Why we laugh | Sophie Scott

992,210 views ・ 2015-04-30

TED


Palun tehke topeltklõps allpool olevatel ingliskeelsetel subtiitritel, et mängida videot.

Translator: Liis Oblikas Reviewer: Aari Lemmik
00:12
Hi. I'm going to talk to you today about laughter,
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Tere. Räägin teile täna naerust.
00:15
and I just want to start by thinking about the first time
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Alustuseks meenutaksin päris esimest korda,
00:18
I can ever remember noticing laughter.
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kui mäletan, et märkasin kedagi naermas.
00:20
This is when I was a little girl. I would've been about six.
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Olin siis väike tüdruk, umbes 6-aastane.
00:23
And I came across my parents doing something unusual,
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Ja juhtusin nägema oma vanemaid tegemas midagi ebatavalist.
Nad nimelt naersid kõvasti.
00:27
where they were laughing.
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00:28
They were laughing very, very hard.
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Nad lihtsalt lagistasid naerda.
00:30
They were lying on the floor laughing.
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Naersid nii, et olid naerust põrandal kõveras.
00:32
They were screaming with laughter.
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Nad olid naerust hullumas.
00:34
I did not know what they were laughing at, but I wanted in.
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Ma ei saanud küll aru, mille üle nad naeravad,
aga ma tahtsin ka.
00:38
I wanted to be part of that,
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Tahtsin, et mul oleks ka naljakas.
00:40
and I kind of sat around at the edge going, "Hoo hoo!" (Laughter)
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Läksin ja tegin siis ka lihtsalt "Hu-huu!"
(Naer)
00:43
Now, incidentally, what they were laughing at
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Tuli välja, et nad naersid ühte laulu
00:47
was a song which people used to sing,
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mida tollal palju lauldi ja mille sisuks olid
00:49
which was based around signs in toilets on trains
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rongide WC-des olevad sildid,
00:53
telling you what you could and could not do
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kus on kirjas, mida tohib ja mida ei tohi
00:56
in toilets on trains.
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teha rongi tualetis.
00:57
And the thing you have to remember about the English is, of course,
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Inglaste puhul tuleb muidugi arvestada,
01:00
we do have an immensely sophisticated sense of humor.
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et meil on ju erakordselt peen huumorimeel.
01:03
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
01:04
At the time, though, I didn't understand anything of that.
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Tollal ei saanud ma sellest midagi aru.
01:07
I just cared about the laughter,
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Mind huvitas ainult naer.
01:09
and actually, as a neuroscientist, I've come to care about it again.
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Ja nüüd, neuroteadlasena, huvitab mind see naer jälle.
01:12
And it is a really weird thing to do.
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Naer on muidugi päris veider teema, mida uurida.
01:15
What I'm going to do now is just play some examples
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Annan teile kuulata mõned näited
01:17
of real human beings laughing,
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kuidas inimesed naeravad.
01:19
and I want you think about the sound people make and how odd that can be,
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Pöörake tähelepanu helidele, mida kuulete.
Kui kummaliselt see tegelikult kõlab,
01:22
and in fact how primitive laughter is as a sound.
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kui primitiivne on naeru kõla helilises mõttes,
01:25
It's much more like an animal call than it is like speech.
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see meenutab pigem loomade häälitsusi kui kõnet.
01:28
So here we've got some laughter for you. The first one is pretty joyful.
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Nüüd kuulete natuke naeru.
Esimene näide on päris lustlik.
01:31
(Audio: Laughing)
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(Heli: naer)
01:47
Now this next guy, I need him to breathe.
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See järgmine mees peaks hingama ka.
01:50
There's a point in there where I'm just, like,
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Ühe koha peal tuleb küll tahtmine öelda, et
01:52
you've got to get some air in there, mate,
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kuule mees, sa pead hingama ka,
01:54
because he just sounds like he's breathing out.
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sest kõlab nagu ta hingaks ainult välja.
01:56
(Audio: Laughing)
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(Heli: naer)
02:05
This hasn't been edited; this is him.
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See pole monteeritud. Nii ta naerabki.
02:08
(Audio: Laughing) (Laughter)
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(Heli: naer)
02:14
And finally we have -- this is a human female laughing.
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Ning viimasena kuulete ühe naise naeru.
02:18
And laughter can take us to some pretty odd places in terms of making noises.
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Naerdes võime tekitada päris imelikke helisid.
02:22
(Audio: Laughing)
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(Heli: naer)
02:41
She actually says, "Oh my God, what is that?" in French.
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Ta ütleb: "Appike, mis see on?" prantsuse keeles.
02:44
We're all kind of with her. I have no idea.
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Me küsiks ilmselt samamoodi.
Ja ma lihtsalt ei kujuta ette.
