Why we laugh | Sophie Scott

1,027,207 views ใƒป 2015-04-30

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:12
Hi. I'm going to talk to you today about laughter,
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ื”ื™ื™, ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืฆื—ื•ืง,
00:15
and I just want to start by thinking about the first time
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
00:18
I can ever remember noticing laughter.
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ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ื‘ืฆื—ื•ืง.
00:20
This is when I was a little girl. I would've been about six.
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ื–ื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืช ืฉืฉ.
00:23
And I came across my parents doing something unusual,
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ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื•ืจื™ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
00:27
where they were laughing.
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ื‘ื• ื”ื ืฆื—ืงื•.
00:28
They were laughing very, very hard.
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ื”ื ืฆื—ืงื• ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ื—ื–ืง.
00:30
They were lying on the floor laughing.
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ื”ื ืฉื›ื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื” ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื.
00:32
They were screaming with laughter.
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ื”ื ืฆืจื—ื• ืžืฆื—ื•ืง.
00:34
I did not know what they were laughing at, but I wanted in.
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื ืฆื—ืงื•, ืื‘ืœ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ.
00:38
I wanted to be part of that,
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื”,
00:40
and I kind of sat around at the edge going, "Hoo hoo!" (Laughter)
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ื•ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืงืฆื” ื•ืขืฉื™ืชื™. "ื”ื•ื• ื”ื•ื•!" (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:43
Now, incidentally, what they were laughing at
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืžืงืจื”, ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœื”ื ืœืฆื—ื•ืง
00:47
was a song which people used to sing,
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืจื™ื,
00:49
which was based around signs in toilets on trains
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
00:53
telling you what you could and could not do
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ืฉืืžืจื• ืœื›ื ืžื” ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื” ืœื
00:56
in toilets on trains.
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ื‘ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
00:57
And the thing you have to remember about the English is, of course,
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ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
01:00
we do have an immensely sophisticated sense of humor.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื.
01:03
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:04
At the time, though, I didn't understand anything of that.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ื›ืœื•ื ืžื–ื”.
01:07
I just cared about the laughter,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืื›ืคืช ืžื”ืฆื—ื•ืง,
01:09
and actually, as a neuroscientist, I've come to care about it again.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช ืžื•ื—, ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืฉื•ื‘.
01:12
And it is a really weird thing to do.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื–ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
01:15
What I'm going to do now is just play some examples
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืืขืฉื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
01:17
of real human beings laughing,
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ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื,
01:19
and I want you think about the sound people make and how odd that can be,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
01:22
and in fact how primitive laughter is as a sound.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืžื” ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื—ื•ืง.
01:25
It's much more like an animal call than it is like speech.
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ื” ืžืืฉืจ ืœื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
01:28
So here we've got some laughter for you. The first one is pretty joyful.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงืฆืช ืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ืขืœื™ื–.
01:31
(Audio: Laughing)
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(ืื•ื“ื™ื•: ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:47
Now this next guy, I need him to breathe.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื.
01:50
There's a point in there where I'm just, like,
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ื™ืฉ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืคื” ืฉืื ื™ ื›ืื™ืœื•,
01:52
you've got to get some air in there, mate,
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ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืงื—ืช ืงืฆืช ืื•ื™ืจ ืคื”, ื‘ื—ื•ืจ,
01:54
because he just sounds like he's breathing out.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉืฃ.
01:56
(Audio: Laughing)
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(ืื•ื“ื™ื•: ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:05
This hasn't been edited; this is him.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื ืขืจืš; ื–ื” ื”ื•ื.
02:08
(Audio: Laughing) (Laughter)
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(ืื•ื“ื™ื•: ืฆื—ื•ืง)(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:14
And finally we have -- this is a human female laughing.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• -- ื–ื• ืื™ืฉื” ืฆื•ื—ืงืช.
02:18
And laughter can take us to some pretty odd places in terms of making noises.
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ื•ืฆื—ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื.
02:22
(Audio: Laughing)
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(ืื•ื“ื™ื•: ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:41
She actually says, "Oh my God, what is that?" in French.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ืžืจืช, "ืื•ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ืžื” ื–ื”?" ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช.
