Why we laugh | Sophie Scott

Translator: Liis Oblikas Reviewer: Aari Lemmik

Hi. I'm going to talk to you today about laughter,

Tere. Räägin teile täna naerust.

and I just want to start by thinking about the first time

Alustuseks meenutaksin päris esimest korda,

I can ever remember noticing laughter.

kui mäletan, et märkasin kedagi naermas.

This is when I was a little girl. I would've been about six.

Olin siis väike tüdruk, umbes 6-aastane.

And I came across my parents doing something unusual,

Ja juhtusin nägema oma vanemaid tegemas midagi ebatavalist.

Nad nimelt naersid kõvasti.

where they were laughing.

They were laughing very, very hard.

Nad lihtsalt lagistasid naerda.

They were lying on the floor laughing.

Naersid nii, et olid naerust põrandal kõveras.

They were screaming with laughter.

Nad olid naerust hullumas.

I did not know what they were laughing at, but I wanted in.

Ma ei saanud küll aru, mille üle nad naeravad,

aga ma tahtsin ka.

I wanted to be part of that,

Tahtsin, et mul oleks ka naljakas.

and I kind of sat around at the edge going, "Hoo hoo!" (Laughter)

Läksin ja tegin siis ka lihtsalt "Hu-huu!"

(Naer)

Now, incidentally, what they were laughing at

Tuli välja, et nad naersid ühte laulu

was a song which people used to sing,

mida tollal palju lauldi ja mille sisuks olid

which was based around signs in toilets on trains

rongide WC-des olevad sildid,

telling you what you could and could not do

kus on kirjas, mida tohib ja mida ei tohi

in toilets on trains.

teha rongi tualetis.

And the thing you have to remember about the English is, of course,

Inglaste puhul tuleb muidugi arvestada,

we do have an immensely sophisticated sense of humor.

et meil on ju erakordselt peen huumorimeel.

(Laughter)

(Naer)

At the time, though, I didn't understand anything of that.

Tollal ei saanud ma sellest midagi aru.

I just cared about the laughter,

Mind huvitas ainult naer.

and actually, as a neuroscientist, I've come to care about it again.

Ja nüüd, neuroteadlasena, huvitab mind see naer jälle.

And it is a really weird thing to do.

Naer on muidugi päris veider teema, mida uurida.

What I'm going to do now is just play some examples

Annan teile kuulata mõned näited

of real human beings laughing,

kuidas inimesed naeravad.

and I want you think about the sound people make and how odd that can be,

Pöörake tähelepanu helidele, mida kuulete.

Kui kummaliselt see tegelikult kõlab,

and in fact how primitive laughter is as a sound.

kui primitiivne on naeru kõla helilises mõttes,

It's much more like an animal call than it is like speech.

see meenutab pigem loomade häälitsusi kui kõnet.

So here we've got some laughter for you. The first one is pretty joyful.

Nüüd kuulete natuke naeru.

Esimene näide on päris lustlik.

(Audio: Laughing)

(Heli: naer)

Now this next guy, I need him to breathe.

See järgmine mees peaks hingama ka.

There's a point in there where I'm just, like,

Ühe koha peal tuleb küll tahtmine öelda, et

you've got to get some air in there, mate,

kuule mees, sa pead hingama ka,

because he just sounds like he's breathing out.

sest kõlab nagu ta hingaks ainult välja.

(Audio: Laughing)

(Heli: naer)

This hasn't been edited; this is him.

See pole monteeritud. Nii ta naerabki.

(Audio: Laughing) (Laughter)

(Heli: naer)

And finally we have -- this is a human female laughing.

Ning viimasena kuulete ühe naise naeru.

And laughter can take us to some pretty odd places in terms of making noises.

Naerdes võime tekitada päris imelikke helisid.

(Audio: Laughing)

(Heli: naer)

She actually says, "Oh my God, what is that?" in French.

Ta ütleb: "Appike, mis see on?" prantsuse keeles.

We're all kind of with her. I have no idea.

Me küsiks ilmselt samamoodi.

Ja ma lihtsalt ei kujuta ette.