Naeru mõistmiseks tuleb vaadelda üht keha piirkonda,
02:48
Now, to understand laughter, you have to look at a part of the body
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02:51
that psychologists and neuroscientists don't normally spend much time looking at,
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mida psühholoogid ja neuroteadlased tavaliselt väga ei uuri.
Jutt on rinnakorvist.
02:55
which is the ribcage,
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Ei ole nagu midagi erilist, aga me kasutame rinnakorvi kogu aeg.
02:56
and it doesn't seem terribly exciting,
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02:58
but actually you're all using your ribcage all the time.
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See, mida te kõik parajasti oma rinnakorviga teete
03:00
What you're all doing at the moment with your ribcage,
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- ja ärge seda järele jätke - ,
03:03
and don't stop doing it, is breathing.
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ongi hingamine.
Kasutame roietevahelisi lihaseid kopsudesse õhu toomiseks ja viimiseks.
03:05
So you use the intercostal muscles, the muscles between your ribs,
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03:08
to bring air in and out of your lungs
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Tänu rinnakorvi paisumisele ja kokkutõmbumisele käib õhk sisse-välja .
03:10
just by expanding and contracting your ribcage,
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Kui ma paneks andurvöö ümber rinnakorvi,
03:12
and if I was to put a strap around the outside of your chest
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vaadake siin seda graafikut,
03:15
called a breath belt, and just look at that movement,
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näete rahulikku sinusoidset liikumist.
03:17
you see a rather gentle sinusoidal movement, so that's breathing.
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See ongi hingamine.
Te kõik teete seda, jätkake samamoodi.
03:21
You're all doing it. Don't stop.
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03:22
As soon as you start talking,
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Kui aga hakkate rääkima, kasutate hingamist hoopis teisiti.
03:24
you start using your breathing completely differently.
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03:26
So what I'm doing now is you see something much more like this.
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Minu hingamine näeb praegu välja umbes selline.
03:29
In talking, you use very fine movements of the ribcage
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Rääkides on rinnakorvi liikumine tihedam, õhk pigistatakse välja.
03:32
to squeeze the air out --
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03:33
and in fact, we're the only animals that can do this.
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Me oleme ainus liik, kes nii suudab teha.
Tänu sellele saamegi üldse rääkida.
03:36
It's why we can talk at all.
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03:37
Now, both talking and breathing has a mortal enemy,
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Nii rääkimisel ja hingamisel on aga üks surmavaenlane,
03:40
and that enemy is laughter,
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See vaenlane on naer.
03:43
because what happens when you laugh
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Naerdes hakkavad samad lihased väga rütmiliselt kokkutõmbuma.
03:45
is those same muscles start to contract very regularly,
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03:48
and you get this very marked sort of zig-zagging,
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Toimub tihe üles-alla liikumine, mis pigistab õhku välja
03:51
and that's just squeezing the air out of you.
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03:53
It literally is that basic a way of making a sound.
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Põhimõtteliselt on see kõige lihtsam viis heli tekitada.
03:56
You could be stamping on somebody, it's having the same effect.
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Kui trambiksite kellegi otsas, annaks see samasuguse efekti.
03:59
You're just squeezing air out,
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Õhk lihtsalt pressitakse välja ja iga kokkusurumine tekitab heli.
04:00
and each of those contractions -- Ha! -- gives you a sound.
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Kui need kokkutõmbed sagenevad, tekivad justkui spasmid,
04:03
And as the contractions run together, you can get these spasms,
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ja tuleb kuuldavale midagi sellist: (kähin)
04:06
and that's when you start getting these -- (Wheezing) -- things happening.
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Mul tuleb see väga hästi välja..
04:10
I'm brilliant at this. (Laughter)
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(Naer)
04:13
Now, in terms of the science of laughter, there isn't very much,
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Kuigi naeruteadus pole just väga arenenud valdkond,
04:17
but it does turn out that pretty much everything we think we know
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paistab, et suur osa sellest, mida me naeru kohta arvame teadvat,
04:20
about laughter is wrong.
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ei pea paika.
04:23
So it's not at all unusual, for example, to hear people to say
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Sageli väidetakse, et inimene on ainus liik, kes suudab naerda.
04:25
humans are the only animals that laugh.
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Nietzsche on öelnud, et inimesed on ainsad olendid, kes naeravad.
04:28
Nietzsche thought that humans are the only animals that laugh.
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Tegelikult naeravad paljud imetajad.
04:30
In fact, you find laughter throughout the mammals.
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04:33
It's been well-described and well-observed in primates,
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On selgeid tõendeid, et ahvid naeravad
04:35
but you also see it in rats,
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naermist on tuvastatud ka rottidel.