02:44
We're all kind of with her. I have no idea.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื™ืชื”. ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’.
02:48
Now, to understand laughter, you have to look at a part of the body
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆื—ื•ืง, ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
02:51
that psychologists and neuroscientists don't normally spend much time looking at,
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ืฉืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืžื•ื— ืœื ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื•,
02:55
which is the ribcage,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืฆืœืขื•ืช,
02:56
and it doesn't seem terribly exciting,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื ืจืื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืจื’ืฉ,
02:58
but actually you're all using your ribcage all the time.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืฆืœืขื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
03:00
What you're all doing at the moment with your ribcage,
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ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข ืขื ื›ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืฆืœืขื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
03:03
and don't stop doing it, is breathing.
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ื•ืืœ ืชืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื•ื.
03:05
So you use the intercostal muscles, the muscles between your ribs,
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ืื– ืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืœืขื™ื™ื, ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืœืขื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
03:08
to bring air in and out of your lungs
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
03:10
just by expanding and contracting your ribcage,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ื›ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืฆืœืขื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
03:12
and if I was to put a strap around the outside of your chest
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื” ืจืฆื•ืขื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื–ื” ืฉืœื›ื
03:15
called a breath belt, and just look at that movement,
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”,
03:17
you see a rather gentle sinusoidal movement, so that's breathing.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืชื ื•ืขื” ืกื™ื•ื ืกื•ืื™ื“ืœื™ืช ื“ื™ ืขื“ื™ื ื”, ืื– ื–ื• ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
03:21
You're all doing it. Don't stop.
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ืืœ ืชืคืกื™ืงื•.
03:22
As soon as you start talking,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ,
03:24
you start using your breathing completely differently.
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ืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
03:26
So what I'm doing now is you see something much more like this.
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื”.
03:29
In talking, you use very fine movements of the ribcage
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ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืืชื ืžืชืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื•ื“ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืฆืœืขื•ืช
03:32
to squeeze the air out --
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” --
03:33
and in fact, we're the only animals that can do this.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
03:36
It's why we can talk at all.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
03:37
Now, both talking and breathing has a mortal enemy,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื’ื ืœื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื’ื ืœื ืฉื™ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืงื˜ืœื ื™,
03:40
and that enemy is laughter,
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ื•ื”ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื•ืง,
03:43
because what happens when you laugh
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืืชื ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื
03:45
is those same muscles start to contract very regularly,
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ื–ื” ืฉืื•ืชื ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืกื“ื™ืจ,
03:48
and you get this very marked sort of zig-zagging,
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ื•ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื’ ื–ื’ ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉื•ื ืŸ,
03:51
and that's just squeezing the air out of you.
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ื•ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื•ื—ืฅ ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืžืชื•ื›ื›ื.
03:53
It literally is that basic a way of making a sound.
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ื–ื• ืžืžืฉ ื“ืจืš ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆืœื™ืœ.
03:56
You could be stamping on somebody, it's having the same effect.
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ืืชื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื“ืจื•ืš ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ื–ื” ื™ืชืŸ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืืคืงื˜.
03:59
You're just squeezing air out,
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ืืชื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”,
04:00
and each of those contractions -- Ha! -- gives you a sound.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• -- ื”ื! ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืœื›ื ืฆืœื™ืœ.
04:03
And as the contractions run together, you can get these spasms,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
04:06
and that's when you start getting these -- (Wheezing) -- things happening.
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ื•ืื– ืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” -- (ืฆื™ืคืฆื•ืคื™ื) -- ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื.
04:10
I'm brilliant at this. (Laughter)
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ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื–ื”.(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:13
Now, in terms of the science of laughter, there isn't very much,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื—ื•ืง, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื”,
04:17
but it does turn out that pretty much everything we think we know
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
04:20
about laughter is wrong.
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ืขืœ ืฆื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืฉื’ื•ื™.
04:23
So it's not at all unusual, for example, to hear people to say
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื
04:25
humans are the only animals that laugh.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ื—ืงื•ืช.
04:28
Nietzsche thought that humans are the only animals that laugh.