Naeru mõistmiseks tuleb vaadelda üht keha piirkonda,

Now, to understand laughter, you have to look at a part of the body

that psychologists and neuroscientists don't normally spend much time looking at,

mida psühholoogid ja neuroteadlased tavaliselt väga ei uuri.

Jutt on rinnakorvist.

which is the ribcage,

Ei ole nagu midagi erilist, aga me kasutame rinnakorvi kogu aeg.

and it doesn't seem terribly exciting,

but actually you're all using your ribcage all the time.

See, mida te kõik parajasti oma rinnakorviga teete

What you're all doing at the moment with your ribcage,

- ja ärge seda järele jätke - ,

and don't stop doing it, is breathing.

ongi hingamine.

Kasutame roietevahelisi lihaseid kopsudesse õhu toomiseks ja viimiseks.

So you use the intercostal muscles, the muscles between your ribs,

to bring air in and out of your lungs

Tänu rinnakorvi paisumisele ja kokkutõmbumisele käib õhk sisse-välja .

just by expanding and contracting your ribcage,

Kui ma paneks andurvöö ümber rinnakorvi,

and if I was to put a strap around the outside of your chest

vaadake siin seda graafikut,

called a breath belt, and just look at that movement,

näete rahulikku sinusoidset liikumist.

you see a rather gentle sinusoidal movement, so that's breathing.

See ongi hingamine.

Te kõik teete seda, jätkake samamoodi.

You're all doing it. Don't stop.

As soon as you start talking,

Kui aga hakkate rääkima, kasutate hingamist hoopis teisiti.

you start using your breathing completely differently.

So what I'm doing now is you see something much more like this.

Minu hingamine näeb praegu välja umbes selline.

In talking, you use very fine movements of the ribcage

Rääkides on rinnakorvi liikumine tihedam, õhk pigistatakse välja.

to squeeze the air out --

and in fact, we're the only animals that can do this.

Me oleme ainus liik, kes nii suudab teha.

Tänu sellele saamegi üldse rääkida.

It's why we can talk at all.

Now, both talking and breathing has a mortal enemy,

Nii rääkimisel ja hingamisel on aga üks surmavaenlane,

and that enemy is laughter,

See vaenlane on naer.

because what happens when you laugh

Naerdes hakkavad samad lihased väga rütmiliselt kokkutõmbuma.

is those same muscles start to contract very regularly,

and you get this very marked sort of zig-zagging,

Toimub tihe üles-alla liikumine, mis pigistab õhku välja

and that's just squeezing the air out of you.

It literally is that basic a way of making a sound.

Põhimõtteliselt on see kõige lihtsam viis heli tekitada.

You could be stamping on somebody, it's having the same effect.

Kui trambiksite kellegi otsas, annaks see samasuguse efekti.

You're just squeezing air out,

Õhk lihtsalt pressitakse välja ja iga kokkusurumine tekitab heli.

and each of those contractions -- Ha! -- gives you a sound.

Kui need kokkutõmbed sagenevad, tekivad justkui spasmid,

And as the contractions run together, you can get these spasms,

ja tuleb kuuldavale midagi sellist: (kähin)

and that's when you start getting these -- (Wheezing) -- things happening.

Mul tuleb see väga hästi välja..

I'm brilliant at this. (Laughter)

(Naer)

Now, in terms of the science of laughter, there isn't very much,

Kuigi naeruteadus pole just väga arenenud valdkond,

but it does turn out that pretty much everything we think we know

paistab, et suur osa sellest, mida me naeru kohta arvame teadvat,

about laughter is wrong.

ei pea paika.

So it's not at all unusual, for example, to hear people to say

Sageli väidetakse, et inimene on ainus liik, kes suudab naerda.

humans are the only animals that laugh.

Nietzsche on öelnud, et inimesed on ainsad olendid, kes naeravad.

Nietzsche thought that humans are the only animals that laugh.

Tegelikult naeravad paljud imetajad.

In fact, you find laughter throughout the mammals.

It's been well-described and well-observed in primates,

On selgeid tõendeid, et ahvid naeravad

but you also see it in rats,

naermist on tuvastatud ka rottidel.

and wherever you find it --

Ja kes siis parajasti ka ei naeraks,

humans, primates, rats --

olgu need inimesed, ahvid või rotid,

you find it associated with things like tickling.

esineb naer kindlates olukordades, näiteks kõdistamisel.

