditory cortex,

Modrou vyznačené oblasti, nachádzajúce sa v sluchovej kôre,

are the brain areas that respond more to the real laughs,

sú oblasti mozgu, ktoré odpovedajú viac na pravý smiech

and what seems to be the case,

a zdá sa, že to je aj dôvod,

when you hear somebody laughing involuntarily,

keď počujete niekoho smiať sa neúmyselne,

you hear sounds you would never hear in any other context.

počujete zvuky, ktoré nikdy nepočuť v inom kontexte.

It's very unambiguous,

Je to jednoznačné

and it seems to be associated with greater auditory processing

a zdá sa, že je to spojené s lepším sluchovým spracovaním

of these novel sounds.

týchto nových zvukov.

In contrast, when you hear somebody laughing in a posed way,

Naopak, keď počujete niekoho hraný smiech,

what you see are these regions in pink,

uvidíte tieto oblasti vyznačené ružovou,

which are occupying brain areas associated with mentalizing,

ktoré zobrazujú oblasti mozgu spojené s uvažovaním,

thinking about what somebody else is thinking.

myslením na to, čo si myslí niekto iný.

And I think what that means is,

A podľa mňa to znamená,

even if you're having your brain scanned, which is completely boring

že aj keď vám skenujú mozog, čo je nudné

and not very interesting,

a nie veľmi zaujímavé,

when you hear somebody going, "A ha ha ha ha ha,"

keď počujete niekoho robiť „A ha ha ha ha ha“,

you're trying to work out why they're laughing.

snažíte sa zistiť, na čom sa smeje.

Laughter is always meaningful.

Smiech má vždy zmysel.

You are always trying to understand it in context,

Vždy sa mu snažíte porozumieť v kontexte,

even if, as far as you are concerned, at that point in time,

aj keď, čo sa týka vás v danom momente

it has not necessarily anything to do with you,

s vami nemá nič spoločné,

stále chcete vedieť, prečo sa tí ľudia smejú.

you still want to know why those people are laughing.

Now, we've had the opportunity to look at how people hear real and posed laughter

My sme teraz mali príležitosť pozrieť sa, ako ľudia počujú pravý a hraný smiech

s ohľadom na vek.

across the age range.

So this is an online experiment we ran with the Royal Society,

Spolu s Kráľovskou spoločnosťou sme urobili online experiment,

and here we just asked people two questions.

v ktorom sme sa pýtali ľudí len dve otázky.

First of all, they heard some laughs,

Najprv si vypočuli ukážky smiechu

and they had to say, how real or posed do these laughs sound?

a museli povedať, či znejú ako smiech hraný alebo pravý.

The real laughs are shown in red and the posed laughs are shown in blue.

Pravý smiech je znázornený červenou a hraný modrou.

Vidíte, že je tam prudký vzostup.

What you see is there is a rapid onset.

Ako starnete, stále sa zlepšujete v pozorovaní pravého smiechu.

As you get older, you get better and better at spotting real laughter.

So six-year-olds are at chance, they can't really hear the difference.

Čiže šesťroční možno skutočne nepočujú rozdiel.

By the time you are older, you get better,

Ale ako časom starnete, zlepšujete sa,

but interestingly, you do not hit peak performance in this dataset

no je zaujímavé, že najlepší výkon v tejto oblasti dosiahnete

until you are in your late 30s and early 40s.

až koncom 30-tich a začiatkom 40-tich rokov.

You don't understand laughter fully by the time you hit puberty.

Smiech nechápete úplne v čase, keď ste v puberte.

You don't understand laughter fully by the time your brain has matured

Smiech nechápete úplne v čase, keď sa končí vývoj mozgu,

at the end of your teens.

na konci vášho dospievania.

You're learning about laughter throughout your entire early adult life.

O smiechu sa učíte počas vášho celého života mladého dospelého.

If we turn the question around and now say not, what does the laughter sound like

Ak by sme zmenili otázku: a teraz nám povedzte, nie ako

in terms of being real or posed, but we say,

zvuk znie ohľadom pravosti a predstierania,

how much does this laughter make you want to laugh,

ale ako veľmi vás tento smiech chce prinútiť smiať,

how contagious is this laughter to you, we see a different profile.

aký nákazlivý sa vám zdá, vidíme iné výsledky.

And here, the younger you are,

Teraz, čím ste mladší,

the more you want to join in when you hear laughter.

tým viac sa chcete pripojiť, keď počujete smiech.

Remember me laughing with my parents when I had no idea what was going on.

Spomeňte si, ako som ja smiala s rodičmi, aj keď som netušila, čo sa deje.

You really can see this.

Tam si to môžete všimnúť.

Now everybody, young and old,

Teda každý, mladý či starý,

finds the real laughs more contagious than the posed laughs,

považuje pravý smiech za nákazlivejší ako smiech hraný,

but as you get older, it all becomes less contagious to you.

ale ako starnete, všetko sa vám zdá menej nákazlivé.

