Why we laugh | Sophie Scott

Prevoditelj: Anja Kolobarić Recezent: Maja Covic

Hi. I'm going to talk to you today about laughter,

Pozdrav, danas ću vam govoriti o smijehu.

and I just want to start by thinking about the first time

Počet ću prisjećajući se prvog puta

I can ever remember noticing laughter.

kad sam počela primjećivati smijeh.

This is when I was a little girl. I would've been about six.

Bilo je to kad sam bila djevojčica, imala sam šest godina.

And I came across my parents doing something unusual,

Zatekla sam roditelje usred neobične radnje -

where they were laughing.

smijali su se.

They were laughing very, very hard.

I to jako.

They were lying on the floor laughing.

Valjali su se po podu od smijeha.

They were screaming with laughter.

Vrištali su od smijeha.

I did not know what they were laughing at, but I wanted in.

Nisam znala čemu se smiju, ali i ja sam im se htjela pridružiti.

I wanted to be part of that,

Htjela sam biti dio toga,

and I kind of sat around at the edge going, "Hoo hoo!" (Laughter)

pa sam sjela sa strane i počela govoriti: "Hu hu!" (Smijeh)

Now, incidentally, what they were laughing at

Smijali su se

was a song which people used to sing,

pjesmi koja se nekoć pjevala,

which was based around signs in toilets on trains

a bila je inspirirana znakovima u toaletima na vlakovima

telling you what you could and could not do

koji su govorili što smiješ, a što ne smiješ raditi

in toilets on trains.

u toaletima na vlakovima.

And the thing you have to remember about the English is, of course,

Ono što morate imati na umu kad govorimo o Englezima jest to da

we do have an immensely sophisticated sense of humor.

imamo krajnje sofisticiran smisao za humor.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

At the time, though, I didn't understand anything of that.

Doduše, u to vrijeme ja to nisam znala.

I just cared about the laughter,

Zanimao me samo smijeh

and actually, as a neuroscientist, I've come to care about it again.

i kao neuroznanstvenica, opet sam se zainteresirala za njega.

And it is a really weird thing to do.

To je zaista neobična aktivnost.

What I'm going to do now is just play some examples

Sada ću vam pustiti neke primjere

of real human beings laughing,

smijeha pravih ljudskih bića

and I want you think about the sound people make and how odd that can be,

i želim da razmišljate o tom zvuku, o tome koliko čudan on može biti

and in fact how primitive laughter is as a sound.

i o tome koliko je to primitivan zvuk.

It's much more like an animal call than it is like speech.

Više nalikuje životinjskom zovu nego ljudskom govoru.

So here we've got some laughter for you. The first one is pretty joyful.

Evo nekolicine smjehova. Prvi je prilično radostan.

(Audio: Laughing)

(Zvuk: Smijeh)

Now this next guy, I need him to breathe.

Sljedeći tip trebao bi malo udahnuti.

There's a point in there where I'm just, like,

U određenom trenutku zaista pomislim

you've got to get some air in there, mate,

da treba udahnuti koji put

because he just sounds like he's breathing out.

jer zvuči kao da samo izdiše.

(Audio: Laughing)

(Zvuk: Smijeh)

This hasn't been edited; this is him.

Video nije uređivan: to je on.

(Audio: Laughing) (Laughter)

(Zvuk: Smijeh) (Smijeh)

And finally we have -- this is a human female laughing.

Na kraju imamo smijeh jedne žene.

And laughter can take us to some pretty odd places in terms of making noises.

Po pitanju zvukova smijeh nas može odvesti na neka krajnje neobična mjesta.

(Audio: Laughing)

(Zvuk: Smijeh)

She actually says, "Oh my God, what is that?" in French.

Govori na francuskom: "Oh, Bože, što je to?"

We're all kind of with her. I have no idea.

Svi se na neki način slažemo s njom. Nemam pojma.