04:37
and wherever you find it --
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Ja kes siis parajasti ka ei naeraks,
04:38
humans, primates, rats --
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olgu need inimesed, ahvid või rotid,
04:40
you find it associated with things like tickling.
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esineb naer kindlates olukordades, näiteks kõdistamisel.
04:43
That's the same for humans.
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Sama kehtib inimeste kohta.
04:46
You find it associated with play, and all mammals play.
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Naer on seotud mängimisega
- kõik imetajad ju mängivad.
04:51
And wherever you find it, it's associated with interactions.
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Naermine on alati seotud omavahelise suhtlemisega.
04:55
So Robert Provine, who has done a lot of work on this,
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Robert Provine, kes on selle teemaga põhjalikult tegelenud, leidis,
04:58
has pointed out that you are 30 times more likely to laugh
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et me naerame 30 korda tõenäolisemalt siis, kui oleme kellegagi koos
05:02
if you are with somebody else than if you're on your own,
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kui siis, kui oleme üksi
05:06
and where you find most laughter
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ja kõige rohkem naerdakse suhtlussituatsioonis, näiteks vesteldes.
05:08
is in social interactions like conversation.
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05:10
So if you ask human beings, "When do you laugh?"
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Kui inimestelt küsida: "Millal te naerate?"
05:13
they'll talk about comedy and they'll talk about humor and they'll talk about jokes.
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nimetatakse komöödiat, huumorit ja nalju.
05:17
If you look at when they laugh, they're laughing with their friends.
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Aga kõige rohkem naerdakse siis, kui ollakse koos sõpradega
05:20
And when we laugh with people, we're hardly ever actually laughing at jokes.
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Ja sõpradega koos olles ei naera me tingimata konkreetsete naljade üle.
05:23
You are laughing to show people that you understand them,
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Naerdame, et väljendada mõistmist -
05:26
that you agree with them, that you're part of the same group as them.
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et näidata teistele nõustumist, kuulumist samasse gruppi
05:29
You're laughing to show that you like them.
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Naerdame, et väljendada meeldimist. Ehk isegi armastust.
05:31
You might even love them.
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Naerdakse samaaegselt vestlemisega
05:33
You're doing all that at the same time as talking to them,
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05:35
and the laughter is doing a lot of that emotional work for you.
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väljendades nõnda oma emotsioone.
05:38
Something that Robert Provine has pointed out, as you can see here,
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Nagu näete, ja sama leidis ka Robert Provine,
on naermise põhjus selles,
05:41
and the reason why we were laughing
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ja seda nii varasemates naeruklippides
05:43
when we heard those funny laughs at the start,
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kui ka siis, kui ma oma vanemaid naersin,
05:45
and why I was laughing when I found my parents laughing,
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et naer on kohutavalt nakkav. Naer hakkab lihtsalt külge.
05:48
is that it's an enormously behaviorally contagious effect.
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05:51
You can catch laughter from somebody else,
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05:53
and you are more likely to catch laughter off somebody else if you know them.
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Eriti nakkav on naer siis, kui sa seda teist inimest tunned.
Seega on naer mõjutatud ka sotsiaalsest kontekstist.
05:57
So it's still modulated by this social context.
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05:59
You have to put humor to one side
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Paneme huumori kõrvale ning
06:00
and think about the social meaning of laughter
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mõtleme naeru sotsiaalse tähenduse peale,
06:03
because that's where its origins lie.
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kuna see naeru evolutsiooniline lähtepunkt.
06:05
Now, something I've got very interested in is different kinds of laughter,
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Mind huvitavad väga erinevad naerud.
06:09
and we have some neurobiological evidence about how human beings vocalize
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Meil on neurobioloogilisi tõendeid
selle kohta, kuidas inimene häält tekitab,
06:14
that suggests there might be two kinds of laughs that we have.
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ilmneb, et inimestel võib olla kahte sorti naeru.
06:18
So it seems possible that the neurobiology for helpless, involuntary laughter,
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Seega paistab, et selle spontaanse naeru neurobioloogiline taust,
mis mu vanemaid seda napakat laulu kuuldes põrandal tabas
06:23
like my parents lying on the floor screaming about a silly song,
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võib olla sootuks erinev kui sellisel viisakamal naerul
06:26
might have a different basis to it than some of that more polite
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mida me kasutame suhtlemisel ja mis ei ole nii ülevoolav,
06:29
social laughter that you encounter, which isn't horrible laughter,
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see pole tingimata tehtud naer,
06:32
but it's behavior somebody is doing as part of their communicative act to you,
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aga kasutame seda lihtsalt suhtlusvahendina,
06:36
part of their interaction with you; they are choosing to do this.
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rakendame seda teadlikult.
06:40
In our evolution, we have developed two different ways of vocalizing.