That's the same for humans.

Sama kehtib inimeste kohta.

You find it associated with play, and all mammals play.

Naer on seotud mängimisega

- kõik imetajad ju mängivad.

And wherever you find it, it's associated with interactions.

Naermine on alati seotud omavahelise suhtlemisega.

So Robert Provine, who has done a lot of work on this,

Robert Provine, kes on selle teemaga põhjalikult tegelenud, leidis,

has pointed out that you are 30 times more likely to laugh

et me naerame 30 korda tõenäolisemalt siis, kui oleme kellegagi koos

if you are with somebody else than if you're on your own,

kui siis, kui oleme üksi

and where you find most laughter

ja kõige rohkem naerdakse suhtlussituatsioonis, näiteks vesteldes.

is in social interactions like conversation.

So if you ask human beings, "When do you laugh?"

Kui inimestelt küsida: "Millal te naerate?"

they'll talk about comedy and they'll talk about humor and they'll talk about jokes.

nimetatakse komöödiat, huumorit ja nalju.

If you look at when they laugh, they're laughing with their friends.

Aga kõige rohkem naerdakse siis, kui ollakse koos sõpradega

And when we laugh with people, we're hardly ever actually laughing at jokes.

Ja sõpradega koos olles ei naera me tingimata konkreetsete naljade üle.

You are laughing to show people that you understand them,

Naerdame, et väljendada mõistmist -

that you agree with them, that you're part of the same group as them.

et näidata teistele nõustumist, kuulumist samasse gruppi

You're laughing to show that you like them.

Naerdame, et väljendada meeldimist. Ehk isegi armastust.

You might even love them.

Naerdakse samaaegselt vestlemisega

You're doing all that at the same time as talking to them,

and the laughter is doing a lot of that emotional work for you.

väljendades nõnda oma emotsioone.

Something that Robert Provine has pointed out, as you can see here,

Nagu näete, ja sama leidis ka Robert Provine,

on naermise põhjus selles,

and the reason why we were laughing

ja seda nii varasemates naeruklippides

when we heard those funny laughs at the start,

kui ka siis, kui ma oma vanemaid naersin,

and why I was laughing when I found my parents laughing,

et naer on kohutavalt nakkav. Naer hakkab lihtsalt külge.

is that it's an enormously behaviorally contagious effect.

You can catch laughter from somebody else,

and you are more likely to catch laughter off somebody else if you know them.

Eriti nakkav on naer siis, kui sa seda teist inimest tunned.

Seega on naer mõjutatud ka sotsiaalsest kontekstist.

So it's still modulated by this social context.

You have to put humor to one side

Paneme huumori kõrvale ning

and think about the social meaning of laughter

mõtleme naeru sotsiaalse tähenduse peale,

because that's where its origins lie.

kuna see naeru evolutsiooniline lähtepunkt.

Now, something I've got very interested in is different kinds of laughter,

Mind huvitavad väga erinevad naerud.

and we have some neurobiological evidence about how human beings vocalize

Meil on neurobioloogilisi tõendeid

selle kohta, kuidas inimene häält tekitab,

that suggests there might be two kinds of laughs that we have.

ilmneb, et inimestel võib olla kahte sorti naeru.

So it seems possible that the neurobiology for helpless, involuntary laughter,

Seega paistab, et selle spontaanse naeru neurobioloogiline taust,

mis mu vanemaid seda napakat laulu kuuldes põrandal tabas

like my parents lying on the floor screaming about a silly song,

võib olla sootuks erinev kui sellisel viisakamal naerul

might have a different basis to it than some of that more polite

mida me kasutame suhtlemisel ja mis ei ole nii ülevoolav,

social laughter that you encounter, which isn't horrible laughter,

see pole tingimata tehtud naer,

but it's behavior somebody is doing as part of their communicative act to you,

aga kasutame seda lihtsalt suhtlusvahendina,

part of their interaction with you; they are choosing to do this.

rakendame seda teadlikult.

In our evolution, we have developed two different ways of vocalizing.