Now, to understand laughter, you have to look at a part of the body

Kako bismo razumjeli smijeh, moramo promotriti dio tijela

that psychologists and neuroscientists don't normally spend much time looking at,

koji psiholozi i neuroznanstvenici inače zanemaruju,

which is the ribcage,

a to je prsni koš.

and it doesn't seem terribly exciting,

Ne djeluje pretjerano zanimljivo,

but actually you're all using your ribcage all the time.

ali svi ga mi cijelo vrijeme koristimo.

What you're all doing at the moment with your ribcage,

Ono što trenutno s njime radimo

and don't stop doing it, is breathing.

i ne prestajemo raditi jest disanje.

So you use the intercostal muscles, the muscles between your ribs,

Koristimo međurebrene mišiće, mišiće između rebara

to bring air in and out of your lungs

kako bi zrak ušao i izašao iz pluća

just by expanding and contracting your ribcage,

proširivanjem i skupljanjem prsnog koša.

and if I was to put a strap around the outside of your chest

Da stavim remen oko vanjskog dijela vaših prsa,

called a breath belt, and just look at that movement,

remen za disanje, i promatrala taj pokret,

you see a rather gentle sinusoidal movement, so that's breathing.

vidjeli biste lagani sinusni pokret - disanje.

You're all doing it. Don't stop.

Svi to radite. Nemojte prestati.

As soon as you start talking,

Čim počnemo govoriti,

you start using your breathing completely differently.

dišemo potpuno drugačije.

So what I'm doing now is you see something much more like this.

Sada radim nešto što je više nalik ovome.

In talking, you use very fine movements of the ribcage

Dok govorimo, prsni se koš gotovo neprimjetno pokreće

to squeeze the air out --

ne bi li istisnuo zrak -

and in fact, we're the only animals that can do this.

mi smo jedine životinje koje to mogu.

It's why we can talk at all.

Zato možemo i govoriti.

Now, both talking and breathing has a mortal enemy,

I govor i disanje imaju zajedničkog zakletog neprijatelja -

and that enemy is laughter,

smijeh.

because what happens when you laugh

Kad se smijemo,

is those same muscles start to contract very regularly,

ti se isti mišići počinju marljivo stiskati

and you get this very marked sort of zig-zagging,

i dobijemo ovo vrludanje

and that's just squeezing the air out of you.

koje iz nas istiskuje zrak.

It literally is that basic a way of making a sound.

Taj je zvuk uistinu toliko jednostavan.

You could be stamping on somebody, it's having the same effect.

Da gazite po nekome, dobili biste isti rezultat.

You're just squeezing air out,

Jednostavno istiskujete zrak,

and each of those contractions -- Ha! -- gives you a sound.

a svaka kontrakcija -ha!- proizvodi zvuk.

And as the contractions run together, you can get these spasms,

Kako se te kontrakcije uparuju, možete dobiti napadaje,

and that's when you start getting these -- (Wheezing) -- things happening.

a to se dogodi kad počnete hroptati.

I'm brilliant at this. (Laughter)

Super mi to ide. (Smijeh)

Now, in terms of the science of laughter, there isn't very much,

Što se tiče znanosti smijeha, nema puno za reći,

but it does turn out that pretty much everything we think we know

ali ispada da gotovo sve što mislimo da znamo

about laughter is wrong.

o smijehu jest pogrešno.

So it's not at all unusual, for example, to hear people to say

Primjerice, nije neuobičajeno čuti ljude kako govore

humans are the only animals that laugh.

da su ljudi jedine životinje što se smiju.

Nietzsche thought that humans are the only animals that laugh.

Nietzsche je držao da su ljudi jedine životinje koje se smiju.

In fact, you find laughter throughout the mammals.

No smijeh je moguće uočiti kod mnogih sisavaca.

It's been well-described and well-observed in primates,

Taj je fenomen detaljno opisan i uočen u primata,

but you also see it in rats,

ali i u štakora.

and wherever you find it --

Gdje god na njega naišli -

humans, primates, rats --

kod ljudi, primata, štakora -

you find it associated with things like tickling.

uvijek je povezan sa stvarima poput škakljanja.