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ื ื™ื˜ืฉื” ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืืฉื™ื ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ื—ืงื•ืช.
04:30
In fact, you find laughter throughout the mammals.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™.
04:33
It's been well-described and well-observed in primates,
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ื–ื” ืชื•ืืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื,
04:35
but you also see it in rats,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ื,
04:37
and wherever you find it --
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” --
04:38
humans, primates, rats --
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ืื ืฉื™ื, ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื, ืขื›ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ื --
04:40
you find it associated with things like tickling.
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ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ื’ื“ื•ื’ื™ื.
04:43
That's the same for humans.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื.
04:46
You find it associated with play, and all mammals play.
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ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืœืžืฉื—ืง, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื.
04:51
And wherever you find it, it's associated with interactions.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช.
04:55
So Robert Provine, who has done a lot of work on this,
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ืื– ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฉืขืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื,
04:58
has pointed out that you are 30 times more likely to laugh
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ื”ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ 30 ืฉืชืฆื—ืงื•
05:02
if you are with somebody else than if you're on your own,
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ืื ืืชื ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืื ืืชื ืœื‘ื“,
05:06
and where you find most laughter
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ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื—ื•ืง
05:08
is in social interactions like conversation.
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ื”ื•ื ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื—ื”.
05:10
So if you ask human beings, "When do you laugh?"
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื, "ืžืชื™ ืืชื ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื?"
05:13
they'll talk about comedy and they'll talk about humor and they'll talk about jokes.
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ื”ื ื™ื“ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” ื•ื”ื ื™ื“ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ื™ื“ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื•ืช.
05:17
If you look at when they laugh, they're laughing with their friends.
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ืื ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืชื™ ื”ื ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื, ื”ื ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
05:20
And when we laugh with people, we're hardly ever actually laughing at jokes.
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื ืžื‘ื“ื™ื—ื•ืช.
05:23
You are laughing to show people that you understand them,
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ืืชื ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื,
05:26
that you agree with them, that you're part of the same group as them.
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ืฉืืชื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืชื, ืฉืืชื ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ืžื•ื”ื.
05:29
You're laughing to show that you like them.
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ืืชื ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื.
05:31
You might even love them.
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื.
05:33
You're doing all that at the same time as talking to them,
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ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ืชื,
05:35
and the laughter is doing a lot of that emotional work for you.
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ื•ื”ืฆื—ื•ืง ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื.
05:38
Something that Robert Provine has pointed out, as you can see here,
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ืžืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืคื”,
05:41
and the reason why we were laughing
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืฆื—ืงื ื•
05:43
when we heard those funny laughs at the start,
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ื›ืฉืฉืžืขื ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
05:45
and why I was laughing when I found my parents laughing,
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ื•ืœืžื” ืฆื—ืงืชื™ ื›ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ื”ื•ืจื™ ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื,
05:48
is that it's an enormously behaviorally contagious effect.
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ื–ื” ืฉื–ื” ืืคืงื˜ ืจื’ืฉื™ ืžื“ื‘ืง.
05:51
You can catch laughter from somebody else,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืฆื—ื•ืง ืžืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ,
05:53
and you are more likely to catch laughter off somebody else if you know them.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืชื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ืฆื—ื•ืง ืžืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืื ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื.
05:57
So it's still modulated by this social context.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
05:59
You have to put humor to one side
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ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“
06:00
and think about the social meaning of laughter
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ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื—ื•ืง
06:03
because that's where its origins lie.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
06:05
Now, something I've got very interested in is different kinds of laughter,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืื•ื“ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื—ื•ืง,
06:09
and we have some neurobiological evidence about how human beings vocalize
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื
06:14
that suggests there might be two kinds of laughs that we have.
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ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืฆื—ื•ืง.
06:18
So it seems possible that the neurobiology for helpless, involuntary laughter,
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ืื– ื ืจืื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ืจื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ื—ืกืจ ื™ืฉืข, ืœื ืจืฆื•ื ื™,
06:23
like my parents lying on the floor screaming about a silly song,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืฉืฉื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื” ืฆื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉ,
06:26
might have a different basis to it than some of that more polite
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืื—ืจ ืžื”ืฆื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื ื•ืžืก
06:29
social laughter that you encounter, which isn't horrible laughter,
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืืชื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืฆื—ื•ืง ื ื•ืจืื™,
06:32
but it's behavior somebody is doing as part of their communicative act to you,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืื™ืชื›ื,
06:36
part of their interaction with you; they are choosing to do this.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืื™ืชื›ื; ื”ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
06:40
In our evolution, we have developed two different ways of vocalizing.