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Evolutsiooni käigus on inimesel arenenud välja kaks hääle tekitamise viisi.
06:43
Involuntary vocalizations are part of an older system
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Tahtmatud häälitsused pärinevad vanemast süsteemist,
06:46
than the more voluntary vocalizations like the speech I'm doing now.
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Tahtlik kõne, nagu ma siin praegu räägin, on hilisem.
06:49
So we might imagine that laughter might actually have two different roots.
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Võiks arvata, et ka naermisel on kaks erinevat lähtekohta.
06:53
So I've been looking at this in more detail.
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See ongi olnud minu uurimisteemaks.
06:55
To do this, we've had to make recordings of people laughing,
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Selleks oleme lindistanud inimeste naeru,
06:58
and we've had to do whatever it takes to make people laugh,
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teinud kõik selleks, et neid naerma ajada.
07:01
and we got those same people to produce more posed, social laughter.
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Palusime samadel inimesed teha ka seda tehtud viisakat naeru.
07:04
So imagine your friend told a joke,
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"Kujuta ette, et su sõber teeb nalja
07:05
and you're laughing because you like your friend,
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ning sa naerad, sest ta meeldib sulle,
mitte et see nali väga naljakas oleks."
07:08
but not really because the joke's all that.
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07:10
So I'm going to play you a couple of those.
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Ma lasen teile mõnda neist.
07:12
I want you to tell me if you think this laughter is real laughter,
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Ma tahan, et te ütleksite, kas see naer on loomulik
07:15
or if you think it's posed.
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või tehtud naer.
07:16
So is this involuntary laughter or more voluntary laughter?
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Teisisõnu, kas see on tahtlik või spontaanne naer.
07:19
(Audio: Laughing)
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(Heli: naer)
07:24
What does that sound like to you?
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Kuidas see tundub?
07:26
Audience: Posed. Sophie Scott: Posed? Posed.
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Tehtud? Tehtud.
07:28
How about this one?
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Aga see? Tehtud.
07:29
(Audio: Laughing)
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(Heli: naer)
07:34
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
07:35
I'm the best.
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Mina olen parim!
07:37
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Naer) (Aplaus)
07:39
Not really.
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Tegelikult mitte.
07:41
No, that was helpless laughter,
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Ei. See oli spontaanne naer.
07:43
and in fact, to record that, all they had to do was record me
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Minu naeru salvestamiseks, tuli mind tabada hetkel, kui lindistasin midagi
07:47
watching one of my friends listening to something I knew she wanted to laugh at,
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mis oleks mu sõpra naerma ajanud ja kujutasin ette teda naermas
07:50
and I just started doing this.
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ning juba ma naersingi.
07:52
What you find is that people are good at telling the difference
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Näeme, et on inimestel lihtne ära tunda spontaanset ja tehtud naeru.
07:55
between real and posed laughter.
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Meie kõrva jaoks tunduvad need erinevad.
07:57
They seem to be different things to us.
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Huvitaval kombel on šimpansidega on sama lugu.
07:59
Interestingly, you see something quite similar with chimpanzees.
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Nad naeravad kõdistamise peale teistmoodi
08:02
Chimpanzees laugh differently if they're being tickled
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kui üksteisega mängides.
08:04
than if they're playing with each other,
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Siin näeme midagi sarnast:
08:06
and we might be seeing something like that here,
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spontaanne naer, mis kaasneb kõdistamisega, on suhtlemisnaerust erinev.
08:08
involuntary laughter, tickling laughter, being different from social laughter.
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Ka akustiliselt siin suur erinevus.
08:12
They're acoustically very different.
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Päris naer kestab pikemalt ja on kõrgema tooniga.
08:14
The real laughs are longer. They're higher in pitch.
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Kõvasti naerma hakates
08:16
When you start laughing hard,
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surutakse kopsudest õhk välja palju suurema survega
08:18
you start squeezing air out from your lungs
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kui seda oleks võimalik ise teha.
08:20
under much higher pressures than you could ever produce voluntarily.
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Ma ei suudaks eales sama kõrgelt laulda.
08:23
For example, I could never pitch my voice that high to sing.
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08:26
Also, you start to get these sort of contractions and weird whistling sounds,
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Lisaks on kuulda igasuguseid
ähkivaid ja vilistavaid häälitsusi.
08:30
all of which mean that real laughter is extremely easy,
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See näitab, et loomulik naer tuleb lihtsalt
08:32
or feels extremely easy to spot.
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või vähemalt on seda lihtne ära tunda.
08:34
In contrast, posed laughter, we might think it sounds a bit fake.
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Sama ajal võib tehtud naer tunduda võltsina.
08:39
Actually, it's not, it's actually an important social cue.
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Aga päris nii see ei ole, sel naerul on oluline sotsiaalne tähendus.