That's the same for humans.

Tako je i kod ljudi.

You find it associated with play, and all mammals play.

Povezan je s igrom, a svi se sisavci igraju.

And wherever you find it, it's associated with interactions.

Gdje god na njega naišli, povezan je s interakcijom.

So Robert Provine, who has done a lot of work on this,

Robert Provine, čovjek koji je to intenzivno proučavao,

has pointed out that you are 30 times more likely to laugh

ukazao je na to da smo 30 puta skloniji smijati se

if you are with somebody else than if you're on your own,

ukoliko smo s nekim, u usporedbi sa situacijama kada smo sami.

and where you find most laughter

Na smijeh najčešće nailazimo

is in social interactions like conversation.

u društvenim interakcijama poput razgovora.

So if you ask human beings, "When do you laugh?"

Ako ljude upitamo kada se smiju,

they'll talk about comedy and they'll talk about humor and they'll talk about jokes.

pričat će vam o komedijama, humoru i vicevima.

If you look at when they laugh, they're laughing with their friends.

Ako promatramo kada se smiju, smiju se među prijateljima,

And when we laugh with people, we're hardly ever actually laughing at jokes.

a kad se smijemo među ljudima, rijetko se kad smijemo šalama.

You are laughing to show people that you understand them,

Smijemo se ne bismo li im pokazali da ih razumijemo,

that you agree with them, that you're part of the same group as them.

da se slažemo s njima, da pripadamo istoj skupini,

You're laughing to show that you like them.

kako bismo im pokazali da nam se sviđaju.

You might even love them.

Ili čak da ih volimo.

You're doing all that at the same time as talking to them,

Sve to radite dok pričate s njima,

and the laughter is doing a lot of that emotional work for you.

a smijeh odrađuje velik dio emocionalnog posla.

Something that Robert Provine has pointed out, as you can see here,

Robert Provine istaknuo je

and the reason why we were laughing

da smo se smijali

when we heard those funny laughs at the start,

onim smiješnim smjehovima s početka

and why I was laughing when I found my parents laughing,

i zašto sam se ja smijala vidjevši roditelje

is that it's an enormously behaviorally contagious effect.

jest zbog njegove iznimne bihevioralne zaraznosti.

You can catch laughter from somebody else,

Možete se njime zaraziti,

and you are more likely to catch laughter off somebody else if you know them.

a to će se češće dogoditi ukoliko poznajete te ljude.

So it's still modulated by this social context.

Dakle, modulirano je društvenim kontekstom.

You have to put humor to one side

Moramo zanemariti humor

and think about the social meaning of laughter

i razmišljati o socijalnom značaju smijeha

because that's where its origins lie.

jer od toga potiče.

Now, something I've got very interested in is different kinds of laughter,

Mene su zainteresirale različite vrste smijeha.

and we have some neurobiological evidence about how human beings vocalize

Imamo neurobiološke dokaze o tome kako ljudi vokaliziraju

that suggests there might be two kinds of laughs that we have.

koji ukazuju na to da imamo dvije vrste smijeha.

So it seems possible that the neurobiology for helpless, involuntary laughter,

Moguće je da neurobiologija bespomoćnog, nesvojevoljnog smijeha,

like my parents lying on the floor screaming about a silly song,

poput onoga kada su mi se roditelji valjali po podu zbog pjesme,

might have a different basis to it than some of that more polite

ima drugačiju osnovu od onih pristojnijih

social laughter that you encounter, which isn't horrible laughter,

društvenih smjehova na koje nailazimo, što nije užasan smijeh,

but it's behavior somebody is doing as part of their communicative act to you,

već je to način ponašanja kojim se nastoji komunicirati,

part of their interaction with you; they are choosing to do this.

dio njihove interakcije s vama, a oni se odlučuju na to.

In our evolution, we have developed two different ways of vocalizing.