Evolutsiooni käigus on inimesel arenenud välja kaks hääle tekitamise viisi.

Involuntary vocalizations are part of an older system

Tahtmatud häälitsused pärinevad vanemast süsteemist,

than the more voluntary vocalizations like the speech I'm doing now.

Tahtlik kõne, nagu ma siin praegu räägin, on hilisem.

So we might imagine that laughter might actually have two different roots.

Võiks arvata, et ka naermisel on kaks erinevat lähtekohta.

So I've been looking at this in more detail.

See ongi olnud minu uurimisteemaks.

To do this, we've had to make recordings of people laughing,

Selleks oleme lindistanud inimeste naeru,

and we've had to do whatever it takes to make people laugh,

teinud kõik selleks, et neid naerma ajada.

and we got those same people to produce more posed, social laughter.

Palusime samadel inimesed teha ka seda tehtud viisakat naeru.

So imagine your friend told a joke,

"Kujuta ette, et su sõber teeb nalja

and you're laughing because you like your friend,

ning sa naerad, sest ta meeldib sulle,

mitte et see nali väga naljakas oleks."

but not really because the joke's all that.

So I'm going to play you a couple of those.

Ma lasen teile mõnda neist.

I want you to tell me if you think this laughter is real laughter,

Ma tahan, et te ütleksite, kas see naer on loomulik

or if you think it's posed.

või tehtud naer.

So is this involuntary laughter or more voluntary laughter?

Teisisõnu, kas see on tahtlik või spontaanne naer.

(Audio: Laughing)

(Heli: naer)

What does that sound like to you?

Kuidas see tundub?

Audience: Posed. Sophie Scott: Posed? Posed.

Tehtud? Tehtud.

How about this one?

Aga see? Tehtud.

(Audio: Laughing)

(Heli: naer)

(Laughter)

(Naer)

I'm the best.

Mina olen parim!

(Laughter) (Applause)

(Naer) (Aplaus)

Not really.

Tegelikult mitte.

No, that was helpless laughter,

Ei. See oli spontaanne naer.

and in fact, to record that, all they had to do was record me

Minu naeru salvestamiseks, tuli mind tabada hetkel, kui lindistasin midagi

watching one of my friends listening to something I knew she wanted to laugh at,

mis oleks mu sõpra naerma ajanud ja kujutasin ette teda naermas

and I just started doing this.

ning juba ma naersingi.

What you find is that people are good at telling the difference

Näeme, et on inimestel lihtne ära tunda spontaanset ja tehtud naeru.

between real and posed laughter.

Meie kõrva jaoks tunduvad need erinevad.

They seem to be different things to us.

Huvitaval kombel on šimpansidega on sama lugu.

Interestingly, you see something quite similar with chimpanzees.

Nad naeravad kõdistamise peale teistmoodi

Chimpanzees laugh differently if they're being tickled

kui üksteisega mängides.

than if they're playing with each other,

Siin näeme midagi sarnast:

and we might be seeing something like that here,

spontaanne naer, mis kaasneb kõdistamisega, on suhtlemisnaerust erinev.

involuntary laughter, tickling laughter, being different from social laughter.

Ka akustiliselt siin suur erinevus.

They're acoustically very different.

Päris naer kestab pikemalt ja on kõrgema tooniga.

The real laughs are longer. They're higher in pitch.

Kõvasti naerma hakates

When you start laughing hard,

surutakse kopsudest õhk välja palju suurema survega

you start squeezing air out from your lungs

kui seda oleks võimalik ise teha.

under much higher pressures than you could ever produce voluntarily.

Ma ei suudaks eales sama kõrgelt laulda.

For example, I could never pitch my voice that high to sing.

Also, you start to get these sort of contractions and weird whistling sounds,

Lisaks on kuulda igasuguseid

ähkivaid ja vilistavaid häälitsusi.

all of which mean that real laughter is extremely easy,

See näitab, et loomulik naer tuleb lihtsalt

or feels extremely easy to spot.

või vähemalt on seda lihtne ära tunda.

In contrast, posed laughter, we might think it sounds a bit fake.

Sama ajal võib tehtud naer tunduda võltsina.

Actually, it's not, it's actually an important social cue.