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ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืฉืชื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืžืขืช ืงื•ืœื•ืช.
06:43
Involuntary vocalizations are part of an older system
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ื”ืฉืžืขืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืœื ืจืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ืฉื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:46
than the more voluntary vocalizations like the speech I'm doing now.
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ืžืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืขืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
06:49
So we might imagine that laughter might actually have two different roots.
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืฆื—ื•ืง ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช.
06:53
So I've been looking at this in more detail.
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ืื– ื—ืงืจืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:55
To do this, we've had to make recordings of people laughing,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื,
06:58
and we've had to do whatever it takes to make people laugh,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฆื—ื•ืง,
07:01
and we got those same people to produce more posed, social laughter.
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ื•ื’ืจืžื ื• ืœืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฆื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžื“ื•ืžื”.
07:04
So imagine your friend told a joke,
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ืื– ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื›ื ืกื™ืคืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื”,
07:05
and you're laughing because you like your friend,
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ื•ืืชื ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืฉืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื›ื,
07:08
but not really because the joke's all that.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื” ืžืฉื”ื•.
07:10
So I'm going to play you a couple of those.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืืฉืžื™ืข ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืžืืœื”.
07:12
I want you to tell me if you think this laughter is real laughter,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื’ื™ื“ื• ืœื™ ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื,
07:15
or if you think it's posed.
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ืื• ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืขื•ืฉื™ื.
07:16
So is this involuntary laughter or more voluntary laughter?
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ืื– ื”ืื ื–ื” ืฆื—ื•ืง ืœื ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืื• ืฆื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืฆื•ื ื™?
07:19
(Audio: Laughing)
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(ืื•ื“ื™ื•: ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:24
What does that sound like to you?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืœื›ื?
07:26
Audience: Posed. Sophie Scott: Posed? Posed.
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ืงื”ืœ: ืžื“ื•ืžื”. ืกื•ืคื™ ืกืงื•ื˜: ืžื“ื•ืžื”? ืžื“ื•ืžื”.
07:28
How about this one?
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ืžื” ืขื ื–ื”?
07:29
(Audio: Laughing)
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(ืื•ื“ื™ื•: ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:34
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:35
I'm the best.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
07:37
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
07:39
Not really.
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ืœื ื‘ืืžืช.
07:41
No, that was helpless laughter,
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ืœื, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆื—ื•ืง ื—ืกืจ ื™ืฉืข,
07:43
and in fact, to record that, all they had to do was record me
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื–ื”, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืื•ืชื™
07:47
watching one of my friends listening to something I knew she wanted to laugh at,
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ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ ืžืื–ื™ื ื” ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ืžืžื ื•,
07:50
and I just started doing this.
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
07:52
What you find is that people are good at telling the difference
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื–ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ
07:55
between real and posed laughter.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื—ื•ืง ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืžืขื•ืฉื”.
07:57
They seem to be different things to us.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•.
07:59
Interestingly, you see something quite similar with chimpanzees.
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ืขื ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื.
08:02
Chimpanzees laugh differently if they're being tickled
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ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืื ื”ื ืžื“ื•ื’ื“ื’ื™ื
08:04
than if they're playing with each other,
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ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™,
08:06
and we might be seeing something like that here,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื” ืคื”,
08:08
involuntary laughter, tickling laughter, being different from social laughter.
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ืฆื—ื•ืง ืœื ืจืฆื•ื ื™, ืฆื—ื•ืง ืžื“ื’ื“ื•ื’, ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฆื—ื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
08:12
They're acoustically very different.
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ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืช.
08:14
The real laughs are longer. They're higher in pitch.