Tijekom evolucije razvili smo dva različita načina vokalizacije.

Involuntary vocalizations are part of an older system

Nenamjerne vokalizacije dio su starijeg sustava

than the more voluntary vocalizations like the speech I'm doing now.

od namjernih vokalizacija poput govora koji ja sad provodim.

So we might imagine that laughter might actually have two different roots.

Možemo pretpostaviti da smijeh ima dva različita korijena.

So I've been looking at this in more detail.

Detaljno sam to proučavala.

To do this, we've had to make recordings of people laughing,

Kako bih to napravila, trebale su nam snimke smijeha

and we've had to do whatever it takes to make people laugh,

i morali smo se dobrano potruditi da nasmijemo ljude.

and we got those same people to produce more posed, social laughter.

Neki su proizveli umjetne, društvene smjehove.

So imagine your friend told a joke,

Zamislite - prijatelj vam priča vic

and you're laughing because you like your friend,

i vi se smijete jer vam je prijatelj drag,

but not really because the joke's all that.

a ne zbog toga što je vic tako dobar.

So I'm going to play you a couple of those.

Pustit ću vam nekoliko takvih.

I want you to tell me if you think this laughter is real laughter,

Reći ćete mi mislite li je li ovo iskreni smijeh

or if you think it's posed.

ili je ipak umjetan.

So is this involuntary laughter or more voluntary laughter?

Nenamjeran ili namjeran smijeh?

(Audio: Laughing)

(Zvuk: Smijeh)

What does that sound like to you?

Što vi mislite?

Audience: Posed. Sophie Scott: Posed? Posed.

Publika: Umjetan. Sophie Scott: Umjetan? Da.

How about this one?

A ovaj?

(Audio: Laughing)

(Zvuk: Smijeh)

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

I'm the best.

Prava sam!

(Laughter) (Applause)

(Smijeh) (Pljesak)

Not really.

Pa baš i nisam.

No, that was helpless laughter,

To je bio bespomoćan smijeh,

and in fact, to record that, all they had to do was record me

a kako bismo to snimili, samo su trebali snimiti mene

watching one of my friends listening to something I knew she wanted to laugh at,

kako gledam prijateljicu koja sluša nešto na što sam znala da se želi nasmijati

and I just started doing this.

i dogodilo se ovo.

What you find is that people are good at telling the difference

Ljudima uistinu ide razlikovanje

between real and posed laughter.

iskrenog i umjetnog smijeha.

They seem to be different things to us.

Čine nam se drukčije.

Interestingly, you see something quite similar with chimpanzees.

Zanimljivo je da na nešto slično nailazimo i kod čimpanzi.

Chimpanzees laugh differently if they're being tickled

One se drukčije smiju kada ih se škaklji

than if they're playing with each other,

i kad se igraju jedna s drugom,

and we might be seeing something like that here,

a to je možda nalik situaciji koju imamo

involuntary laughter, tickling laughter, being different from social laughter.

kod nenamjernog i škakljajućeg smijeha koji se razlikuje od onog društvenog.

They're acoustically very different.

Akustički su znatno drukčiji.

The real laughs are longer. They're higher in pitch.

Iskreni su smjehovi dulji, piskutaviji.

When you start laughing hard,

Kada se počnete jako smijati,

you start squeezing air out from your lungs

počnete istiskivati zrak iz pluća

under much higher pressures than you could ever produce voluntarily.

pod većim pritiskom nego što biste to mogli izvesti voljnim putem.

For example, I could never pitch my voice that high to sing.

Nikada ne bih mogla svoj glas toliko povisiti za pjevanje.

Also, you start to get these sort of contractions and weird whistling sounds,

Također, počnete proizvoditi te kontrakcije i čudne zviždeće zvukove,

all of which mean that real laughter is extremely easy,

što znači da je iskreni smijeh dosta lagan

or feels extremely easy to spot.

ili ga je barem dosta lako uočiti.