Aga päris nii see ei ole, sel naerul on oluline sotsiaalne tähendus.

We use it a lot, we're choosing to laugh in a lot of situations,

Seda kasutatakse tihti. On palju olukordi, kus me tahtlikult naerame

and it seems to be its own thing.

ja sellel on oma mõte.

So, for example, you find nasality in posed laughter,

Tehtud naer võib olla nasaalne,

that kind of "ha ha ha ha ha" sound

selline "Ha-haa-haa-haa!" hääl.

that you never get, you could not do, if you were laughing involuntarily.

Spontaanses naerus sellist tämbrit ei kuule, või õigemini, ei saagi tekkida.

So they do seem to be genuinely these two different sorts of things.

Seega eksisteeribki kaks täiesti erinevat naeru.

We took it into the scanner to see how brains respond

Skännisime naeru kuulvate inimeste aju,

when you hear laughter.

et näha, kuidas aju reageerib naeruhelile.

And when you do this, this is a really boring experiment.

Selles eksperimendis osalemine on kohutavalt igav.

We just played people real and posed laughs.

Lasime inimestele ehedat naeru ja tehtud naeru.

We didn't tell them it was a study on laughter.

Me ei öelnud katsealustele, et uurime naeru.

We put other sounds in there to distract them,

Lisasime petteks ka igasuguseid muid hääli, et tähelepanu hajutada.

and all they're doing is lying listening to sounds.

Nende ülesandeks oli lihtsalt lamada ja kuulata helisid.

We don't tell them to do anything.

Ühtegi muud korraldust me ei andnud.

Nonetheless, when you hear real laughter and when you hear posed laughter,

Sellegipoolest reageerib aju spontaansele naerule ja tehtud naerule täiesti erinevalt.

the brains are responding completely differently,

Ja see erinevus on oluline.

significantly differently.

Sinised ajuosakesed, mida pildil näed, asuvad aju kuulmispiirkonnas

What you see in the regions in blue, which lies in auditory cortex,

are the brain areas that respond more to the real laughs,

ja reageerivad pigem ehedale naerule.

and what seems to be the case,

Ja paistab, et spontaanset naeru kuuldes jäävad meile kõrva helid

when you hear somebody laughing involuntarily,

mida kuskil mujal ei kuule. Aktiveeruvad konkreetsed ajupiirkonnad.

you hear sounds you would never hear in any other context.

It's very unambiguous,

On selgelt näha, et eheda naeru kuulmine käivitab ajus täiendava infotöötluse,

and it seems to be associated with greater auditory processing

et analüüsida uudseid helisid.

of these novel sounds.

In contrast, when you hear somebody laughing in a posed way,

Kui aga kuuldakse tehtud naeru,

what you see are these regions in pink,

aktiveeruvad ajus roosaga tähistatud alad,

which are occupying brain areas associated with mentalizing,

piirkonnad, mille ülesandeks on tajutu mõtestamine,

thinking about what somebody else is thinking.

arusaamine sellest, mida keegi teine mõtleb.

And I think what that means is,

Mina loen siit välja seda, et isegi kui inimene peab aju skännimise ajal

even if you're having your brain scanned, which is completely boring

igasuguseid helisid kuulama, mis on väga igav ja tüütu,

and not very interesting,

when you hear somebody going, "A ha ha ha ha ha,"

aga kuuldes "Ha-haa-haa!", üritab aju aru saada

you're trying to work out why they're laughing.

miks niimoodi naerdakse.

Laughter is always meaningful.

Naerul on alati tähendus.

You are always trying to understand it in context,

Naerust üritatakse alati aru saada, mõista selle konteksti,

even if, as far as you are concerned, at that point in time,

isegi kui konkreetsel ajahetkel pole sel naerul sinuga midagi pistmist,

it has not necessarily anything to do with you,

tahaksid ikkagi teada, miks nad naeravad.

you still want to know why those people are laughing.

Meil oli ka võimalus uurida,

Now, we've had the opportunity to look at how people hear real and posed laughter

kuidas erinevas vanuses inimesed ehedat ja tehtud naeru tajuvad.

across the age range.

Selle veebipõhise ekperimendi tegime koos Kuningliku Teadusühinguga.