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ื”ืฆื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:16
When you start laughing hard,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืชื—ื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ื—ื–ืง,
08:18
you start squeezing air out from your lungs
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ืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
08:20
under much higher pressures than you could ever produce voluntarily.
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ืชื—ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืฅ ืžืฉืื™ ืคืขื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืจืฆื•ื ื™ืช.
08:23
For example, I could never pitch my voice that high to sing.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ื” ืืช ืงื•ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื”.
08:26
Also, you start to get these sort of contractions and weird whistling sounds,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆืœื™ืœื™ ืฉืจื™ืงื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื,
08:30
all of which mean that real laughter is extremely easy,
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ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ืฉืฆื—ื•ืง ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืงืœ,
08:32
or feels extremely easy to spot.
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ืื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืงืœ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™.
08:34
In contrast, posed laughter, we might think it sounds a bit fake.
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“, ืฆื—ื•ืง ืžืขื•ืฉื”, ืื•ืœื™ ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืฉืžืข ืžืขื˜ ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืฃ.
08:39
Actually, it's not, it's actually an important social cue.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ืœื, ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
08:42
We use it a lot, we're choosing to laugh in a lot of situations,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ื,
08:45
and it seems to be its own thing.
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•.
08:47
So, for example, you find nasality in posed laughter,
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ืื–, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื™ื ืคื•ืฃ ื‘ืฆื—ื•ืง ืžืขื•ืฉื”,
08:50
that kind of "ha ha ha ha ha" sound
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœ "ื”ื ื”ื ื”ื ื”ื ื”ื"
08:52
that you never get, you could not do, if you were laughing involuntarily.
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ืฉืืชื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื, ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื ืœื ืจืฆื•ื ื™ืช.
08:55
So they do seem to be genuinely these two different sorts of things.
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ืื– ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
08:58
We took it into the scanner to see how brains respond
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ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืชื•ืš ืกื•ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ืžื’ื™ื‘
09:01
when you hear laughter.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืฆื—ื•ืง.
09:02
And when you do this, this is a really boring experiment.
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ื–ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉืขืžื.
09:05
We just played people real and posed laughs.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืฉืžืขื ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฆื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืžืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ืฉื™ื.
09:07
We didn't tell them it was a study on laughter.
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ืœื ืืžืจื ื• ืœื›ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืฆื—ื•ืง.
09:09
We put other sounds in there to distract them,
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ืฉืžื ื• ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ื— ืืช ื“ืขืชื,
09:11
and all they're doing is lying listening to sounds.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ื” ืœืฉื›ื‘ ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
09:14
We don't tell them to do anything.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•.
09:15
Nonetheless, when you hear real laughter and when you hear posed laughter,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืฆื—ื•ืง ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืฆื—ื•ืง ืžืขื•ืฉื”,
09:19
the brains are responding completely differently,
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืžื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™,
09:21
significantly differently.
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ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.
09:23
What you see in the regions in blue, which lies in auditory cortex,
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก ื”ืฉืžื™ืขืชื™,
09:26
are the brain areas that respond more to the real laughs,
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ื”ื ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ื”ืืžื™ืชื™,
09:29
and what seems to be the case,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื”ืžืงืจื”,
09:30
when you hear somebody laughing involuntarily,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฆื•ื—ืง ืœื ืจืฆื•ื ื™ืช,
09:33
you hear sounds you would never hear in any other context.
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ืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืฉืžืขื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
09:35
It's very unambiguous,
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™,
09:36
and it seems to be associated with greater auditory processing
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ืขืชื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:39
of these novel sounds.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
09:41
In contrast, when you hear somebody laughing in a posed way,
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“, ื›ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืฆื—ื•ืง ืžืขื•ืฉื”,
09:45
what you see are these regions in pink,
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“,
09:47
which are occupying brain areas associated with mentalizing,
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ืฉืฆื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื–ื,
09:50
thinking about what somebody else is thinking.
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ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืฉื‘.
09:52
And I think what that means is,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ,
09:53
even if you're having your brain scanned, which is completely boring
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืืชื ืกื•ืจืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื, ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉืขืžื
09:56
and not very interesting,
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ื•ืœื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
09:58
when you hear somebody going, "A ha ha ha ha ha,"
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื•ืฉื”, "ืื” ื”ื ื”ื ื”ื ื”ื ,"
10:00
you're trying to work out why they're laughing.