In contrast, posed laughter, we might think it sounds a bit fake.

Nasuprot tome, možemo misliti da umjetni smijeh zvuči lažno,

Actually, it's not, it's actually an important social cue.

no to je zapravo važan socijalni znak.

We use it a lot, we're choosing to laugh in a lot of situations,

Često ga koristimo, namjerno se smijemo u mnogim situacijama

and it seems to be its own thing.

i doima se kao neovisna pojava.

So, for example, you find nasality in posed laughter,

Npr. u umjetnom smijehu nailazimo na nazalnost,

that kind of "ha ha ha ha ha" sound

onaj "ha ha ha ha ha" zvuk

that you never get, you could not do, if you were laughing involuntarily.

koji nikada ne biste mogli proizvesti nenamjernim smijanjem.

So they do seem to be genuinely these two different sorts of things.

To su uistinu dvije različite stvari.

We took it into the scanner to see how brains respond

Stavili smo ih u skener da vidimo kako mozak reagira

when you hear laughter.

na zvuk smijeha.

And when you do this, this is a really boring experiment.

Dosadano je provoditi ovaj eksperiment.

We just played people real and posed laughs.

Samo smo puštali prave i umjetne smjehove.

We didn't tell them it was a study on laughter.

Ispitanicima nismo rekli što istražujemo.

We put other sounds in there to distract them,

Dodali smo i druge zvukove da ih zbunimo,

and all they're doing is lying listening to sounds.

a oni su samo ležali i slušali zvukove.

We don't tell them to do anything.

Nismo im rekli da išta rade,

Nonetheless, when you hear real laughter and when you hear posed laughter,

ali kada čujemo pravi i umjetni smijeh,

the brains are responding completely differently,

mozak reagira potpuno drukčije,

significantly differently.

znatno drukčije.

What you see in the regions in blue, which lies in auditory cortex,

Plavo obojena područja u kojima se nalazi slušni kortekst

are the brain areas that respond more to the real laughs,

označavaju područja koja više reagiraju na pravi smijeh,

and what seems to be the case,

a čini se da

when you hear somebody laughing involuntarily,

kada čujete nekoga kako se nenamjerno smije,

you hear sounds you would never hear in any other context.

čujete zvukove specifične samo za taj kontekst.

It's very unambiguous,

Veoma je jasno

and it seems to be associated with greater auditory processing

i po svemu sudeći, povezano s pojačanim slušnim procesuiranjem

of these novel sounds.

tih novih zvukova.

In contrast, when you hear somebody laughing in a posed way,

Za razliku od toga, kad čujemo umjetni smijeh,

what you see are these regions in pink,

pojave se ova ružičasta područja

which are occupying brain areas associated with mentalizing,

u kojima se nalaze područja vezana uz umovanje,

thinking about what somebody else is thinking.

razmišljanje o tome što netko drugi misli.

And I think what that means is,

Mislim da to znači

even if you're having your brain scanned, which is completely boring

da čak i ako skenirate mozak, što je užasno dosadno

and not very interesting,

i prilično nezanimljivo,

when you hear somebody going, "A ha ha ha ha ha,"

kad čujete "A ha ha ha ha ha",

you're trying to work out why they're laughing.

pokušavate shvatiti čemu se smiju.

Laughter is always meaningful.

Smijeh uvijek ima značenje.

You are always trying to understand it in context,

Uvijek ga pokušavamo shvatiti unutar konteksta

even if, as far as you are concerned, at that point in time,

čak iako, što se nas tiče, u tom trenutku

it has not necessarily anything to do with you,

nema nikakve veze s nama,

you still want to know why those people are laughing.

još uvijek želimo znati zašto se drugi ljudi smiju.

Now, we've had the opportunity to look at how people hear real and posed laughter

Imali smo priliku promotriti kako doživljavamo iskreni i umjetni smijeh

across the age range.

po dobnim skupinama.