So this is an online experiment we ran with the Royal Society,

and here we just asked people two questions.

Esitasime kaks küsimust.

First of all, they heard some laughs,

Esmalt kuulati erinevaid naere ja püüti arvata ära,

and they had to say, how real or posed do these laughs sound?

kas see on ehe või tehtud naer.

Ehe naer on märgitud sinisega,

The real laughs are shown in red and the posed laughs are shown in blue.

tehtud naer punasega.

Siin on näha selge trend:

What you see is there is a rapid onset.

mida vanemaks inimene saab,

As you get older, you get better and better at spotting real laughter.

seda paremini tunneb ta ära ehtsa naeru.

So six-year-olds are at chance, they can't really hear the difference.

6-aastased ei tee näiteks üldse vahet.

By the time you are older, you get better,

Vananedes see oskus paraneb,

but interestingly, you do not hit peak performance in this dataset

kuid huvitaval kombel

on eristusvõime tugevaim 30ndate lõpus, 40ndate alguses.

until you are in your late 30s and early 40s.

You don't understand laughter fully by the time you hit puberty.

Puberteedieas naeru veel nii hästi ei mõisteta.

You don't understand laughter fully by the time your brain has matured

Isegi teismeliseea lõpus, mil aju on väljaarenenud

ei ole naerust arusaamine veel täielik.

at the end of your teens.

You're learning about laughter throughout your entire early adult life.

Naeru õpitakse tundma kogu varase täieskasvanuea.

If we turn the question around and now say not, what does the laughter sound like

Kui me aga muudame fookust ja ei küsi enam

in terms of being real or posed, but we say,

kui loomulik või tehtud see naer on,

vaid kas see naer ajab sind naerma?

how much does this laughter make you want to laugh,

Kui nakkav see naer on?

how contagious is this laughter to you, we see a different profile.

saame sootuks teistsuguse tulemuse.

And here, the younger you are,

Siin näeme, et mida noorem ollakse,

the more you want to join in when you hear laughter.

seda innukamalt minnakse naeruga kaasa.

Remember me laughing with my parents when I had no idea what was going on.

Tuletage meelde, kuidas ma oma vanematega kaasa naersin

kuigi ei saanud aru, mida naerdakse.

Ja täpselt nii see ongi.

You really can see this.

Kõigi, nii noorte kui vanade arvates

Now everybody, young and old,

finds the real laughs more contagious than the posed laughs,

on ehe naer nakkavam kui teeseldud naer,

but as you get older, it all becomes less contagious to you.

aga vanuse kasvades teiste naer enam nõnda ei nakata.

Now, either we're all just becoming really grumpy as we get older,

See võib olla tingitud sellest, muutume vananedes ülimalt kibestunuks

or it may mean that as you understand laughter better,

või hoopis sellest,

et kuna vanemana mõistetakse naeru paremini ja osatakse ka ise paremat nalja teha,

and you are getting better at doing that,

on ka naerma hakkamiseks vaja enamat kui vaid kellegi teise naeru kuulmist.

you need more than just hearing people laugh to want to laugh.

You need the social stuff there.

Naermiseks on nüüd vaja ka sotsiaalset konteksti.

So we've got a very interesting behavior

Naer on üks põnev käitumuslik nähtus,

about which a lot of our lay assumptions are incorrect,

mille kohta on levinud palju alusetuid eelarvamusi.

but I'm coming to see that actually there's even more to laughter

Olen jõudnud arusaamisele, et naer midagi on palju enamat,

than it's an important social emotion we should look at,

see on tähtis sotsiaalne emotsioon, mida tuleks põhjalikult uurida.

because it turns out people are phenomenally nuanced

Tuleb välja, et inimestel on väga peen süsteem

kuidas naeru kasutatakse.

in terms of how we use laughter.

There's a really lovely set of studies coming out

Valmimas on mitmeid vahvaid uurimusi

from Robert Levenson's lab in California,

Robert Levensoni laboris Californias.

where he's doing a longitudinal study with couples.

Ta viib läbi paaride pikaajalist uurimust.