08:42
We use it a lot, we're choosing to laugh in a lot of situations,
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Seda kasutatakse tihti. On palju olukordi, kus me tahtlikult naerame
08:45
and it seems to be its own thing.
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ja sellel on oma mõte.
08:47
So, for example, you find nasality in posed laughter,
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Tehtud naer võib olla nasaalne,
08:50
that kind of "ha ha ha ha ha" sound
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selline "Ha-haa-haa-haa!" hääl.
08:52
that you never get, you could not do, if you were laughing involuntarily.
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Spontaanses naerus sellist tämbrit ei kuule, või õigemini, ei saagi tekkida.
08:55
So they do seem to be genuinely these two different sorts of things.
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Seega eksisteeribki kaks täiesti erinevat naeru.
08:58
We took it into the scanner to see how brains respond
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Skännisime naeru kuulvate inimeste aju,
09:01
when you hear laughter.
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et näha, kuidas aju reageerib naeruhelile.
09:02
And when you do this, this is a really boring experiment.
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Selles eksperimendis osalemine on kohutavalt igav.
09:05
We just played people real and posed laughs.
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Lasime inimestele ehedat naeru ja tehtud naeru.
09:07
We didn't tell them it was a study on laughter.
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Me ei öelnud katsealustele, et uurime naeru.
09:09
We put other sounds in there to distract them,
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Lisasime petteks ka igasuguseid muid hääli, et tähelepanu hajutada.
09:11
and all they're doing is lying listening to sounds.
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Nende ülesandeks oli lihtsalt lamada ja kuulata helisid.
09:14
We don't tell them to do anything.
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Ühtegi muud korraldust me ei andnud.
09:15
Nonetheless, when you hear real laughter and when you hear posed laughter,
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Sellegipoolest reageerib aju spontaansele naerule ja tehtud naerule täiesti erinevalt.
09:19
the brains are responding completely differently,
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Ja see erinevus on oluline.
09:21
significantly differently.
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Sinised ajuosakesed, mida pildil näed, asuvad aju kuulmispiirkonnas
09:23
What you see in the regions in blue, which lies in auditory cortex,
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09:26
are the brain areas that respond more to the real laughs,
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ja reageerivad pigem ehedale naerule.
09:29
and what seems to be the case,
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Ja paistab, et spontaanset naeru kuuldes jäävad meile kõrva helid
09:30
when you hear somebody laughing involuntarily,
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mida kuskil mujal ei kuule. Aktiveeruvad konkreetsed ajupiirkonnad.
09:33
you hear sounds you would never hear in any other context.
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09:35
It's very unambiguous,
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On selgelt näha, et eheda naeru kuulmine käivitab ajus täiendava infotöötluse,
09:36
and it seems to be associated with greater auditory processing
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et analüüsida uudseid helisid.
09:39
of these novel sounds.
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09:41
In contrast, when you hear somebody laughing in a posed way,
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Kui aga kuuldakse tehtud naeru,
09:45
what you see are these regions in pink,
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aktiveeruvad ajus roosaga tähistatud alad,
09:47
which are occupying brain areas associated with mentalizing,
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piirkonnad, mille ülesandeks on tajutu mõtestamine,
09:50
thinking about what somebody else is thinking.
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arusaamine sellest, mida keegi teine mõtleb.
09:52
And I think what that means is,
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Mina loen siit välja seda, et isegi kui inimene peab aju skännimise ajal
09:53
even if you're having your brain scanned, which is completely boring
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igasuguseid helisid kuulama, mis on väga igav ja tüütu,
09:56
and not very interesting,
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09:58
when you hear somebody going, "A ha ha ha ha ha,"
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aga kuuldes "Ha-haa-haa!", üritab aju aru saada
10:00
you're trying to work out why they're laughing.
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miks niimoodi naerdakse.
10:02
Laughter is always meaningful.
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Naerul on alati tähendus.
10:04
You are always trying to understand it in context,
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Naerust üritatakse alati aru saada, mõista selle konteksti,
10:06
even if, as far as you are concerned, at that point in time,
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isegi kui konkreetsel ajahetkel pole sel naerul sinuga midagi pistmist,
10:09
it has not necessarily anything to do with you,
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tahaksid ikkagi teada, miks nad naeravad.
10:11
you still want to know why those people are laughing.
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Meil oli ka võimalus uurida,
10:14
Now, we've had the opportunity to look at how people hear real and posed laughter
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kuidas erinevas vanuses inimesed ehedat ja tehtud naeru tajuvad.
10:18
across the age range.
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Selle veebipõhise ekperimendi tegime koos Kuningliku Teadusühinguga.
10:19
So this is an online experiment we ran with the Royal Society,
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10:21
and here we just asked people two questions.