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ืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื”ื ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื.
10:02
Laughter is always meaningful.
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ืฆื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
10:04
You are always trying to understand it in context,
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ืืชื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ,
10:06
even if, as far as you are concerned, at that point in time,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ื, ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ,
10:09
it has not necessarily anything to do with you,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืงืฉื•ืจ ืืœื™ื›ื,
10:11
you still want to know why those people are laughing.
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ืืชื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืœืžื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื.
10:14
Now, we've had the opportunity to look at how people hear real and posed laughter
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืฆื—ื•ืง ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืžืขื•ืฉื”
10:18
across the age range.
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ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื.
10:19
So this is an online experiment we ran with the Royal Society,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจืฆื ื• ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช,
10:21
and here we just asked people two questions.
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ื•ืคื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืฉืืœื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช.
10:24
First of all, they heard some laughs,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื ืฉืžืขื• ื›ืžื” ืฆื—ื•ืงื™ื,
10:25
and they had to say, how real or posed do these laughs sound?
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, ื›ืžื” ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืื• ืžืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆื—ื•ืงื™ื ื ืฉืžืขื•?
10:28
The real laughs are shown in red and the posed laughs are shown in blue.
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ื”ืฆื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืžืชื™ื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื ื•ื”ืžืขื•ืฉื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
10:32
What you see is there is a rapid onset.
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”.
10:34
As you get older, you get better and better at spotting real laughter.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื, ืืชื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฆื—ื•ืง ืืžื™ืชื™.
10:37
So six-year-olds are at chance, they can't really hear the difference.
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ืื– ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืฉ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื™, ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ.
10:40
By the time you are older, you get better,
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืชื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:43
but interestingly, you do not hit peak performance in this dataset
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช, ืืชื ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืกื˜ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”
10:46
until you are in your late 30s and early 40s.
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ืขื“ ืฉืืชื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 30 ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื” 40.
10:50
You don't understand laughter fully by the time you hit puberty.
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ืืชื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ืžืœื•ืื• ืขื“ ืฉืืชื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.
10:53
You don't understand laughter fully by the time your brain has matured
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ืืชื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ืžืœื•ืื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจ
10:56
at the end of your teens.
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื.
10:58
You're learning about laughter throughout your entire early adult life.
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ืืชื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
11:01
If we turn the question around and now say not, what does the laughter sound like
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ืื ื ืคื ื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื’ื™ื“ ืœื ืื™ืš ื”ืฆื—ื•ืง ื ืฉืžืข
11:05
in terms of being real or posed, but we say,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืื• ืžืขื•ืฉื”, ืืœื ื ื’ื™ื“,
11:07
how much does this laughter make you want to laugh,
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ื›ืžื” ื”ืฆื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœืฆื—ื•ืง,
11:10
how contagious is this laughter to you, we see a different profile.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื‘ืง ื”ืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืฉื•ื ื”.
11:13
And here, the younger you are,
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ื•ืคื”, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:14
the more you want to join in when you hear laughter.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืฆื—ื•ืง.
11:17
Remember me laughing with my parents when I had no idea what was going on.
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืฆื•ื—ืงืช ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ ื›ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
11:20
You really can see this.
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ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
11:22
Now everybody, young and old,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ื•ืœื, ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ื–ืงื ื™ื,
11:23
finds the real laughs more contagious than the posed laughs,
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ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื—ื•ืง ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื‘ืง ืžืฆื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืขื•ืฉื™ื,
11:26
but as you get older, it all becomes less contagious to you.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื, ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืคืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื.
11:29
Now, either we're all just becoming really grumpy as we get older,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื• ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืืžืช ืจื’ื–ื ื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื,
11:33
or it may mean that as you understand laughter better,
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ืื• ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื—ื•ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:36
and you are getting better at doing that,
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ื•ืืชื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
11:38
you need more than just hearing people laugh to want to laugh.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืง ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœืฆื—ื•ืง.
11:41
You need the social stuff there.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉื.