He gets married couples, men and women, into the lab,

Abielupaarid - mehed ja naised - tulevad laborisse

and he gives them stressful conversations to have

ja ta annab neile mõne tundliku vestlusteema.

while he wires them up to a polygraph so he can see them becoming stressed.

Neile pannakse külge andurid, nii et

polügraafi abil on stressitaseme tõus kohe näha.

So you've got the two of them in there, and he'll say to the husband,

Üks paar on ruumis ja mehele öeldakse:

"Tell me something that your wife does that irritates you."

"Räägi mõnest asjast, mida Su naine teeb ja mis sind häirib."

Ja kohe võib näha reaktsiooni -

And what you see is immediately --

just run that one through your head briefly, you and your partner --

võite sarnast olukorda enda ja oma partneri peal ette kujutada -

you can imagine everybody gets a bit more stressed as soon as that starts.

kõik muutuksid natuke närvilisemaks niipea kui see algab.

You can see physically, people become more stressed.

Füüsiliselt on võimalik näha, kuidas närvipinge kasvab.

What he finds is that the couples who manage that feeling of stress

Uurimuses ilmneb, et paarid,

kes oma stressiga naeru ja positiivsete emotsioonide abil toime tulevad,

with laughter, positive emotions like laughter,

not only immediately become less stressed,

mitte ainult ei vähenda koheselt pinget ja stressitaset

they can see them physically feeling better,

vaid ka tunnevad ennast füüsiliselt märksa paremini.

they're dealing with this unpleasant situation better together,

Need paarid tulevad ebameeldiva olukorraga paremini toime üheskoos.

Samad paarid hindavad oma suhet rahuldustpakkuvamaks

they are also the couples that report

high levels of satisfaction in their relationship

and they stay together for longer.

ja nad on kauem koos.

So in fact, when you look at close relationships,

Nii et paarisuhte puhul on naer vägagi kõnekas näitaja,

laughter is a phenomenally useful index

mille põhjal saab hinnata, kuidas oma emotsioonidega üheskoos toime tullakse.

of how people are regulating their emotions together.

We're not just emitting it at each other to show that we like each other,

Me ei naera mitte üksteisele meeldimise väljendamiseks,

vaid ka ühise heaolu tõstmiseks.

we're making ourselves feel better together.

Now, I don't think this is going to be limited to romantic relationships.

Ma ei arva, et selline käitumine oleks omane vaid paarisuhtele.

I think this is probably going to be a characteristic

See on iseloomulik ka teistele emotsionaalselt lähedasele suhetele,

näiteks sõprussuhetele.

of close emotional relationships such as you might have with friends,

which explains my next clip,

Sama loogika alusel saab seletada ka järgmist klippi -

which is of a YouTube video of some young men in the former East Germany

tegu on YouTube'i videoga, kus endise Ida-Saksamaa noored

on making a video to promote their heavy metal band,

teevad promovideot oma heavy metal bändile.

See on väga macho ja karm klipp, aga pange tähele,

and it's extremely macho, and the mood is very serious,

and I want you to notice what happens in terms of laughter

mis roll on siin naerul, kui asjad vussi lähevad

when things go wrong

and how quickly that happens, and how that changes the mood.

pange tähele, kui kiiresti see käib, kuidas meeleolu muutub.

He's cold. He's about to get wet. He's got swimming trunks on,

Tal on külm. Tal tuleb kohe vette minna, ujumispüksid on jalas.

got a towel.

Rätik on ka.

Ice.

Jää.

What might possibly happen?

Mis siin saaks küll juhtuda?

Video starts.

Video algab.

Serious mood.

Karm värk.

Nüüd hüppame.

And his friends are already laughing. They are already laughing, hard.

Tema sõbrad juba naeravad - ja päris kõvasti.

He's not laughing yet.

Tema veel mitte.

(Laughter)

(Naer)

He's starting to go now.

Ta hakkab vaikselt naeru puksuma.

And now they're all off.

Ja nüüd juba hirnuvad nad kõik.

(Laughter)

(Naer)

They're on the floor.

Nad on kõveras maas.