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Esitasime kaks küsimust.
10:24
First of all, they heard some laughs,
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Esmalt kuulati erinevaid naere ja püüti arvata ära,
10:25
and they had to say, how real or posed do these laughs sound?
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kas see on ehe või tehtud naer.
Ehe naer on märgitud sinisega,
10:28
The real laughs are shown in red and the posed laughs are shown in blue.
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tehtud naer punasega.
Siin on näha selge trend:
10:32
What you see is there is a rapid onset.
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mida vanemaks inimene saab,
10:34
As you get older, you get better and better at spotting real laughter.
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seda paremini tunneb ta ära ehtsa naeru.
10:37
So six-year-olds are at chance, they can't really hear the difference.
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6-aastased ei tee näiteks üldse vahet.
10:40
By the time you are older, you get better,
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Vananedes see oskus paraneb,
10:43
but interestingly, you do not hit peak performance in this dataset
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kuid huvitaval kombel
on eristusvõime tugevaim 30ndate lõpus, 40ndate alguses.
10:46
until you are in your late 30s and early 40s.
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10:50
You don't understand laughter fully by the time you hit puberty.
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Puberteedieas naeru veel nii hästi ei mõisteta.
10:53
You don't understand laughter fully by the time your brain has matured
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Isegi teismeliseea lõpus, mil aju on väljaarenenud
ei ole naerust arusaamine veel täielik.
10:56
at the end of your teens.
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10:58
You're learning about laughter throughout your entire early adult life.
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Naeru õpitakse tundma kogu varase täieskasvanuea.
11:01
If we turn the question around and now say not, what does the laughter sound like
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Kui me aga muudame fookust ja ei küsi enam
11:05
in terms of being real or posed, but we say,
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kui loomulik või tehtud see naer on,
vaid kas see naer ajab sind naerma?
11:07
how much does this laughter make you want to laugh,
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Kui nakkav see naer on?
11:10
how contagious is this laughter to you, we see a different profile.
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saame sootuks teistsuguse tulemuse.
11:13
And here, the younger you are,
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Siin näeme, et mida noorem ollakse,
11:14
the more you want to join in when you hear laughter.
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seda innukamalt minnakse naeruga kaasa.
11:17
Remember me laughing with my parents when I had no idea what was going on.
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Tuletage meelde, kuidas ma oma vanematega kaasa naersin
kuigi ei saanud aru, mida naerdakse.
Ja täpselt nii see ongi.
11:20
You really can see this.
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Kõigi, nii noorte kui vanade arvates
11:22
Now everybody, young and old,
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11:23
finds the real laughs more contagious than the posed laughs,
239
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on ehe naer nakkavam kui teeseldud naer,
11:26
but as you get older, it all becomes less contagious to you.
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aga vanuse kasvades teiste naer enam nõnda ei nakata.
11:29
Now, either we're all just becoming really grumpy as we get older,
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See võib olla tingitud sellest, muutume vananedes ülimalt kibestunuks
11:33
or it may mean that as you understand laughter better,
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või hoopis sellest,
et kuna vanemana mõistetakse naeru paremini ja osatakse ka ise paremat nalja teha,
11:36
and you are getting better at doing that,
243
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on ka naerma hakkamiseks vaja enamat kui vaid kellegi teise naeru kuulmist.
11:38
you need more than just hearing people laugh to want to laugh.
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11:41
You need the social stuff there.
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Naermiseks on nüüd vaja ka sotsiaalset konteksti.
11:43
So we've got a very interesting behavior
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Naer on üks põnev käitumuslik nähtus,
11:45
about which a lot of our lay assumptions are incorrect,
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mille kohta on levinud palju alusetuid eelarvamusi.
11:49
but I'm coming to see that actually there's even more to laughter
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Olen jõudnud arusaamisele, et naer midagi on palju enamat,
11:52
than it's an important social emotion we should look at,
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see on tähtis sotsiaalne emotsioon, mida tuleks põhjalikult uurida.
11:55
because it turns out people are phenomenally nuanced
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Tuleb välja, et inimestel on väga peen süsteem
kuidas naeru kasutatakse.
11:58
in terms of how we use laughter.
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12:00
There's a really lovely set of studies coming out
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Valmimas on mitmeid vahvaid uurimusi
12:02
from Robert Levenson's lab in California,
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Robert Levensoni laboris Californias.
12:04
where he's doing a longitudinal study with couples.
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Ta viib läbi paaride pikaajalist uurimust.
12:07
He gets married couples, men and women, into the lab,
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Abielupaarid - mehed ja naised - tulevad laborisse
12:09
and he gives them stressful conversations to have
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ja ta annab neile mõne tundliku vestlusteema.
12:12
while he wires them up to a polygraph so he can see them becoming stressed.