So this is an online experiment we ran with the Royal Society,

To je online-eksperiment koji smo proveli s Royal Societyjem.

and here we just asked people two questions.

Ljudima smo postavili dva pitanja.

First of all, they heard some laughs,

Najprije su poslušali neke smjehove

and they had to say, how real or posed do these laughs sound?

te su morali odrediti koliko iskreno, odnosno umjetno zvuče.

The real laughs are shown in red and the posed laughs are shown in blue.

Iskreni smjehovi prikazani su crvenom bojom, a umjetni plavom.

What you see is there is a rapid onset.

Ovdje imamo ubrzan početak.

As you get older, you get better and better at spotting real laughter.

Kako starimo, sve smo bolji u prepoznavanju iskrenog smijeha.

So six-year-olds are at chance, they can't really hear the difference.

Šestogodišnjaci igraju na sreću, ne vide neku preveliku razliku.

By the time you are older, you get better,

Kako starimo, to smo sve bolji,

but interestingly, you do not hit peak performance in this dataset

ali zanimljivo je da u ovom skupu podataka ne dostižemo svoj vrhunac

until you are in your late 30s and early 40s.

sve do kasnih tridesetih i ranih četrdesetih.

You don't understand laughter fully by the time you hit puberty.

Ne razumijemo smijeh u potpunosti prije puberteta.

You don't understand laughter fully by the time your brain has matured

Ne razumijemo ga u potpunosti dok nam se mozak ne razvije

at the end of your teens.

krajem adolescencije.

You're learning about laughter throughout your entire early adult life.

O smijehu učimo cijelu mladost.

If we turn the question around and now say not, what does the laughter sound like

Ali što ako promijenimo pitanje i ne pitamo kako smijeh zvuči

in terms of being real or posed, but we say,

kao iskren i umjetan, nego pitamo

how much does this laughter make you want to laugh,

koliko nas smijeh tjera na smijeh,

how contagious is this laughter to you, we see a different profile.

koliko je zarazan, vidimo drukčiji profil.

And here, the younger you are,

U ovom slučaju, što smo mlađi,

the more you want to join in when you hear laughter.

više se želimo pridružiti smijehu kada ga čujemo.

Remember me laughing with my parents when I had no idea what was going on.

Tako sam se ja smijala s roditeljima bez da sam imala pojma što se događa.

You really can see this.

To je vidljivo.

Now everybody, young and old,

Svi ljudi, i mladi i stari,

finds the real laughs more contagious than the posed laughs,

iskreni smijeh smatraju zaraznijim od hinjenog smijeha,

but as you get older, it all becomes less contagious to you.

ali kako starimo, sve postaje manje zarazno.

Now, either we're all just becoming really grumpy as we get older,

To znači da ili svi postajemo mrzovoljni kako starimo

or it may mean that as you understand laughter better,

ili da počinjemo bolje razumjeti smijeh

and you are getting better at doing that,

i sve smo bolji u tome

you need more than just hearing people laugh to want to laugh.

i nije nam dosta samo zvuk smijeha da se i mi počnemo smijati.

You need the social stuff there.

Potreban je društveni kontekst.

So we've got a very interesting behavior

To je iznimno zanimljivo ponašanje

about which a lot of our lay assumptions are incorrect,

o kojemu je većina naših laičkih pretpostavki pogrešno,

but I'm coming to see that actually there's even more to laughter

ali počinjem shvaćati da je smijeh nešto više

than it's an important social emotion we should look at,

od važne društvene emocije koju trebamo promatrati

because it turns out people are phenomenally nuanced

jer se ispostavilo da su ljudi izvanredno osjetljivi

in terms of how we use laughter.

po pitanju korištenja smijeha.

There's a really lovely set of studies coming out

Postoji krasan skup studija koje dolaze

from Robert Levenson's lab in California,

iz Levensonova laboratorija u Kaliforniji

where he's doing a longitudinal study with couples.

u kojemu provodi longitudinalnu studiju s parovima.