(Laughter)

(Naer)

The thing I really like about that is it's all very serious

Mulle meeldib siin just see,

et kõik on väga tõsine, kuni ta hüppab jääle.

until he jumps onto the ice, and as soon as he doesn't go through the ice,

Aga kui ta läbi ei vaju,

but also there isn't blood and bone everywhere,

verd ja konte pole ka kuskil,

his friends start laughing.

hakkavad ta sõbrad lihtsalt naerma.

And imagine if that had played him out with him standing there going,

Ma arvan, et kui see oleks välja mängitud

"No seriously, Heinrich, I think this is broken,"

nii, et ta ütleb: "Heinrich see on katki!"

Siis ei oleks seda lõbus vaadata, see tekitaks ebamugavust.

we wouldn't enjoy watching that. That would be stressful.

Kui ta jookseks lahtise luumurruga naerdes ringi

Or if he was running around with a visibly broken leg laughing,

ja ta sõbrad ütleks, et tuleb haiglasse minna,

and his friends are going, "Heinrich, I think we need to go to the hospital now,"

ei oleks ka üldse naljakas.

Fakt, et naer toimib, muutes valusa ja piinliku olukorra

that also wouldn't be funny.

The fact that the laughter works,

naljakaks, on minu arust huvitav ja tore.

it gets him from a painful, embarrassing, difficult situation,

into a funny situation, into what we're actually enjoying there,

Selliseid asju juhtub tegelikult kogu aeg.

and I think that's a really interesting use,

Midagi sarnast leidis aset ka mu isa matustel.

and it's actually happening all the time.

For example, I can remember something like this happening

Ei, me ei hüpanud aluspükstes mööda jääd.

at my father's funeral.

We weren't jumping around on the ice in our underpants.

Me ei ole Kanadast.

We're not Canadian.

(Laughter) (Applause)

(Naer) (Aplaus)

These events are always difficult, I had a relative who was being a bit difficult,

Sellised sündmused on alati keerulised.

Mul oli seal üks sugulane, kellega polnud lihtne.

my mum was not in a good place,

Mu ema ei tundnud end hästi ja leidsin end ühtäkki

and I can remember finding myself just before the whole thing started

just enne tseremoonia algust rääkimas mingist

telling this story about something that happened in a 1970s sitcom,

jaburast episoodist ühes 70ndate telekomöödias

and I just thought at the time, I don't know why I'm doing this,

ise mõeldes, miks ma seda teen.

and what I realized I was doing

Siis aga taipasin, et üritasin meeleheitlikult

was I was coming up with something from somewhere

meenutada midagi, mis teda koos minuga naerma paneks.

I could use to make her laugh together with me.

Et ta naeraks koos minuga.

It was a very basic reaction to find some reason we can do this.

Väga algeline reaktsioon, et leida väljapääs.

We can laugh together. We're going to get through this.

Kui me koos naerame, siis me saame hakkama.

We're going to be okay.

Meiega saab kõik korda.

And in fact, all of us are doing this all the time.

Kusjuures me kõik teeme seda pidevalt.

You do it so often, you don't even notice it.

Me teeme seda nii tihti, et ei pane enam tähelegi.

Everybody underestimates how often they laugh,

Kõik arvavad, et naerdakse vähem, kui me tegelikult naerame.

and you're doing something, when you laugh with people,

teistega koos naerdes teed sa midagi, mis

that's actually letting you access a really ancient evolutionary system

võimaldab ligipääsu iidsele evolutsioonimehhanismile,

that mammals have evolved to make and maintain social bonds,

mis on imetajatel väljakujunenud selleks,

et luua ja säilitada sotsiaalseid sidemeid

and clearly to regulate emotions, to make ourselves feel better.

ning kahtlemata ka selleks, et oma emotsioone reguleerida ja enesetunnet turgutada.

It's not something specific to humans -- it's a really ancient behavior

See ei ole inimestele ainuomane.

Tegu on iidse käitumismalliga, et emotsioonide abil parandada meeleolu ja enesetunnet.

which really helps us regulate how we feel and makes us feel better.

In other words, when it comes to laughter,

Seega, mis puutub naeru,

you and me, baby, ain't nothing but mammals. (Laughter)

ei ole me keegi muud kui lihtsalt imetajad.

Thank you.

(Aplaus)

Tänan.

Thank you. (Applause)

Tänan.

(Aplaus)