Now, either we're all just becoming really grumpy as we get older,

Nuž, buď sa všetci vekom stávame mrzutejšími,

or it may mean that as you understand laughter better,

alebo to môže znamenať, že keď lepšie chápete smiech,

and you are getting better at doing that,

a zlepšujete sa v tom,

you need more than just hearing people laugh to want to laugh.

potrebujete viac ako počuť smiech iných, aby ste sa smiali.

You need the social stuff there.

Potrebujete spoločenský základ.

So we've got a very interesting behavior

Máme teda veľmi zaujímavé správanie,

about which a lot of our lay assumptions are incorrect,

o ktorom máme veľa nesprávnych predpokladov,

but I'm coming to see that actually there's even more to laughter

ale ja už vlastne vidím v smiechu viac,

than it's an important social emotion we should look at,

je to dôležitá spoločenská emócia, ktorú si treba všímať,

because it turns out people are phenomenally nuanced

pretože sa ukazuje, že ľudia sa mimoriadne odlišujú,

in terms of how we use laughter.

čo sa týka používania smiechu.

There's a really lovely set of studies coming out

Vychádza výborná zbierka výskumov

from Robert Levenson's lab in California,

z laboratória Roberta Levensona v Kalifornii,

where he's doing a longitudinal study with couples.

kde pracuje na dlhodobej štúdii s pármi.

He gets married couples, men and women, into the lab,

Privedie do laboratória zosobášené páry, mužov a ženy,

and he gives them stressful conversations to have

a nariadi im stresujúci rozhovor,

while he wires them up to a polygraph so he can see them becoming stressed.

zatiaľ čo ich pripojí k polygrafu, aby videl, kedy začínajú byť v strese.

So you've got the two of them in there, and he'll say to the husband,

Takže tam máte tých dvoch a on povie manželovi:

"Tell me something that your wife does that irritates you."

„Povedzte mi o niečom, čo vaša žena robí a vás to irituje.“

And what you see is immediately --

A to vidíte okamžite,

just run that one through your head briefly, you and your partner --

len si to rýchlo prebehnite v mysli, vy a váš partner,

you can imagine everybody gets a bit more stressed as soon as that starts.

viete si predstaviť, že každý je trochu v strese už od začiatku.

You can see physically, people become more stressed.

Fyzicky môžete vidieť ako ľudia viac podliehajú stresu.

What he finds is that the couples who manage that feeling of stress

On zistil, že páry, ktoré zvládajú pocit stresu so smiechom,

with laughter, positive emotions like laughter,

s pozitívnymi emóciami ako je smiech,

not only immediately become less stressed,

nielenže okamžite sú menej v strese,

they can see them physically feeling better,

fyzicky sa cítia lepšie,

they're dealing with this unpleasant situation better together,

spoločne túto nepríjemnú situáciu lepšie zvládajú,

they are also the couples that report

sú takisto páry, ktoré označujú

high levels of satisfaction in their relationship

svoje vzťahy za vysoko uspokojivé

and they stay together for longer.

a dlhšie spolu vydržia.

So in fact, when you look at close relationships,

V podstate, keď sa pozriete na blízke vzťahy,

laughter is a phenomenally useful index

smiech je mimoriadne užitočný ukazovateľ,

of how people are regulating their emotions together.

ako ľudia spolu ovládajú svoje emócie.

We're not just emitting it at each other to show that we like each other,

Nielenže ho na seba navzájom vysielame, aby sme ukázali, že sa máme radi,

we're making ourselves feel better together.

ale spoločne sa takto aj cítime lepšie.

Now, I don't think this is going to be limited to romantic relationships.

Nemyslím si, že toto sa obmedzuje len na romantické vzťahy.

I think this is probably going to be a characteristic

Myslím si, že je to charakteristické

of close emotional relationships such as you might have with friends,

pre blízke emocionálne vzťahy, také, ako môžete mať s priateľmi,

which explains my next clip,

ako vysvetľuje moje ďalšie video,

which is of a YouTube video of some young men in the former East Germany

ktoré dali na YouTube istí mladí muži z bývalého Východného Nemecka,

on making a video to promote their heavy metal band,

o tom, ako robili video, aby spropagovali svoju heavymetalovú kapelu,

and it's extremely macho, and the mood is very serious,

je to extrémne „mačovské“, atmosféra je veľmi vážna

a chcem, aby ste si všimli, čo sa stane, čo sa týka smiechu,

and I want you to notice what happens in terms of laughter

when things go wrong

keď veci nevyjdú,

and how quickly that happens, and how that changes the mood.

ako rýchlo sa to stane a ako to zmení atmosféru.

He's cold. He's about to get wet. He's got swimming trunks on,

Je mu zima. Ide sa zmáčať. Má na sebe plavky,

got a towel.

má uterák.

Ice.

Ľad.

What might possibly happen?

Čo by sa tak mohlo stať?

Video starts.

Začína video.