11:43
So we've got a very interesting behavior
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช
11:45
about which a lot of our lay assumptions are incorrect,
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ื‘ื” ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช,
11:49
but I'm coming to see that actually there's even more to laughter
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื—ื•ืง
11:52
than it's an important social emotion we should look at,
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ืžื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื•,
11:55
because it turns out people are phenomenally nuanced
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ
11:58
in terms of how we use laughter.
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื—ื•ืง.
12:00
There's a really lovely set of studies coming out
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ื™ืฉ ืกื˜ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื™ืคื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆื
12:02
from Robert Levenson's lab in California,
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ืžื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืœื‘ื ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
12:04
where he's doing a longitudinal study with couples.
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ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื—ืงืจ ืื•ืจื›ื™ ืขื ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช.
12:07
He gets married couples, men and women, into the lab,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื ืฉื•ืื™ื, ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
12:09
and he gives them stressful conversations to have
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืฆื•ืช
12:12
while he wires them up to a polygraph so he can see them becoming stressed.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืคื•ืœื™ื’ืจืฃ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื ืœื—ืฆื™ื.
12:15
So you've got the two of them in there, and he'll say to the husband,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื’ื™ื“ ืœื‘ืขืœ,
12:18
"Tell me something that your wife does that irritates you."
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"ืชืกืคืจ ืœื™ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืฉืชืš ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉืžืจื’ื™ื– ืื•ืชืš."
12:21
And what you see is immediately --
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ -
12:23
just run that one through your head briefly, you and your partner --
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ืจืง ืชืจื™ืฆื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืืชื ื•ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœื›ื --
12:26
you can imagine everybody gets a bit more stressed as soon as that starts.
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ืืชื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ.
12:30
You can see physically, people become more stressed.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืœื—ืฅ.
12:33
What he finds is that the couples who manage that feeling of stress
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ืœื” ื–ื” ืฉื”ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืžืชื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื–ื•
12:39
with laughter, positive emotions like laughter,
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ืขื ืฆื—ื•ืง, ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฆื—ื•ืง,
12:42
not only immediately become less stressed,
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ืœื ืจืง ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืฆื™ื,
12:46
they can see them physically feeling better,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:48
they're dealing with this unpleasant situation better together,
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ื”ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืœื ื ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื—ื“,
12:52
they are also the couples that report
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ื”ื ื’ื ื”ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื
12:53
high levels of satisfaction in their relationship
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ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
12:56
and they stay together for longer.
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ื•ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:57
So in fact, when you look at close relationships,
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ืื– ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื,
13:00
laughter is a phenomenally useful index
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ืฆื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœ
13:02
of how people are regulating their emotions together.
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ืœืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
13:04
We're not just emitting it at each other to show that we like each other,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™,
13:08
we're making ourselves feel better together.
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ืืœื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื—ื“.
13:10
Now, I don't think this is going to be limited to romantic relationships.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
13:13
I think this is probably going to be a characteristic
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชื›ื•ื ื”
13:16
of close emotional relationships such as you might have with friends,
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ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื,
13:19
which explains my next clip,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืœื™ืค ื”ื‘ื,
13:21
which is of a YouTube video of some young men in the former East Germany
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ
13:24
on making a video to promote their heavy metal band,
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ืขืœ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืœื”ืงืช ื”ืจื•ืง ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœื”ื,
13:28
and it's extremely macho, and the mood is very serious,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืืฆ'ื•, ื•ื”ืื•ื™ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช,
13:31
and I want you to notice what happens in terms of laughter
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื—ื•ืง
13:34
when things go wrong
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ื›ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉื™ื
13:36
and how quickly that happens, and how that changes the mood.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—.
13:41
He's cold. He's about to get wet. He's got swimming trunks on,
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ืงืจ ืœื•, ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืจื˜ื‘, ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ ื™ื,
13:44
got a towel.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื’ื‘ืช.
13:48
Ice.
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ืงืจื—.
13:50
What might possibly happen?
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ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ?
13:54
Video starts.
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ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ.
13:57
Serious mood.
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ืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื— ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
14:06
And his friends are already laughing. They are already laughing, hard.