He gets married couples, men and women, into the lab,

Vjenčani parovi, muškarci i žene, dolaze mu u laboratorij,

and he gives them stressful conversations to have

a on ih uključuje u stresne razgovore

while he wires them up to a polygraph so he can see them becoming stressed.

dok su spojeni na poligraf da vidi kako se počinju uznemiravati.

So you've got the two of them in there, and he'll say to the husband,

U sobi je bračni par, a on kaže suprugu:

"Tell me something that your wife does that irritates you."

"Pričajte mi o nečemu što vas živcira kod vaše žene."

And what you see is immediately --

Odmah vidite -

just run that one through your head briefly, you and your partner --

zamislite to na trenutak, vas i vašeg partnera -

you can imagine everybody gets a bit more stressed as soon as that starts.

možete zamisliti da se svatko u tom trenutku barem malo uznemiri.

You can see physically, people become more stressed.

To se može uočiti i fizički.

What he finds is that the couples who manage that feeling of stress

Uočio je da oni parovi koji osjećaj uznemirenosti pobijede

with laughter, positive emotions like laughter,

smijehom

not only immediately become less stressed,

ne samo da odmah postanu manje napeti

they can see them physically feeling better,

već je i fizički vidljivo da se bolje osjećaju,

they're dealing with this unpleasant situation better together,

s tom se neugodnom situacijom bolje nose zajednički.

they are also the couples that report

To su također parovi koji pokazuju

high levels of satisfaction in their relationship

više razine zadovoljstva u vezi

and they stay together for longer.

te duže ostaju zajedno.

So in fact, when you look at close relationships,

Kad promatramo bliske odnose,

laughter is a phenomenally useful index

smijeh je iznimno koristan pokazatelj

of how people are regulating their emotions together.

zajedničkog kontroliranja emocija.

We're not just emitting it at each other to show that we like each other,

Ne koristimo ga samo da pokažemo drugima da nam se sviđaju

we're making ourselves feel better together.

već i kako bismo se mi bolje osjećali.

Now, I don't think this is going to be limited to romantic relationships.

Mislim da se to ne odnosi samo na romantične veze,

I think this is probably going to be a characteristic

vjerojatno je karakteristično

of close emotional relationships such as you might have with friends,

i za bliske emocionalne odnose, poput onih s prijateljima,

which explains my next clip,

što objašnjava sljedeći video.

which is of a YouTube video of some young men in the former East Germany

To je YT-video mladića bivše Istočne Njemačke

on making a video to promote their heavy metal band,

o snimanju spota radi promocije svog heavy metal benda.

and it's extremely macho, and the mood is very serious,

Video je sav muževan, raspoloženje iznimno ozbiljno,

and I want you to notice what happens in terms of laughter

a sad pratite što se događa po pitanju smijeha

when things go wrong

kad nešto pođe krivo,

and how quickly that happens, and how that changes the mood.

koliko se to brzo odvija i koliko mijenja cijelo raspoloženje.

He's cold. He's about to get wet. He's got swimming trunks on,

Hladno mu je, uskoro će se smočiti, na sebi ima kupaće gaće,

got a towel.

ima i ručnik.

Ice.

Led.

What might possibly happen?

Što bi se moglo dogoditi?

Video starts.

Video počinje.

Serious mood.

Ozbiljno raspoloženje.

And his friends are already laughing. They are already laughing, hard.

Njegovi se prijatelji smiju, i to jako.

He's not laughing yet.

On se još uvijek ne smije.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

He's starting to go now.

Sad se i on počinje smijati.

And now they're all off.

I sad svi pucaju od smijeha.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh.)

They're on the floor.

Na podu su.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

The thing I really like about that is it's all very serious

Ono što mi se ovdje posebno sviđa jest ta ozbiljnost koja vlada

until he jumps onto the ice, and as soon as he doesn't go through the ice,

sve dok on ne skoči na led i čim ne propadne kroz njega,

but also there isn't blood and bone everywhere,

a na vidiku nema ni krvi ni slomljenih kostiju,

his friends start laughing.

prijatelji mu se počinju smijati.