Serious mood.

Vážna nálada.

And his friends are already laughing. They are already laughing, hard.

A jeho priatelia sa už smejú. Smejú sa naozaj riadne.

He's not laughing yet.

On sa ešte nesmeje.

(smiech)

(Laughter)

He's starting to go now.

Teraz sa začína smiať.

And now they're all off.

A teraz sú už všetci hotoví.

(Laughter)

(smiech)

They're on the floor.

Váľajú sa po zemi.

(Laughter)

(smiech)

The thing I really like about that is it's all very serious

Veľmi sa mi na tom páči, aké je to celé strašne vážne,

until he jumps onto the ice, and as soon as he doesn't go through the ice,

pokým naskočí na ľad, a akonáhle ho neprerazí

but also there isn't blood and bone everywhere,

ale nie je tam všade krv a netrčia kosti,

his friends start laughing.

jeho priatelia sa začnú smiať.

And imagine if that had played him out with him standing there going,

A predstavte si, že by to zahral a povedal:

"No seriously, Heinrich, I think this is broken,"

„Nie vážne, Heinrich, myslím, že som si zlomil nohu.“

To by nás nebavilo pozerať. Bolo by to stresujúce.

we wouldn't enjoy watching that. That would be stressful.

Alebo keby tam pobiehal s viditeľne zlomenou nohou a smiechom

Or if he was running around with a visibly broken leg laughing,

a jeho kamoši by vraveli: „Heinrich, musíme ísť do nemocnice“,

and his friends are going, "Heinrich, I think we need to go to the hospital now,"

to by tiež nebolo vtipné.

Skutočnosť, že smiech funguje,

that also wouldn't be funny.

The fact that the laughter works,

dostal ho z bolestivej, trápnej, náročnej situácie

it gets him from a painful, embarrassing, difficult situation,

do situácie smiešnej, do tej, na ktorej sa vlastne bavíme,

into a funny situation, into what we're actually enjoying there,

je práve to jeho zaujímavé využitie,

and I think that's a really interesting use,

a práve to sa deje po celý čas.

and it's actually happening all the time.

Napríklad si pamätám, že čosi podobné sa stalo

For example, I can remember something like this happening

na pohrebe môjho otca.

at my father's funeral.

Neskákali sme tam na ľad v spodnej bielizni.

We weren't jumping around on the ice in our underpants.

Nie sme Kanaďania.

We're not Canadian.

(smiech) (potlesk)

(Laughter) (Applause)

These events are always difficult, I had a relative who was being a bit difficult,

Tieto udalosti sú vždy náročné.

S jedným príbuzným bolo ťažko, mojej mame nebolo dobre

my mum was not in a good place,

and I can remember finding myself just before the whole thing started

a pamätám si, že tesne predtým, ako to celé začalo,

telling this story about something that happened in a 1970s sitcom,

som rozprávala o tom, ako sa niečo stalo v sitkome zo 70. rokov,

and I just thought at the time, I don't know why I'm doing this,

a vtedy som si pomyslela, neviem prečo toto robím,

and what I realized I was doing

a uvedomila som si,

was I was coming up with something from somewhere

že som hľadala niekde niečo,

I could use to make her laugh together with me.

čo by som mohla použiť, aby sme sa spolu zasmiali.

It was a very basic reaction to find some reason we can do this.

Je to základná reakcia, nájsť dôvod, pre ktorý to môžeme urobiť.

We can laugh together. We're going to get through this.

Môžeme sa spolu zasmiať. Dostaneme sa cez to.

We're going to be okay.

Budeme v poriadku.

And in fact, all of us are doing this all the time.

A v podstate, všetci to tak robíme po celý čas.

You do it so often, you don't even notice it.

Robíte to tak často, že si to ani nevšímate.

Everybody underestimates how often they laugh,

Každý podceňuje, ako často sa smeje,

and you're doing something, when you laugh with people,

a keď sa s ľuďmi smejete, robíte niečo,

that's actually letting you access a really ancient evolutionary system

čo vám umožňuje prístup k dávnemu evolučnému systému,

that mammals have evolved to make and maintain social bonds,

ktorý sa u cicavcov vyvinul, aby si vytvorili a udržali sociálne väzby,

and clearly to regulate emotions, to make ourselves feel better.

a zjavne aj na ovládanie emócií, aby sme sa cítili lepšie.

It's not something specific to humans -- it's a really ancient behavior

Nie je to špecifické len pre ľudí, je to skutočne dávne správanie,

which really helps us regulate how we feel and makes us feel better.

ktoré nám naozaj pomáha ovládať, ako sa cítime, a cítiť sa lepšie.

In other words, when it comes to laughter,

Inými slovami, keď dôjde na smiech,

you and me, baby, ain't nothing but mammals. (Laughter)

ty a ja, bejby, nie sme nič iné ako cicavce. (smiech)

Thank you.

Ďakujem.

Thank you. (Applause)

Ďakujem. (potlesk)