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ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื. ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื ื—ื–ืง.
14:11
He's not laughing yet.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืฆื•ื—ืง.
14:14
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:16
He's starting to go now.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
14:25
And now they're all off.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ื•ืœื ืžืชืคืงืขื™ื.
14:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:44
They're on the floor.
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ื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”.
14:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:55
The thing I really like about that is it's all very serious
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืžืื•ื“
14:59
until he jumps onto the ice, and as soon as he doesn't go through the ice,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื•ืคืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื—, ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืจื—,
15:02
but also there isn't blood and bone everywhere,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื ื•ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
15:05
his friends start laughing.
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฆื—ื•ืง.
15:06
And imagine if that had played him out with him standing there going,
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ื•ื“ืžื™ื ื• ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืฉื,
15:09
"No seriously, Heinrich, I think this is broken,"
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"ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืจ,"
15:12
we wouldn't enjoy watching that. That would be stressful.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื ื”ื ื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืฅ.
15:15
Or if he was running around with a visibly broken leg laughing,
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ืื• ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืจืฅ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืขื ืขืฆื ืฉื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืฆื•ื—ืง,
15:18
and his friends are going, "Heinrich, I think we need to go to the hospital now,"
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ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,"
15:22
that also wouldn't be funny.
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื—ื™ืง.
15:23
The fact that the laughter works,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืฆื—ื•ืง ืขื•ื‘ื“,
15:25
it gets him from a painful, embarrassing, difficult situation,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ืื•ืชื• ืžืžืฆื‘ ื›ื•ืื‘, ืงืฉื” ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืœ,
15:28
into a funny situation, into what we're actually enjoying there,
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ืœืžืฆื‘ ืžืฆื—ื™ืง, ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืคื” ืœืžืขืฉื”,
15:31
and I think that's a really interesting use,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
15:33
and it's actually happening all the time.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
15:35
For example, I can remember something like this happening
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”
15:37
at my father's funeral.
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ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™.
15:39
We weren't jumping around on the ice in our underpants.
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ืœื ืงืคืฆื ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื— ื‘ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื.
15:41
We're not Canadian.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืงื ื“ื™ื.
15:44
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:46
These events are always difficult, I had a relative who was being a bit difficult,
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ื”ืืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืงืฉื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืช ืงืฉื”,
15:50
my mum was not in a good place,
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ืื™ืžื™ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘,
15:52
and I can remember finding myself just before the whole thing started
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ื•ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
15:55
telling this story about something that happened in a 1970s sitcom,
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ื•ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืกื™ื˜ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 70,
15:59
and I just thought at the time, I don't know why I'm doing this,
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ื•ืจืง ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”,
16:02
and what I realized I was doing
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™
16:04
was I was coming up with something from somewhere
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืฉื”ื•ื ืžืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•
16:07
I could use to make her laugh together with me.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื” ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื™.
16:11
It was a very basic reaction to find some reason we can do this.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ื›ืฉืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
16:14
We can laugh together. We're going to get through this.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ื™ื—ื“. ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
16:17
We're going to be okay.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
16:19
And in fact, all of us are doing this all the time.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
16:21
You do it so often, you don't even notice it.
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ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช, ืฉืืชื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘.
16:23
Everybody underestimates how often they laugh,
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ื›ื•ืœื ืœื ืžืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื,
16:26
and you're doing something, when you laugh with people,
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ื•ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•, ื›ืฉืืชื ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื,
16:29
that's actually letting you access a really ancient evolutionary system
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืขืชื™ืงื”
16:33
that mammals have evolved to make and maintain social bonds,
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ืฉื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœืฉืžืจ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื,
16:37
and clearly to regulate emotions, to make ourselves feel better.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:41
It's not something specific to humans -- it's a really ancient behavior
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืœืื ืฉื™ื -- ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”
16:44
which really helps us regulate how we feel and makes us feel better.
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:48
In other words, when it comes to laughter,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฆื—ื•ืง,
16:51
you and me, baby, ain't nothing but mammals. (Laughter)
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ืืชื ื•ืื ื™, ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ื™, ืœื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืง. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:54
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
16:56
Thank you. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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