And imagine if that had played him out with him standing there going,

A zamislite da je stao i rekao:

"No seriously, Heinrich, I think this is broken,"

"Ozbiljno, Heinrich, mislim da je slomljeno."

we wouldn't enjoy watching that. That would be stressful.

Ne bismo uživali gledajući. Bilo bi stresno.

Or if he was running around with a visibly broken leg laughing,

Ili da je trčao okolo smijući se, vidno slomljene noge,

and his friends are going, "Heinrich, I think we need to go to the hospital now,"

a njegovi prijatelji viču: "Heinrich, mislim da moramo u bolnicu."

that also wouldn't be funny.

Ni to ne bi bilo smiješno.

The fact that the laughter works,

Ovdje smijeh pali

it gets him from a painful, embarrassing, difficult situation,

jer ga izvlači iz bolne, neugodne i teške situacije

into a funny situation, into what we're actually enjoying there,

i stavlja u smiješnu situaciju u kojoj svi uživaju.

and I think that's a really interesting use,

Mislim da je to zaista zanimljiva upotreba

and it's actually happening all the time.

koja se često koristi.

For example, I can remember something like this happening

Primjerice, sjećam se da se ovako nešto dogodilo

at my father's funeral.

na očevoj sahrani.

We weren't jumping around on the ice in our underpants.

Nismo skakali po ledu u donjem rublju.

We're not Canadian.

Nismo Kanađani.

(Laughter) (Applause)

(Smijeh) (Pljesak)

These events are always difficult, I had a relative who was being a bit difficult,

Takvi su događaji uvijek teški, jedan mi je rođak bio pomalo težak,

my mum was not in a good place,

ni mama nije bila baš najbolje,

and I can remember finding myself just before the whole thing started

a ja sam, prije no što je sve započelo,

telling this story about something that happened in a 1970s sitcom,

pričala priču o nečemu što je bilo u seriji iz 70-ih

and I just thought at the time, I don't know why I'm doing this,

i cijelo vrijeme nisam imala pojma zašto to radim,

and what I realized I was doing

a onda sam shvatila

was I was coming up with something from somewhere

da sam smišljala nešto

I could use to make her laugh together with me.

što mogu iskoristi kako bih je navela da se smije sa mnom.

It was a very basic reaction to find some reason we can do this.

Bila je to nagonska reakcija kako bih našla razlog da mi to možemo.

We can laugh together. We're going to get through this.

Možemo se zajedno smijati, možemo mi to.

We're going to be okay.

Bit ćemo dobro.

And in fact, all of us are doing this all the time.

I zaista, svi mi to radimo cijelo vrijeme.

You do it so often, you don't even notice it.

Tako često da toga više nismo ni svjesni.

Everybody underestimates how often they laugh,

Svi podcjenjujemo koliko se često smijemo,

and you're doing something, when you laugh with people,

a dok se smijemo s drugim ljudima, radimo nešto

that's actually letting you access a really ancient evolutionary system

što nam dopušta da pristupimo pradavnom evolucijskom sustavu

that mammals have evolved to make and maintain social bonds,

koji su sisavci razvili ne bi li stvarali i održavali društvene veze,

and clearly to regulate emotions, to make ourselves feel better.

jasno kontrolirali emocije i popravljali raspoloženje.

It's not something specific to humans -- it's a really ancient behavior

Nije to rezervirano samo za ljude -- to je drevni oblik ponašanja

which really helps us regulate how we feel and makes us feel better.

koji nam pomaže kontrolirati osjećaje i popraviti nam raspoloženje.

In other words, when it comes to laughter,

Drugim riječima, kad govorimo o smijehu,

you and me, baby, ain't nothing but mammals. (Laughter)

ti i ja, dušo, samo smo sisavci. (Smijeh)

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

Thank you. (Applause)

Hvala vam. (Pljesak)