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Neile pannakse külge andurid, nii et
polügraafi abil on stressitaseme tõus kohe näha.
12:15
So you've got the two of them in there, and he'll say to the husband,
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Üks paar on ruumis ja mehele öeldakse:
12:18
"Tell me something that your wife does that irritates you."
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"Räägi mõnest asjast, mida Su naine teeb ja mis sind häirib."
Ja kohe võib näha reaktsiooni -
12:21
And what you see is immediately --
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12:23
just run that one through your head briefly, you and your partner --
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võite sarnast olukorda enda ja oma partneri peal ette kujutada -
12:26
you can imagine everybody gets a bit more stressed as soon as that starts.
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kõik muutuksid natuke närvilisemaks niipea kui see algab.
12:30
You can see physically, people become more stressed.
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Füüsiliselt on võimalik näha, kuidas närvipinge kasvab.
12:33
What he finds is that the couples who manage that feeling of stress
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Uurimuses ilmneb, et paarid,
kes oma stressiga naeru ja positiivsete emotsioonide abil toime tulevad,
12:39
with laughter, positive emotions like laughter,
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12:42
not only immediately become less stressed,
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mitte ainult ei vähenda koheselt pinget ja stressitaset
12:46
they can see them physically feeling better,
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vaid ka tunnevad ennast füüsiliselt märksa paremini.
12:48
they're dealing with this unpleasant situation better together,
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Need paarid tulevad ebameeldiva olukorraga paremini toime üheskoos.
Samad paarid hindavad oma suhet rahuldustpakkuvamaks
12:52
they are also the couples that report
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12:53
high levels of satisfaction in their relationship
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12:56
and they stay together for longer.
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ja nad on kauem koos.
12:57
So in fact, when you look at close relationships,
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Nii et paarisuhte puhul on naer vägagi kõnekas näitaja,
13:00
laughter is a phenomenally useful index
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mille põhjal saab hinnata, kuidas oma emotsioonidega üheskoos toime tullakse.
13:02
of how people are regulating their emotions together.
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13:04
We're not just emitting it at each other to show that we like each other,
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Me ei naera mitte üksteisele meeldimise väljendamiseks,
vaid ka ühise heaolu tõstmiseks.
13:08
we're making ourselves feel better together.
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13:10
Now, I don't think this is going to be limited to romantic relationships.
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Ma ei arva, et selline käitumine oleks omane vaid paarisuhtele.
13:13
I think this is probably going to be a characteristic
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See on iseloomulik ka teistele emotsionaalselt lähedasele suhetele,
näiteks sõprussuhetele.
13:16
of close emotional relationships such as you might have with friends,
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13:19
which explains my next clip,
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Sama loogika alusel saab seletada ka järgmist klippi -
13:21
which is of a YouTube video of some young men in the former East Germany
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tegu on YouTube'i videoga, kus endise Ida-Saksamaa noored
13:24
on making a video to promote their heavy metal band,
282
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teevad promovideot oma heavy metal bändile.
See on väga macho ja karm klipp, aga pange tähele,
13:28
and it's extremely macho, and the mood is very serious,
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13:31
and I want you to notice what happens in terms of laughter
284
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mis roll on siin naerul, kui asjad vussi lähevad
13:34
when things go wrong
285
814323
1950
13:36
and how quickly that happens, and how that changes the mood.
286
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3852
pange tähele, kui kiiresti see käib, kuidas meeleolu muutub.
13:41
He's cold. He's about to get wet. He's got swimming trunks on,
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3042
Tal on külm. Tal tuleb kohe vette minna, ujumispüksid on jalas.
13:44
got a towel.
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Rätik on ka.
13:48
Ice.
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Jää.
13:50
What might possibly happen?
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Mis siin saaks küll juhtuda?
13:54
Video starts.
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Video algab.
13:57
Serious mood.
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1899
Karm värk.
Nüüd hüppame.
14:06
And his friends are already laughing. They are already laughing, hard.
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Tema sõbrad juba naeravad - ja päris kõvasti.
14:11
He's not laughing yet.
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Tema veel mitte.
14:14
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
14:16
He's starting to go now.
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Ta hakkab vaikselt naeru puksuma.
14:25
And now they're all off.
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Ja nüüd juba hirnuvad nad kõik.
14:27
(Laughter)
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5038
(Naer)
14:44
They're on the floor.
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Nad on kõveras maas.
14:46
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
14:55
The thing I really like about that is it's all very serious
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3312
Mulle meeldib siin just see,
et kõik on väga tõsine, kuni ta hüppab jääle.
14:59
until he jumps onto the ice, and as soon as he doesn't go through the ice,
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3725
Aga kui ta läbi ei vaju,
15:02
but also there isn't blood and bone everywhere,
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2263
verd ja konte pole ka kuskil,
15:05
his friends start laughing.
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1573
hakkavad ta sõbrad lihtsalt naerma.
15:06
And imagine if that had played him out with him standing there going,
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3392
Ma arvan, et kui see oleks välja mängitud
15:09
"No seriously, Heinrich, I think this is broken,"
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nii, et ta ütleb: "Heinrich see on katki!"
Siis ei oleks seda lõbus vaadata, see tekitaks ebamugavust.
15:12
we wouldn't enjoy watching that. That would be stressful.
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Kui ta jookseks lahtise luumurruga naerdes ringi
15:15
Or if he was running around with a visibly broken leg laughing,
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ja ta sõbrad ütleks, et tuleb haiglasse minna,
15:18
and his friends are going, "Heinrich, I think we need to go to the hospital now,"
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3831
ei oleks ka üldse naljakas.
Fakt, et naer toimib, muutes valusa ja piinliku olukorra
15:22
that also wouldn't be funny.
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15:23
The fact that the laughter works,
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1662
naljakaks, on minu arust huvitav ja tore.
15:25
it gets him from a painful, embarrassing, difficult situation,
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2962
15:28
into a funny situation, into what we're actually enjoying there,
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Selliseid asju juhtub tegelikult kogu aeg.
15:31
and I think that's a really interesting use,
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Midagi sarnast leidis aset ka mu isa matustel.
15:33
and it's actually happening all the time.
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1978
15:35
For example, I can remember something like this happening
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2691
Ei, me ei hüpanud aluspükstes mööda jääd.
15:37
at my father's funeral.
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15:39
We weren't jumping around on the ice in our underpants.
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2615
Me ei ole Kanadast.
15:41
We're not Canadian.
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2641
15:44
(Laughter) (Applause)
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2455
(Naer) (Aplaus)
15:46
These events are always difficult, I had a relative who was being a bit difficult,
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3883
Sellised sündmused on alati keerulised.
Mul oli seal üks sugulane, kellega polnud lihtne.
15:50
my mum was not in a good place,
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1530
Mu ema ei tundnud end hästi ja leidsin end ühtäkki
15:52
and I can remember finding myself just before the whole thing started
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just enne tseremoonia algust rääkimas mingist
15:55
telling this story about something that happened in a 1970s sitcom,
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4247
jaburast episoodist ühes 70ndate telekomöödias
15:59
and I just thought at the time, I don't know why I'm doing this,
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2438
ise mõeldes, miks ma seda teen.
16:02
and what I realized I was doing
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Siis aga taipasin, et üritasin meeleheitlikult
16:04
was I was coming up with something from somewhere
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meenutada midagi, mis teda koos minuga naerma paneks.
16:07
I could use to make her laugh together with me.
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4389
Et ta naeraks koos minuga.
16:11
It was a very basic reaction to find some reason we can do this.
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Väga algeline reaktsioon, et leida väljapääs.
16:14
We can laugh together. We're going to get through this.
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2685
Kui me koos naerame, siis me saame hakkama.
16:17
We're going to be okay.
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Meiega saab kõik korda.
16:19
And in fact, all of us are doing this all the time.
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Kusjuures me kõik teeme seda pidevalt.
16:21
You do it so often, you don't even notice it.
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Me teeme seda nii tihti, et ei pane enam tähelegi.
16:23
Everybody underestimates how often they laugh,
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Kõik arvavad, et naerdakse vähem, kui me tegelikult naerame.
16:26
and you're doing something, when you laugh with people,
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teistega koos naerdes teed sa midagi, mis
16:29
that's actually letting you access a really ancient evolutionary system
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võimaldab ligipääsu iidsele evolutsioonimehhanismile,
16:33
that mammals have evolved to make and maintain social bonds,
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mis on imetajatel väljakujunenud selleks,
et luua ja säilitada sotsiaalseid sidemeid
16:37
and clearly to regulate emotions, to make ourselves feel better.
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ning kahtlemata ka selleks, et oma emotsioone reguleerida ja enesetunnet turgutada.
16:41
It's not something specific to humans -- it's a really ancient behavior
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See ei ole inimestele ainuomane.
Tegu on iidse käitumismalliga, et emotsioonide abil parandada meeleolu ja enesetunnet.
16:44
which really helps us regulate how we feel and makes us feel better.
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16:48
In other words, when it comes to laughter,
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Seega, mis puutub naeru,
16:51
you and me, baby, ain't nothing but mammals. (Laughter)
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ei ole me keegi muud kui lihtsalt imetajad.
16:54
Thank you.
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(Aplaus)
Tänan.
16:56
Thank you. (Applause)
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Tänan.
(Aplaus)

Original video on YouTube.com
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